(eBook PDF) Essentials of MATLAB Programming 3rd

Edition download

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-essentials-of-matlab-
programming-3rd-edition/

Download more ebook from https://ebookluna.com

 We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookluna.com
to discover even more!

(eBook PDF) MATLAB Programming for Engineers 6th Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-matlab-programming-for-
engineers-6th-edition/

MATLAB Programming for Engineers 6th Edition Stephen J. Chapman - eBook PDF

https://ebookluna.com/download/matlab-programming-for-engineers-ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Matlab: A Practical Introduction to Programming and Problem

Solving 4th Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-matlab-a-practical-introduction-to-
programming-and-problem-solving-4th-edition/

Numerical Methods in Engineering with MATLAB 3rd Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/numerical-methods-in-engineering-with-
matlab-3rd-edition/
(eBook PDF) Numerical Methods in Engineering with MATLAB 3rd Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-numerical-methods-in-engineering-
with-matlab-3rd-edition/

(eBook PDF) Python Programming in Context 3rd Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-python-programming-in-context-3rd-
edition/

Python Programming in Context, 3rd Edition (eBook PDF)

https://ebookluna.com/product/python-programming-in-context-3rd-edition-
ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Essentials of Marketing Research 3rd Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-essentials-of-marketing-
research-3rd-edition/

Foundations of Computational Finance with MATLAB (eBook PDF)

https://ebookluna.com/product/foundations-of-computational-finance-with-
matlab-ebook-pdf/
ESSENTIALS OF ESSENTIALS OF

CHAPMAN
MATLAB
PROGRAMMING
MATLAB
PROGRAMMING

ESSENTIALS OF
STEPHEN J. CHAPMAN STEPHEN J. CHAPMAN

THIRD EDITION

MATLAB
PROGRAMMING
To register or access your online learning solution or purchase materials
for your course, visit www.cengagebrain.com.

3E

THIRD EDITION
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Preface | vii

The Advantages of MATLAB for Technical Programming

MATLAB has many advantages compared to conventional computer languages
for technical problem solving. Among them are:
1. Ease of use.
MATLAB is an interpreted language, like many versions of Basic. Like
Basic, it is very easy to use. The program can be used as a scratch pad
to evaluate expressions typed at the command line, or it can be used to
execute large prewritten programs. Programs may be easily written and
modified with the built-in integrated development environment, and de-
bugged with the MATLAB debugger. Because the language is so easy
to use, it is ideal for educational use, and for the rapid prototyping of
new programs.
Many program development tools are provided to make the pro-
gram easy to use. They include an integrated editor/debugger, online
documentation and manuals, a workspace browser, and extensive demos.
2. Platform independence.
MATLAB is supported on many different computer systems, and this
provides a large measure of platform independence. At the time of this
writing, the language is supported on Windows 7/8/10, Linux, and Mac
OS X 10.10 and 10.11. Programs written on any platform will run on all
of the other platforms, and data files written on any platform may be
read transparently on any other platform. As a result, programs writ-
ten in MATLAB can migrate to new platforms when the needs of the
user change.
3. Predefined functions.
MATLAB comes complete with an extensive library of predefined func-
tions that provide tested and prepackaged solutions to many basic tech-
nical tasks. For example, suppose that you are writing a program that
must calculate the statistics associated with an input data set. In most
languages, you would need to write your own subroutines or functions
to implement calculations such as the arithmetic mean, standard devia-
tion, median, etc. These and hundreds of other functions are built right
into the MATLAB language, making your job much easier.
In addition to the large library of functions built into the basic
MATLAB language, there are many special-purpose toolboxes available
to help solve complex problems in specific areas. For example, a user can
buy standard toolboxes to solve problems in Signal Processing, Control
Systems, Communications, Image Processing, and Neural Networks,
among many others.

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
viii | Preface

4. Device-independent plotting.
Unlike other computer languages, MATLAB has many integral plot-
ting and imaging commands. The plots and images can be displayed
on any graphical output device supported by the computer on which
MATLAB is running. This capability makes MATLAB an outstanding
tool for visualizing technical data.
5. Graphical user interface.
MATLAB includes tools that allow a programmer to interactively con-
struct a graphical user interface (GUI) for his or her program. With
this capability, the programmer can design sophisticated data analysis
programs that can be operated by relatively inexperienced users.

Pedagogical Features
This book is specifically designed to be used in a first-year “Introduction to
Programming/Problem Solving” course. It should be possible to cover this material
comfortably in a 9-week, 3-hour-per-week course. If there is insufficient time to
cover all of the material in a particular engineering program, Chapters 8 and 9
may be deleted, and the remaining material will still teach the fundamentals of
programming and using MATLAB to solve problems. This feature should ap-
peal to harassed engineering educators trying to cram ever more material into a
finite curriculum.
The book includes several features designed to aid student comprehension.
A total of 14 quizzes appear scattered throughout the chapters, with answers
to all questions included in Appendix C. These quizzes can serve as a useful
self-test of comprehension. In addition, there are approximately 150 end-of-
chapter exercises. Answers to all exercises are included in the Instructor’s Man-
ual. Good programming practices are highlighted in all chapters with special
Good Programming Practice boxes, and common errors are highlighted in Pro-
gramming Pitfalls boxes. End-of-chapter materials include Summaries of Good
Programming Practice and Summaries of MATLAB Commands and Functions.

Instructor Resources
A detailed Instructor’s Solutions Manual containing solutions to all end-of-
chapter exercises is available via the secure, password-protected Instructor
Resource Center at https://sso.cengage.com. The Instructor Resource Center
also contains helpful Lecture Note PowerPoint slides, the MATLAB source code
for all examples in the book, and the source code for all of the solutions in the
Instructor’s Solutions Manual.

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Preface | ix

A Final Note to the User

No matter how hard I try to proofread a document like this book, it is inevi-
table that some typographical errors will slip through and appear in print. If
you should spot any such errors, please drop me a note via the publisher at
globalengineering@cengage.com, and I will do my best to get them eliminated
from subsequent printings and editions. Thank you very much for your help in
this matter.
I will maintain a complete list of errata and corrections at the Instructor
Resource Center mentioned above. Please check that site for any updates and/
or corrections.

Acknowledgments
I would like to thank these reviewers who offered their helpful suggestion for
this edition:
David Eromom Georgia Southern University
Arlene Guest Naval Postgraduate School
Mary M. Hofle Idaho State University
Mark Hutchenreuther California Polytechnic State
University
Mani Mini Iowa State University
In addition I would like to acknowledge and thank my Global Engineering team
at Cengage Learning for their dedication to this edition:
Timothy Anderson, Product Director; Mona Zeftel, Senior Content Developer;
D. Jean Buttrom, Content Project Manager; Kristin Stine, Marketing Manager;
Elizabeth Murphy and Brittany Burden, Learning Solutions Specialists; Ashley
Kaupert, Associate Media Content Developer; Teresa Versaggi and Alexander
Sham, Product Assistants; and Rose Kernan of RPK Editorial Services, Inc.
They have skillfully guided every aspect of this text’s development and produc-
tion to successful completion.
In addition, I would like to thank my wife Rosa for her help and encourage-
ment over the more than 40 years we have spent together.
Stephen J. Chapman
Melbourne, Australia
November 8, 2015

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
MindTap Online Course

Essentials of MATLAB Programming is also avail-

able through MindTap, Cengage Learning’s digital
course platform. The carefully-crafted pedagogy
and exercises in this trusted textbook are made
even more effective by an interactive, customizable
eBook, automatically graded assessments, and a
full suite of study tools.
As an instructor using MindTap, you have at
your fingertips the full text and a unique set of tools,
all in an interface designed to save you time. Mind-
Tap makes it easy for instructors to build and cus-
tomize their course, so you can focus on the most
relevant material while also lowering costs for your
students. Stay connected and informed through real-
time student tracking that provides the opportunity
to adjust your course as needed based on analytics of
interactivity and performance. End-of-chapter assess-
ments test students’ knowledge of programming con-
cepts in each chapter. Tutorial videos help students
master MATLAB functionality, programming, and
concepts.

How does MindTap benefit instructors?

■ You can build and personalize your course by integrating your own
content into the MindTap Reader (like lecture notes or problem sets to
download) or pull from sources such as RSS feeds, YouTube videos, web-
sites, and more. Control what content students see with a built-in learning
path that can be customized to your syllabus.
x
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 MindTap Online Course | xi

MindTap saves you time by providing you and your

■

students with automatically graded assignments and

quizzes. These problems include immediate, specific
feedback, so students know exactly where they need
more practice.
■ The Message Center helps you to quickly and easily

contact students directly from MindTap. Messages

are communicated directly to each student via the
communication medium (email, social media, or
even text message) designated by the student.
■ StudyHub is a valuable studying tool that allows you to

deliver important information and empowers your stu-

dents to personalize their experience. Instructors can
choose to annotate the text with notes and highlights,
share content from the MindTap Reader, and create
flashcards to help their students focus and succeed.
■ The Progress App lets you know exactly how

your students are doing (and where they might be

struggling) with live analytics. You can see overall class engagement and
drill down into individual student performance, enabling you to adjust
your course to maximize student success.

How does MindTap benefit your students?

■ The MindTap Reader adds the abilities to have the content read aloud, to
print from the reader, and to take notes and highlights while also captur-
ing them within the linked StudyHub App.
■ The MindTap Mobile App keeps students connected with alerts and notifica-
tions while also providing them with on-the-go study tools like Flashcards and
quizzing, helping them manage their time efficiently.
■ Flashcards are pre-populated to provide a jump start on studying, and
students and instructors can also create customized cards as they move
through the course.
■ The Progress App allows students to monitor their individual grades, as
well as their level compared to the class average. This not only helps them
stay on track in the course but also motivates them to do more, and ulti-
mately to do better.
■ The unique StudyHub is a powerful single-destination studying tool that em-
powers students to personalize their experience. They can quickly and easily
access all notes and highlights marked in the MindTap Reader, locate book-
marked pages, review notes and Flashcards shared by their instructor, and
create custom study guides.
For more information about MindTap for Engineering, or to schedule a demon-
stration, please call (800) 354-9706 or email higheredcs@cengage.com. For those
instructors outside the United States, please visit http://www.cengage.com/contact/
to locate your regional office.
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to MATLAB 1

1.1 The Advantages of MATLAB 2
1.2 Disadvantages of MATLAB 3
1.3 The MATLAB Environment 4
1.3.1 The MATLAB Desktop 4
1.3.2 The Command Window 6
1.3.3 The Toolstrip 7
1.3.4 The Command History Window 8
1.3.5 The Document Window 8
1.3.6 Figure Windows 11
1.3.7 Docking and Undocking Windows 12
1.3.8 The MATLAB Workspace 12
1.3.9 The Workspace Browser 14
1.3.10 The Current Folder Browser 15
1.3.11 Getting Help 16
1.3.12 A Few Important Commands 18
1.3.13 The MATLAB Search Path 19
1.4 Using MATLAB as a Calculator 21
1.5 Summary 23
1.5.1 MATLAB Summary 23
1.6 Exercises 24

Chapter 2 MATLAB Basics 27

2.1 Variables and Arrays 27
xii
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Contents | xiii

2.2 Creating and Initializing Variables in MATLAB 31

2.2.1 Initializing V
Variables in Assignment Statements 31
2.2.2 Initializing with Shortcut Expressions 34
2.2.3 Initializing with Built-in Functions 35
2.2.4 Initializing V
Variables with Keyboard Input 36
2.3 Multidimensional Arrays 38
2.3.1 Storing Multidimensional Arrays in Memory 39
2.3.2 Accessing Multidimensional Arrays with One Dimension 40
2.4 Subarrays 40
2.4.1 The end Function 41
2.4.2 Using Subarrays on the Left-Hand Side
of an Assignment Statement 41
2.4.3 Assigning a Scalar to a Subarray 43
2.5 Special Values 43
2.6 Displa
Displaying Output Data 46
2.6.1 Changing the Default Format 46
2.6.2 The disp Function 48
2.6.3 Formatted Output with the fprintf Function 48
2.7 Data Files 49
2.8 Scalar and Array Operations 52
2.8.1 Scalar Operations 52
2.8.2 Array and Matrix Operations 53
2.9 Hierarchy of Operations 56
2.10 Built-in MATLAB Functions 59
2.10.1 Optional Results 60
2.10.2 Using MA
MATLAB Functions with Array Inputs 60
2.10.3 Common MA MATLAB Functions 60
2.11 Introduction to Plotting 62
2.11.1 Using Simple xy Plots 62
2.11.2 Printing a Plot 63
2.11.3 Exporting a Plot as a Graphical Image 64
2.11.4 Multiple Plots 66
2.11.5 Line Color
Color, Line Style, Marker Style, and Legends 67
2.11.6 Logarithmic Scales 70
2.12 Examples 71
2.13 Debugging MATLAB Programs 78
2.14 Summary 80
2.14.1 Summary of Good Programming Practice 81
2.14.2 MA
MATLAB Summary 82
2.15 Exercises 85

Chapter 3 Two-Dimensional Plots 93

3.1 Additional Plotting Features for Tw
T o-Dimensional Plots 93
3.1.1 Logarithmic Scales 93
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
xiv | Contents

3.1.2 Controlling x- and y-axis Plotting Limits 97

3.1.3 Plotting Multiple Plots on the Same Axes 100
3.1.4 Creating Multiple Figures 101
3.1.5 Subplots 101
3.1.6 Controlling the Spacing between Points on a Plot 104
3.1.7 Enhanced Control of Plotted Lines 107
3.1.8 Enhanced Control of Text Strings 108
3.2 Polar Plots 111
3.3 Annotating and Saving Plots 113
3.4 Additional T
Types of T
Two-Dimensional Plots 116
3.5 Using the plot Function with Two-Dimensional
T Arrays 121
3.6 Summary 123
3.6.1 Summary of Good Programming Practice 124
3.6.2 MATLAB Summary 124
3.7 Exercises 125

Chapter 4 Branching Statements and Program Design 129

4.1 Introduction to T
Top-Down Design T Techniques 129
4.2 Use of Pseudocode 133
4.3 The Logical Data TType 134
4.3.1 Relational and Logic Operators 134
4.3.2 Relational Operators 135
4.3.3 A Caution about the == and ~= Operators 136
4.3.4 Logic Operators 137
4.3.5 Logical Functions 142
4.4 Branches 144
4.4.1 The if Construct 144
4.4.2 Examples Using if Constructs 146
4.4.3 Notes Concerning the Use of if Constructs 152
4.4.4 The switch Construct 155
4.4.5 The try/catch Construct 156
4.5 More on Debugging MATLAB Programs 164
4.6 Summary 171
4.6.1 Summary of Good Programming Practice 171
4.6.2 MATLAB Summary 172
4.7 Exercises 172

Chapter 5 Loops and Vectorization 179

5.1 The while Loop 179
5.2 The for Loop 185
5.2.1 Details of Operation 192
5.2.2 Vectorization: A Faster Alternative to Loops 194
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Contents | xv

5.2.3 The MATLAB Just-In-Time (JIT) Compiler 195

5.2.4 The break and continue Statements 198
5.2.5 Nesting Loops 200
5.3 Logical Arrays and Vectorization 201
5.3.1 Creating the Equivalent of if/else Constructs
with Logical Arrays 202
5.4 The MATLAB Profiler 204
5.5 Additional Examples 207
5.6 The textread Function 222
5.7 Summary 223
5.7.1 Summary of Good Programming Practice 224
5.7.2 MATLAB Summary 224
5.8 Exercises 225

Chapter 6 Basic User - Defined Functions 235

6.1 Introduction to MATLAB Functions 236
6.2 Variable Passing in MATLAB: The Pass-by-Value Scheme 242
6.3 Optional Arguments 253
6.4 Sharing Data Using Global Memory 258
6.5 Preserving Data between Calls to a Function 265
6.6 Built-in MATLAB Functions: Sorting Functions 270
6.7 Built-in MATLAB Functions: Random Number Functions 272
6.8 Summary 272
6.8.1 Summary of Good Programming Practice 273
6.8.2 MATLAB Summary 273
6.9 Exercises 274

Chapter 7 Advanced Features of User-Defined Functions 283

7.1 Function Functions 283
7.2 Local Functions, Private Functions, and Nested Functions 288
7.2.1 Local Functions 288
7.2.2 Private Functions 289
7.2.3 Nested Functions 290
7.2.4 Order of Function Evaluation 292
7.3 Function Handles 293
7.3.1 Creating and Using Function Handles 293
7.3.2 The Significance of Function Handles 296
7.3.3 Function Handles and Nested Functions 297
7.3.4 An Example Application: Solving Ordinary
Differential Equations 299
7.4 Anonymous Functions 305
7.5 Recursive Functions 306
7.6 Plotting Functions 307
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
xvi | Contents

7.7 Histograms 310

7.8 Summary 316
7.8.1 Summary of Good Programming Practice 316
7.8.2 MATLAB Summary 317
7.9 Exercises 317

Chapter 8 Additional Data Types and Plot Types 325

8.1 Complex Data 325
8.1.1 Complex Variables 327
8.1.2 Using Complex Numbers with Relational Operators 328
8.1.3 Complex Functions 329
8.1.4 Plotting Complex Data 334
8.2 Strings and String Functions 338
8.2.1 String Conversion Functions 338
8.2.2 Creating Two-Dimensional Character Arrays 339
8.2.3 Concatenating Strings 340
8.2.4 Comparing Strings 340
8.2.5 Searching/Replacing Characters within a String 344
8.2.6 Uppercase and Lowercase Conversion 345
8.2.7 Trimming Whitespace from Strings 345
8.2.8 Numeric-to-String Conversions 346
8.2.9 String-to-Numeric Conversions 348
8.2.10 Summary 349
8.3 Multidimensional Arrays 355
8.4 Three-Dimensional Plots 357
8.4.1 Three-Dimensional Line Plots 357
8.4.2 Three-Dimensional Surface, Mesh, and Contour Plots 358
8.4.3 Creating Three-Dimensional Objects Using Surface
and Mesh Plots 365
8.5 Summary 368
8.5.1 Summary of Good Programming Practice 368
8.5.2 MATLAB Summary 369
8.6 Exercises 371

Chapter 9 Cell Arrays, Structures, and Handle Graphics 377

9.1 Cell Arrays 377
9.1.1 Creating Cell Arrays 379
9.1.2 Using Braces {} as Cell Constructors 380
9.1.3 Viewing the Contents of Cell Arrays 381
9.1.4 Extending Cell Arrays 381
9.1.5 Deleting Cells in Arrays 384
9.1.6 Using Data in Cell Arrays 385
9.1.7 Cell Arrays of Strings 385
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Contents | xvii

9.1.8 The Significance of Cell Arrays 386

9.1.9 Summary of cell Functions 390
9.2 Structure Arrays 391
9.2.1 Creating Structure Arrays 391
9.2.2 Adding Fields to Structures 394
9.2.3 Removing Fields from Structures 395
9.2.4 Using Data in Structure Arrays 395
9.2.5 The getfield and setfield Functions 397
9.2.6 Dynamic Field Names 397
9.2.7 Using the size Function with Structure Arrays 399
9.2.8 Nesting Structure Arrays 399
9.2.9 Summary of structure Functions 400
9.3 Handle Graphics 401
9.3.1 The MATLAB Graphics System 402
9.3.2 Object Handles 403
9.3.3 Examining and Changing Object Properties 404
9.3.4 Changing Object Properties at Creation Time 404
9.3.5 Changing Object Properties after Creation Time 405
9.3.6 Examining and Changing Properties Using
Object Notation 405
9.3.7 Examining and Changing Properties Using
get/set Functions 407
9.3.8 Examining and Changing Properties Using
the Property Editor 409
9.3.9 Using set to List Possible Property Values 414
9.3.10 Finding Objects 415
9.3.11 Selecting Objects with the Mouse 417
9.4 Position and Units 420
9.4.1 Positions of figure Objects 420
9.4.2 Positions of axes and uicontrol Objects 421
9.4.3 Positions of text Objects 422
9.5 Printer Positions 425
9.6 Default and Factory Properties 425
9.7 Graphics Object Properties 427
9.8 Summary 428
9.8.1 Summary of Good Programming Practice 428
9.8.2 MATLAB Summary 429
9.9 Exercises 429

Appendix A UTF-8 Character Set 433

Appendix B MATLAB Input/Output Functions 435

Appendix C Answers to Quizzes 457

Appendix D MATLAB Functions and Commands 471

Index 479
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Chapter 1
Introduction to MATLAB

MATLAB (short for MATrix LABoratory) is a special-purpose computer program

optimized to perform engineering and scientific calculations. It started life as a pro-
gram designed to perform matrix mathematics, but over the years it has grown into
a flexible computing system capable of solving essentially any technical problem.
The MATLAB program implements the MATLAB programming language and
provides a very extensive library of predefined functions to make technical pro-
gramming tasks easier and more efficient. This book introduces the MATLAB lan-
guage as it is implemented in MATLAB Version 2014B and shows how to use it
to solve typical technical problems.
MATLAB is a huge program, with an incredibly rich variety of functions. Even the
basic version of MATLAB without any toolkits is much richer than other technical
programming languages. There are more than 1000 functions in the basic MATLAB
product alone, and the toolkits extend this capability with many more functions in
various specialties. Furthermore, these functions often solve very complex prob-
lems (solving differential equations, inverting matrices, and so forth) in a single step,
saving large amounts of time. Doing the same thing in another computer language
usually involves writing complex programs yourself or buying a third-party software
package (such as IMSL or the NAG software libraries) that contains the functions.
The built-in MATLAB functions are almost always better than anything that
an individual engineer could write on his or her own because many people have
worked on them, and they have been tested against many different data sets. These
functions are also robust, producing sensible results for wide ranges of input data
and gracefully handling error conditions.
This book makes no attempt to introduce the user to all of MATLAB’s func-
tions. Instead, it teaches a user the basics of how to write, debug, and optimize
good MATLAB programs, plus a subset of the most important functions used to
solve common scientific and engineering problems. Just as importantly, it teaches

1
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
2 | Chapter 1 Introduction to MATLAB

the scientist or engineer how to use MATLAB’s own tools to locate the right func-
tion for a specific purpose from the enormous list of choices available. In addition,
it teaches how to use MATLAB to solve many practical engineering problems, such
as vector and matrix algebra, curve fitting, differential equations, and data plotting.
The MATLAB program is a combination of a procedural programming language,
an integrated development environment (IDE) including an editor and debugger, and
an extremely rich set of functions to perform many types of technical calculations.
The MATLAB language is a procedural programming language, meaning that the
engineer writes procedures, which are effectively mathematical recipes for solving a
problem. This makes MATLAB very similar to other procedural languages such as C,
Basic, Fortran, and Pascal. However, the extremely rich list of predefined functions
and plotting tools makes it superior to these other languages for many engineering
analysis applications.

1.1 The Advantages of MATLAB

MATLAB has many advantages compared to conventional computer languages
for technical problem solving. Among them are:
1. Ease of use.
MATLAB is an interpreted language, like many versions of Basic. Like
Basic, it is very easy to use. The program can be used as a scratch pad to
evaluate expressions typed at the command line, or it can be used to exe-
cute large prewritten programs. Programs may be easily written and mod-
ified with the built-in integrated development environment and debugged
with the MATLAB debugger. Because the language is so easy to use, it is
ideal for the rapid prototyping of new programs.
Many program development tools are provided to make the program
easy to use. They include an integrated editor/debugger, online documen-
tation and manuals, a workspace browser, and extensive demos.
2. Platform independence.
MATLAB is supported on many different computer systems, providing a
large measure of platform independence. At the time of this writing, the
language is supported on Windows Vista/7/8/10, Linux, Unix and the
Macintosh. Programs written on any platform will run on all of the other
platforms, and data files written on any platform may be read transpar-
ently on any other platform. As a result, programs written in MATLAB
can migrate to new platforms when the needs of the user change.
3. Predefined functions.
MATLAB comes complete with an extensive library of predefined func-
tions that provide tested and prepackaged solutions to many basic tech-
nical tasks. For example, suppose that you are writing a program that
must calculate the statistics associated with an input data set. In most
languages, you would need to write your own subroutines or functions to
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
conspirators. On the morning of May 7th, Pontiac and a number of
his warriors sought admission to the fort.

On arriving at the gateway,[4] Pontiac and his warriors were freely

admitted, but found the garrison under arms, the cannons loaded for
service and the inhabitants ready for battle. At a glance he foresaw
the certain failure of his scheme, and after being warned by Gladwin
that his plot had been discovered, he retired still protesting
friendship. Within a day or two afterwards he threw off all attempts
at concealment, summoned his warriors, massacred several persons
on the island now known as Belle Isle and commenced a siege which
lasted for five weary months. During the siege, the garrison was
relieved several times by provisions and ammunition from Niagara,
and on July 29th, by the arrival of 280 soldiers commanded by
Captain Dalyell together with 20 rangers from New Hampshire under
Major Robert Rogers. Captain Dalyell now determined to "turn the
tables" by an attack on the Indians. Gladwin opposed the idea, but
was compelled to yield, and on July 31st 250 troops in three
detachments marched against the savages. Pontiac in some way was
informed of the plan and, ambushed on the border of Parents'
Creek, afterwards called Bloody Run, awaited the approach of the
soldiers. As the latter reached a small bridge that then crossed the
stream not far from what is now the corner of Jefferson Avenue and
Adair Street, they heard the war-whoop of the Indians and from
every side bullets thinned their ranks. Dalyell and seventeen others
were killed, nearly forty soldiers wounded and several captured.
Within six hours after this ignominious failure, the rest were glad to
be within the shelter of the stockade.
The siege was then renewed with increased vigor until at last
General Gage of Boston determined to send a force large enough to
subdue the Indians. Accordingly, Colonel Bradstreet was put in
command of a combined force of 100 friendly Indians, 900
Canadians, and a detachment of 219 Connecticut militia in charge of
the noted Israel Putnam. They came by water from Albany and
reached Detroit on August 26, 1764. Their bateaux and barges
blocked the river; the display of flags and force alarmed the Indians,
and made them yield before an army such as they had never seen
before.
Meantime the war-clouds of the Revolution were gathering. The
common impression is that the war was fought in the East, around
Boston and New York. The important events that occurred at Detroit
are usually ignored; that, too, in spite of the fact that at no other
point was so much use made of the Indians by the English.
King George and his ministers evidently feared that, unless kept
busy defending their homes, the hardy settlers of Western Virginia
and Tennessee would aid their brother colonists in the East. In order
to prevent them from so doing, deliberate and pitiless plans were
made to incite the Indians against the western settlers. Indians were
invited to Detroit from as far west and south as Arkansas, and
gathered here by thousands. They were feasted, clothed and
furnished with guns, scalping-knives, and tomahawks. Blankets,
shirts, scarlet cloth and other things were given. The value of the
requisitions for this post in a single year reached hundreds of
thousands of dollars. The writer has personally seen the original
record of the supplying of "sixteen gross of red-handled scalping-
knives." Fully equipped, they set forth on their forays, returning with
men, women, and children as prisoners, and with many scalps. The
expedition which perpetrated the "Massacre of Wyoming" was
equipped at this post, as was also the expedition of Captain Bird
against Kentucky at a cost of over $300,000. The writer has an
original account book of that period giving the names and pay per
diem of the French who as guides and interpreters accompanied the
English and Indians on some of their raids. The noted Daniel Boone
was brought as a prisoner to Detroit after one of these expeditions.
After the return of each party the guns of the fort were fired, the
prisoners and scalps were counted and recorded, and again the
Indians were feasted and given presents.
It was during these days that Col. A.S. De Peyster was in command
at Detroit, but he was not in full sympathy with such savage warfare.
It will be remembered that it was to him that Burns, while in his
sick-chamber, dedicated his last poem, on "Life," beginning:

"My honored Colonel, deep I feel

Your interest in the poet's weal," etc.
De Peyster himself could turn a bit of society verse. On one
occasion he addressed the following lines to the wife of Lieutenant
Pool England, then at Detroit:

"Accept, fair Ann, I do beseech,

This tempting gift, a clingstone peach,
The finest fruit I culled from three,
Which you may safely take from me.
Should Pool request to share the favor,
Eat you the peach, give him the flavor;
Which surely he can't take amiss,
When 't is so heightened by your kiss."
The English officers then at Detroit did not
have an easy life. There were resident rebel
Americans who made much trouble—some
of whom were sent away and others fined.
American prisoners, too, were brought
here. Some were compelled to work in the
streets, in ball and chain, and others were
forced to cut wood on Belle Isle.
At last Detroit and the West were yielded
by treaty to the United States, but on one
COL. ARENT SCHUYLER pretext or another they were not actually
DE PEYSTER. surrendered until July 11, 1796. On that
day Fort Lernoult for the first time displayed
the Stars and Stripes.[5]
 EVACU
ATION
DAY
TABLET
ON
FORT
STREE
T
ENTRA
NCE OF
POST-
OFFICE
.

The animosities growing out of the Revolutionary War were not

allayed by the peace declarations. The Indians continued to hold
allegiance to King George, and frequently massacred Americans.
British officials on various occasions assumed such authority that at
last there came a renewal of strife and the War of 1812. Again
Detroit became a focal point. Twelve hundred troops from Ohio,
under command of Governor Hull, were soon marching hither to
secure the safety of Detroit. Governor Hull's trunk, containing
military papers and plans of great value, which had been sent by
boat, was captured near Malden, Canada, by the British who had
apparently received the earliest announcement of the declaration of
war. Governor Hull arrived at Detroit July 5th, soon afterward
crossed to Canada and issued a proclamation, but a few days later
returned without having accomplished any results of value. On
August 16th, without any reasonable excuse, and without the firing
of a single gun, he surrendered his entire force and all of the
territory under his control to General Brock. He was tried and found
guilty of cowardice, unofficer-like conduct and neglect of duty. In his
memoirs, Governor Hull, trying to defend himself, seeks to make
Secretary of War Eustis a fool or a traitor, Gen. H.A. Dearborn a
knave, and Colonel Cass a conspirator. Original letters and testimony,
however, from President Madison, ex-President Jefferson, and
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams show that Governor Hull was
justly condemned. On September 29, 1813, as the result of
Commodore Perry's notable victory of September 10th, the whole
region was restored to American control.
 GENER
AL
GRANT'
S
HOME
IN
DETRO
IT.

Detroit's interest in several local and subsequent wars was large,

but the unimportance of some and the well-known results of others
make comment thereon unnecessary.
While these varied historical events were taking place, the city was
steadily gathering to itself prestige and reputation. Its houses now
excel in number and beauty, its streets, wide and well paved, are
edged with the smoothest of stone walks and lined with elms,
maples, and grassy lawns. The distinctive buildings of the
municipality, its court-houses, schools, police stations, water-works,
and engine houses are remarkable for their excellent architecture
and well-kept condition. The churches, by their number and in their
construction, indicate the possession of religious desire and æsthetic
taste. The manufacturing interests of Detroit are varied. Its
commercial representatives are found in almost every country, and
"Detroit" stoves, drugs, and chemicals are known in every clime. We
have numerous parks, but Belle Isle is indeed the priceless jewel in
the crown of Detroit: woods of green and waters of blue, art and
nature, moving waves and waving grass, stillness and activity, vistas
and broad views, beautiful flowers and lofty trees, the white sails of
numerous vessels, and the swift motions of great steamers all alike
are combined in the captivating beauties of this favored place.
HURLB
UT
MEMO
RIAL
GATE
ENTRA
NCE TO
WATER
-
 WORKS
PARK.

Besides serving as a charm to drive away care, our beautiful river

gives us one of the greatest ports in the world. More tonnage passes
annually through "the Detroit" than in the same time enters and
clears the combined ports of London and Liverpool. During the
season nearly four hundred vessels pass daily, bearing more grain
and minerals than traverse any other stream in the world. The city is
a central starting-point for reaching all northern summer resorts, and
more steamboat passengers arrive and depart from our wharves
than from any others on the Lakes. The stream that attracted the
earliest visitors attracts later ones as well. The river never overflows
and therefore is never a menace, but always a joy and blessing.
Yachts, sail-boats, barges, shells, ferries, steamers, and great
"whale-backs" fly and ply over it, and in the season it is a panorama
of beauty, gay with music, streamers, and happy voyageurs.
 MACKINAC

"THE HOME OF THE GIANT

FAIRIES"

By SARA ANDREW SHAFER

A T the northernmost point of the meeting of the waters of the

mighty trio of lakes which divide the States of the Middle West
from the Dominion of Canada, lies an archipelago in size and
beauty like that of the

"Sprinkled isles,
Lily on lily that o'erlace the sea,
And laugh their pride when the light waves
whisper 'Greece.'"
An old writer says that there are two-and-thirty thousand of them,
great and small, clustered chiefly where Huron leans her head to
meet those of Michigan and Superior, "as if they were discussing
some great matter." Perhaps they are talking over the old days and
the things and people they knew long ago. Perhaps they speak of
the morning when, according to an old saga, the worshippers of the
Rising Sun in February saw the Island like a great turtle—
Nocchenemockenung—rise slowly out of the water, to become the
home of the Giant Fairies of the Michsawgyegan, or Lake Country,
and to be a place of refuge for the vanished peoples, whose names
are as the sound of many waters for beauty and for harmony.
Perhaps they tell of the wild, free life of those roving, painted bands
of fishers, trappers, and hunters which make pictures of so much
action and color against the ever-shifting background of these seas
and shores. Perhaps they tell of the coming of the Black Robes in
the days when the lilies of France had no fear of the lion of England,
and the eagle of the American Republic was as yet unthought of.
There are things enough of which the Lakes may speak as their
waves lapse on the beach of

"This precious stone set in a silver sea."

OLD
MISSIO
N
CHURC
H
(CIRCA
),
1823,
MACKI
NAC
ISLAND
.

Occupying as it does, one of the most important strategic points in

the new world, it is not strange that the Island of Mackinac should
have a rich and varied history, and that in its earlier Indian-French
form "Michilimackinac was a word familiar in the cabinets of
European monarchs before it was known to people dwelling along
the Atlantic." The name was given not only to pioneer settlements
on either side of the Straits, but also to a vast province which
reached as far south as the Ohio River and as far west as the Red
River of the North. The Straits are but a dozen miles in width, and
the Island but nine miles in circumference, but whether it be frozen
in the long clasp of "Peboan, the Winter," when the white, endless
snows are marked only by the dark accents of evergreens on islet
and mainland, over which the cold stars look down, or the Northern
Lights flame and fade; whether it be decked with the unspeakable
splendors of its early autumn, or rejoices with the sudden coming of
its tardy summer, it is a land whose beauty is indescribable, and
whose spell is supreme.
The village numbers many thousand flitting folk in summer, but it
has less than eight hundred permanent residents. It lies along the
perfect crescent of a bay worn into the southeastern end of the
Island, at the foot of the cliffs, upon which the long lines of the fort
stand sentinel, and is a curious conglomeration of huge
caravanserai, summer villa, shop, fish-house, pier, half-French, half-
Indian cottage, and church. Old days and new meet over and over
again in the little streets, where, in the soft patois of the habitants,
in the names they bear, and in many of their strongly marked faces,
much of the Island's story is suggested. St. Ann's is a true daughter
of the first chapels built by the old heroes of the Church. The
Mission House tells of the earnest early efforts to teach the tenets
and virtues of Calvinism to the savages, made by the reverend
geographer, Morse, father of Morse of the electric telegraph, and Mr.
Ferry, whose son, born in the village, ably represented Michigan in
the Senate of the United States.
Where the fort garden now stands once stood the agency, then the
centre of the vast trade of the fur companies. Within its walls Henry
Schoolcraft wrote down the precious results of his studies in Indian
dialect and folk-lore, from which, as from a root, sprang the perfect
flower of our one native epic, Hiawatha. Not to have read Hiawatha
with the pine-spiced winds of the north blowing upon the page, with
the magnificent prospect of the Straits before one's eyes, lifted while
a page is turned, and with the waves breaking into a thousand
jewels against the rocks at one's feet, is hardly to have read
Hiawatha at all.
The Fort is the successor of the feeble early posts set up by the
pioneers of France. The great propellers and the swift-winged yachts
that throng the summer waters are of a kindred with the birch
canoe, most poetic of all water craft—own brother to the violin by
reason of the perfect beauty of its lines, having in it
 "All the mystery and magic"
of the woodland and the wood life. As of old, the deep wild roses
and the frail harebells cling to the cliffs; as of old, in the gorges
hushed into fragrant silence by pine and larch and hemlock, arbor-
vitæ and juniper, beech, and birch, the shy, delicate flora of the
north finds shelter. As of old, the winds try their strength against the
splendid masonry of the curious limestone formations for which the
place is noted, the Arch Rock, the Fairy Arch, the Chimney Rock, the
Sugar Loaf, Scott's Cave, Skull Cave, the Devil's Kitchen. Around
each of these the legends cluster like bees about a linden-tree in
blossom, but how can they be forgiven whose crass stupidity gave
them these commonplace titles and who have lost for us their Indian
names?
ARCH
ROCK,
MACKI
NAC
ISLAND
.

In the days when New France "had two fountain heads, one in the
cane brakes of Louisiana, and the other in the snows of Canada," a
charter was given by Louis XIII. to the Hundred Association
Company, which was thereby invested with rights almost
monarchical, together with injunctions to do all that was possible for
Holy Church which was consistent with the keeping of a watchful eye
upon such earthly advantages as might accrue from a monopoly of
the fur trade and the acquisition of new territory. It was in 1634,
under the governorship of Champlain, that Jean Nicolet, a fearless
explorer, well versed in woodcraft and in the speech of many
aboriginal tribes, was the first paleface to see the white cliffs of
Mackinac, as he was also the first to carry back to civilization tidings
of a great new sea, the Lac des Ilinese, or Michigan, which he had
discovered. That he perished by the capsizing of his canoe in the St.
Lawrence River was a great loss to the infant colonies to whom his
sixteen years' experience in frontier life would have been very
valuable. The path he opened, was, however, soon followed by
others. The explorers and traders, Des Grosselliers, Radisson, Perrot,
and their fellows did for the world what the Jesuits, the Recollets,
and the Sulpicians did for the Church. It is in the Relations sent
home by the priests that we learn what were the trials overcome by
those dauntless sons of "the sturdy North." Perhaps from no country
but France, and in no other years than the glittering, romantic,
covetous, daring, devoted years of the seventeenth century, could
have come adventurers so tireless and churchmen so selfless as
these. To read their simple, patient chronicles is to have new belief
in man, new faith in the Church Universal, "which is the blessed
company of all faithful people," and to clasp hands across years and
above creeds with those courageous pioneers and with those
humble saints.
The story of Mackinac is for many years the story of the French in
Canada. "Not a cape was turned," says Parkman, "not a river was
entered, but a Jesuit led the way." Every year the establishment of
new posts pushed the realms of the Unknown Territory nearer and
nearer to the sunset. Poor little posts they were, slenderly
garrisoned, and feebly armed, but beside each one rose a chapel
and a cross where the "bloody salvages" might learn, if they would,
the religion of the fathers. The missionaries made, perhaps, but few
converts to their faith, but they made many friends for their country
by their kindly offices to the sick, the aged, the dying, and the
infant, by the gentleness and urbanity of their high breeding, and by
the perpetual sacrifice of their lives of love and loyalty. Of their
hardships we can only read between the lines of their brave,
uncomplaining Relations, but what litanies of pain, sorrow, and
disappointment, what Te Deums of hope and rejoicing lie in these
marks, oft recurring on their queer old maps:
marque des villages sauvages
marque des etablissements françois.
 By 1668 many missions were strung along the waterways. The
Island was the centre of a thriving trade, had thirty native villages,
and a palisaded enclosure for defence, and a year later its shores
were hallowed by the feet of "The Guardian Angel of the Ottawa
Mission," Father Jacques Marquette.
SUGAR
LOAF
ROCK,
MACKI
NAC
ISLAND
.

Here, in what he called "the home of the fishes," and "the

playground of all the winds of heaven," he spent the hard winter of
1669-70, going later to the first Fort Michilimackinac, at St. Ignace,
where he built a log-and-bark chapel, and whence he wrote the
letters which reflect his pure spirit, as a clear pool reflects a star.
Ever alert, ever anxious, "Ad Majoram Gloriam Dei," to hear of new
countries to be brought to Him, his great opportunity came when the
tribes trooped past the Island on their way to the Sault Ste. Marie
and the Great Congress, convened on the 14th of June, 1671, by the
hardy Perrot. The French wanted to control the frontier trade; the
Indians wished a market for their furs. To both peoples pomp and
ceremony were natural and dear, so here, in all the splendor of war-
paint and wampum, tomahawk, calumet, feathers, bows and arrows,
and handsome furs came the braves of many tribes; in all the gay
accoutrement of blanket-surtout, scarlet cap, fringed elk-skin
leggins, rifle, and dagger-decked sash came the coureurs des bois
and the voyageurs; in the dignity of their uniforms came a handful of
soldiers; with cross and cassock came the priests, to gather under a
great wooden cross, to which the arms of France had been nailed,
where, by a procès verbal, the overlordship of the Great West was
assumed by Louis XIV.
Among the representatives of so many scattered savages, Father
Marquette doubtless made the inquiries about and gained the
knowledge concerning the Great Unknown River which served him in
such good stead when, on the 17th of May, 1673, he started with
Louis Joliet, five voyageurs, and in two canoes, on the voyage which
made the Mississippi known to Europe. Of the honor coming from
the discovery the good father never thought, but only with joy of
new lands to which the message of the Cross could be carried. It is
the story of a hero, the story of his short life and of his triumphant
death, "alone, a Jesuit, and a Missionary," beside an obscure creek
on the Michigan shore, on the 19th of May, 1675, in the eight-and-
thirtieth year of his age. Descendants of his Ottawas and his Hurons
still tell of his "bright hair, like the sun," and of the great funeral
when, two years after his death, his body was brought back to St.
Ignace. Whether the dust now held sacred was his or no, is of little
moment. In the Book of Life, above and below, the name of Jacques
Marquette has long been written, and like the blessing of peace his
spirit rests upon the Northland.
In 1679, the Griffin, a little ship of sixty tons, took Robert Cavelier,
Sieur de la Salle, and the garrulous, mendacious Recollet friar,
Hennepin, past the Island on their way to the Great River, which
they were to explore to the Gulf, and beside which the murdered
body of the great Norman was to be flung. He only touched the
Island, but the touch of La Salle was a royal accolade.
In 1688, La Honton, a soldier of unusual sagacity, noted the
importance of the site, and in 1695 M. de la Motte Cadillac says that
the fort, with its garrison of two hundred soldiers, and the village of
Canadians and Indians to the number of six or seven thousand
souls, made it one of the largest posts in Canada. Disputes between
the commandant and the Jesuits, chiefly about the sale of liquor to
the Indians, resulted in the discouragement of the priests, who, in
1705, burned their chapel and their school, and went back to
Quebec. St. Ignace was then gradually abandoned for a second
Michilimackinac on the southern peninsula.
THE
OLD
 BLOCK
HOUSE
(1780)
OVERL
OOKIN
G THE
LAKE.

When the French and English war was ended on the Plains of
Abraham, George III. became indeed sovereign of the soil of
Canada, but Louis XV. was lord of the hearts of too many French,
half-breeds, and Indians to make the transfer of allegiance easy.
Loves and hates and racial sympathies are not matters for cold
diplomacy, and the people of the Northwest waited longingly for a
leader who should give them again the light-hearted, friendly rule of
the French, under which they had been far happier than they found
themselves as subjects of the stern, alien English. In the person of
an Ottawa chieftain, the most remarkable personage produced by
the Indian race, the leader was found. In the brain of Pontiac, grim,
far-seeing, fearless, heroic, there arose as a prophetic vision the
assurance that English encroachments upon the rights of his people
would never cease so long as they held a rod of ground coveted by
an English eye. To avert the evils he foresaw, he planned the capture
of all forts west of Niagara, the extermination of all English settlers,
and the restoration to the Great Father at Versailles of the lands he
had just lost. With incredible swiftness he formed the vast
conspiracy whose story has been told, once for all, in the living
pages of Parkman's narrative.
"OLD
STONE
QUART
ERS,"
FORT
MACKI
NAC,
1780.

Whisperings of coming trouble had been heard at Fort

Michilimackinac by Major Etherington, the commandant, but none of
so serious a nature as to prevent the presence of the soldiery at a
great game of baggatiway which was to be played in a field near the
fort by rival companies of Sacs and Chippewas, in honor of the
King's birthday, August 4, 1763. The game is a very intricate and
brilliant one, requiring great agility and skill, and the participation of
a large number of players. As was most natural, the excitement of
the onlookers was intense, and when an apparently stray ball flew
high over the palisades of the unprotected fort (which had been
silently invaded by a crowd of squaws with weapons hidden under
their blankets) and at least four hundred players in hot pursuit
swarmed over the stockade, nothing was thought amiss, until the
cries appropriate to the game changed into the war-whoop, and a
massacre began. Of the English, all were either killed or made
captive, except Alexander Henry, whose narrative curdles the blood
even yet.
SIGNAT
URES
OF THE
CHIPPE
WA
CHIEFS
WHO,
IN
1781,
DEEDE
D THE
ISLAND
TO
KING
GEORG
E III.
FROM
"MACKI
NAC,"
BY
JOHN
R.
BAILEY,
M.D.,
BREVE
T
LIEUT.-
COL.
U.S.V.,
BY
WHOSE
 KIND
PERMI
SSION
THEY
ARE
HERE
REPRO
DUCED
.

This event led to the abandonment of the southern fort and the
establishment of one on the Island.[6]

"It is now certain," writes Schoolcraft in 1834, "that the

occupancy of Old Michilimackinack—the Beekwutenong of the
Indians—was kept up by the British until 1774; between that
date and 1780 the flag was transferred ... the principal trade
went with it, the Indian intercourse likewise. Some residents
lingered a few years but the place was finally abandoned, and
the site is now covered with loose sand."

By the Treaty of Paris, in 1783, the Island was ceded by Great

Britain to the United States. Possession was, however, withheld on
one pretext or another, until 1796.
FORT
MACKI
NAC,
AND
THE
CANNO
N
CAPTU
RED BY
COMM
ODORE
PERRY.

When the second war with England began, it was natural that one
of the first points to be attacked should be the fort so commandingly
situated. Far from all base of supplies and all possibility of rapid
communication, the oft-repeated appeals of General Hull for an
effective garrison at this and other important points were totally
disregarded in Washington. Only fifty-seven soldiers were in
residence in Mackinac when the British forces, 1021 strong, landed
before dawn on the 17th of July, 1812, on a point nearly opposite St.
Ignace. By eleven o'clock Captain Roberts sent a flag of truce, and a
demand of surrender to Lieutenant Porter Hanks, who had had "no
intimation" that a war between the powers had been declared until
that moment. After considering the futility of resistance, and a
consultation with the American traders in the village, with the valor
which was ever bettered by discretion, he capitulated.
In August, 1814, an attempt was made to retake the Island. A
battle was fought near the scene of the British landing two years
before, in which battle Major Holmes and twelve privates were killed,
and many men were wounded or missing. The routed Americans,
under Colonel Croghan, withdrew to their ships. The Island finally
passed into the keeping of the United States in 1815.
Then followed the great days of the fur companies, when the place
was astir with a life so gay and vivid that only to hear of it stirs the
blood of the untamed savage which centuries of the repressions of
civilization have not routed from our hearts. Hundreds of hardy, ill-
paid engagés, hundreds of happy-go-lucky, hard-working voyageurs
and coureurs des bois and hundreds of Indians crowded into the
hundreds of tents set up along the beach; into the log-houses of the
primitive village, and into the huge barracks of the company, which
counted and weighed the rich peltries they had gathered, paying
them in return the miserable wages which in dancing, gambling,
drinking, fighting, feasting and sleeping, were spent long before the
bateaux freighted with the poor necessities for the fast-coming
winter were again rowed out toward the wilderness, the brave
chansons of the oarsmen growing fainter and fainter as the boats
passed steadily out of sight.
REV.
ELEAZA
R
WILLIA
MS.
 REPRO
DUCED
FROM
LATIME
R'S
"SCRAP
BOOK
OF THE
REVOL
UTION,
" BY
PERMI
SSION
OF A.C.
McCLU
RG &
CO.

An incident but little known connects the Island with one of the
great mysteries of history,—the fate of the little son of Louis XVI.
and Marie Antoinette. That the Dauphin did not die in the Temple,
but had been secretly conveyed to America and had been placed
among the Indians, was believed by persons whose opinions were
entitled to respect; but that he might be found in the person of the
Rev. Eleazar Williams, a half-breed missionary of the Protestant
Episcopal Church among the tribes about Green Bay, was a
supposition stranger than any fiction. The story is too long to tell
here,[7] but as it touches Mackinac at a single point, it must have a
line in this chapter.
On the wharf of the moon-shaped bay, one bright day in October,
1841, a crowd was gathered to see the Prince de Joinville, son of
Louis Philippe, then reigning in France, who was on his way to Green
Bay, and who had stopped off at Mackinac to visit some of the
natural curiosities of the place. A salute had been fired in honor of
the royal sailor with true republican fervor, and while the steamer
which had brought him waited his pleasure, the village was en fête.
Waiting on the dock, and also about to embark for Green Bay, was
the Rev. Eleazar Williams, who, before the boat left the bay, was, at
the request of the Prince, presented to his Highness. The
acquaintance thus begun led to disclosures which, if true, make the
identity of the Dauphin and the missionary all but certain.
Wrapped in a legend, the Island of Mackinac comes into sight. With
a thousand legends, its old fields, its cliffs, its caves, its gorges, its
wooded glens, its shores, and its far, dim distances are haunted.
With a thousand mysteries and bewilderments and witcheries it
holds captive all who come within reach of its magic. With a mystery,
which too may be but a legend, our story closes, as the light that
smites the waters of the Straits into a myriad of glittering flakes
paints on the sunset sky the old, old golden track which the Indians
loved to call "the Path that leads Homeward."
 INDIANAPOLIS

THE HOOSIER CAPITAL

By PERRY S. HEATH

T HE visitor to the Hoosier capital familiar with the capital of the

nation instantly observes a striking similarity between the two.
Well he may, for Alexander Ralston, who carried the chains for
Pierre Charles L'Enfant, and placed the stakes which fixed the lines
and curves of the City of Magnificent Distances, was the surveyor of
Indianapolis. When, in 1821, he carved out of the small cleared
space in the centre of a great wilderness the plan just one mile
square for Indianapolis, his architectural abilities and ambitions had
more than a superficial justification. The result was perhaps the
handsomest city between Philadelphia and Denver.
When Indianapolis was platted on the surveyor's map it had but
800 inhabitants. By the year 1840 the town had grown to 2672
inhabitants. There were only 48,244 souls in the city in 1870. But by
1890 the population had increased to 105,436, and the census of
1900 placed the population at 169,164. In the latter decade
Indianapolis outstripped Rochester, New York, St. Paul, Minneapolis,
Kansas City, Denver, and Omaha in increase of population. And the
area occupied by the city grew in three quarters of a century from
one to twenty-seven square miles.
Entering Indianapolis to-day upon any one of the seventeen
independent railroads operated by steam locomotives, or any one of
the many interurban electric systems, the traveller is entranced, in
passing the wide, asphalted avenues, by the magnificent view which
carries the vision to the hub of the city, where the eye readily
perceives the panorama of the State House, four or five magnificent
hotels, some majestic club-houses, and the world-famed Soldiers'
Monument in the Governor's Circle. The city is not one over which
dense clouds of smoke hover daily, marks unmistakable of great
manufacturing interests. The sky is usually clear. Natural gas and oil
are largely employed as fuel for the production of steam. Where coal
is used the consumers are largely located in the remote outskirts.
During half the year the foliage from the splendid system of shade
and other trees along the avenues and streets and in the parks
clothes the city in a verdure producing a pleasing effect upon the
vision and the atmosphere. In winter-time the well-paved streets
and the universal system of cement sidewalks are ever under the
enforcement of perfect city regulations, clear of snow and sleet and
other impediments to boulevard driving and pedestrianism.
OLD
STATE
HOUSE
,
INDIAN
APOLIS
.

There is about the history of Indianapolis much of quaint Indian

tradition and historical attractiveness. While almost every trace of
the rural, or the virgin forests which were in view from any point a
few years ago, has disappeared and modern structures and
improvements abound, the visitor wherever he goes, cannot forget,
that he is in a city which made great progress during the last half of
the nineteenth century. On every hand this fact is illustrated. It was
as late as April, 1816, that Congress authorized the construction of a
constitution for the State. As recently as three quarters of a century
ago the White River, on which Indianapolis is situated, was dotted
from source to mouth, with the canoes of savages, and lined along
its banks, in the dense wilderness, with Indian villages. The white
man made his way in constant fear through the country. It is true
that Vincennes had been settled by white people generations before,
but its citizens had at this time few if any relations, social or
commercial, with any other section of the Territory, and everywhere
the red man continued to be a prime factor, holding and controlling
the affairs of the domain. While the White and Wabash rivers in the
interior furnished during a part of the year transportation by raft, the
old buffalo trail from Vincennes to the Falls of the Ohio, cleared by
immigrants, afforded the only safe outlet or inlet, and was in
consequence a great thoroughfare. The Whetzels, known to history
as the intrepid Indian fighters, paved the way through the Territory
and made it possible for immigrants to find Indianapolis in its early
days.
NEW
PUBLIC
LIBRAR
Y,
INDIAN
APOLIS
.

At the time this city was located and titled there was so much of
Indian lore in the minds of the legislators, and in fact so much of the
red man in the wilderness around, a constant source of
apprehension, that great difficulty was found in securing a name for
the new metropolis. Tecumseh, Suwarrow, Whetzel, Wayne,
Delaware, and other names familiar to the paleface hunted by or
hunting the red man, were suggested. Finally Mr. Samuel Merrill, a
name significant in the modern history of Indiana and Indianapolis,
and prominent in the upbuilding and development of the best
institutions of the State and city, proposed indianapolis as the name
for the city which is now the pride of all Hoosier hearts.
The original city was platted with streets just one mile in length
from end to end. The avenues, or "diagonals," as they were termed
on the original plat, radiated from the Circle (the hub) in the centre
and constituted that beautiful design which makes the capital of
France and the capital of the United States so attractive in
appearance, and yet in some respects "a labyrinth or mesh to the
 unfamiliar." Near the radiating point or
Circle was early established a market, which
is to-day one of the great conveniences to
the residents of the city and to those who
market their products and an attraction at
most seasons of the year to visitors.
It was not until the removal in November,
1824, of the archives of Indiana from
Corydon to Indianapolis, that the latter
became the actual capital. In 1827 the
Legislature appropriated four thousand
dollars for a Governor's residence to be
Benjamin Harrison located in the Circle. Its construction was
commenced, but never completed. The
unfurnished portion was occupied at one time as a schoolhouse,
until finally the officers of the Supreme Court made it their
headquarters. After some years the crude building was demolished
and the ground was converted into a park, the present location of
the Soldiers' Monument.
STATE
HOUSE
,
INDIAN
APOLIS
. EAST
FRONT.

It was not until a third of the nineteenth century had passed, not
until near 1840, that Indianapolis became more pretentious than any
other country town. The public squares were feeding-grounds for
the ox and horse teams of countrymen who came to market. There
were practically no industries, and the buildings were primitive and
simple. As late as 1875 the wags of the stage and the humorists of
the press amused themselves with jeers at the Hoosier capital. The
Hoosier was a joke in the East. He was represented as the typical
raw character, greatly in need of common advantages and ordinary
enlightenment. And the impression persisted until some time after
three quarters of the nineteenth century had passed that
Indianapolis was simply a congregating-point for him and his kind.
About 1880 the city began to take on the appearance of a modern
ambitious metropolis. As wealth increased the people resorted in
ever increasing numbers to the capital, to enjoy the schools for their
children and the best civilization for themselves. Gradually there
have gathered there not only the prosperous citizens of the State,
but many who have at home or abroad achieved renown in letters,
diplomacy, official life, the army and navy. Here have lived two Vice-
Presidents of our country. One of our Presidents, the late General
Benjamin Harrison, lived and died here. Dialect poets, local
historians, and novelists have spent their days here and been the
pride of their fellow-citizens.
In 1831 the Legislature made an appropriation of fifty thousand
dollars for the construction of a State House. The investment, when
completed, however, aggregated about sixty thousand dollars. And
the State viewed the result with satisfaction and believed she had
one of the most attractive and majestic State Houses in the entire
country, as indeed she had after the substitution in 1887, at an
expense of $1,936,000, of the present magnificent structure.
Indianapolis has more than one hundred church buildings. The City
Hall, with a seating capacity of over five thousand, the gift of Mr.
Daniel Tomlinson, was constructed at an expense of $150,000, and
is principally used for conventions and musical festivals.
In 1836 the State began an elaborate system of internal
improvements. Railroads, canals, and turnpikes were subsidized and
encouraged in every manner possible. The first railroad to reach
Indianapolis came up in 1847 from Madison, on the Ohio River,
creating the usual sensation of the new railroad in those days. As
long ago as 1860 Indianapolis became the railroad centre of the
Central West. The diversified and almost limitless products of the
State, of the farm and the mine, and the fact that Indianapolis is in
the direct pathway between the East and the West, afforded great
attraction to railroad builders. The Union Railroad Station, until
recently the largest and best in the United States, is still one of the
most commodious, comfortable, and beautiful in the country.
During the Civil War Indianapolis was a storm-centre. The State
was not surpassed by any other in the percentage of soldiers sent
out to defend the Union. Here they rendezvoused, and Camp Morton
and other points about the city for many years after the war bore
signs of the long presence of the "Boys in Blue." Indiana possessed
a great war Governor in Oliver P. Morton, the steadfast friend of
Lincoln and a loyal anti-slavist. For five years in Indianapolis the
shrill sound of the fife and the roll of the drum scarcely ever ceased,
day or night. Those living to-day who recall the activities of the days
of the Civil War view the Soldiers' Monument, in the heart of the city,
and the many evidences of reverence for the memory of our Union
soldiers in the beautiful cemeteries without surprise. These to them
are but simple sequences, natural results.
SOLDIE
RS'
MONU
MENT,
INDIAN
APOLIS
.

The straggling village of the first days of the war soon became a
bustling little city. For the first time business blocks began to appear
along the leading streets and avenues. The architecture in the
residences evinced a tendency toward the modern as time
progressed. The corduroy or cobble streets were improved. The
heavy artillery and ponderous wagons carrying munitions of war
required something more substantial in heavy weather, and gravel
was thrown upon the muddy thoroughfares. Level as a plain, but
beautifully drained by the slight inclines to the White River, it was
possible to transform those streams of mud in winter-time and
heaps of brown dust in the dry summer into the magnificently paved
or perfectly asphalted streets of the present day. The city now has
150 miles of improved streets—forty miles of asphalt, costing
$2,514,576; twenty-three miles of brick, $902,276; twelve miles of
wooden block, $710,646, and seventy-five miles of gravel and
boulder, $777,306. There are 107 miles of cement sidewalks, which
required an expenditure of $552,489, and ninety-one miles of
sewers, at an outlay of $1,575,878.
MARIO
N
COUNT
Y
COURT
HOUSE
.

Many beautiful residences, surrounded by well-kept lawns and

parks, may be viewed by a drive through the city or by a tour over
any of the lines of the splendidly managed consolidated street-
railway system. The city has 1207 acres of parks, more attractive
than the parks of Washington. Riverside Park, containing 953 acres,
the ground for which was purchased in 1900, lies along the White
River. Garfield Park contains 103 acres; Brookside Park, eighty-one
acres; and there are various smaller parks throughout the city. The
municipality of Indianapolis has a large park fund, created from the
sale of bonds and from a tax levied for park purposes. The financial
condition of the municipality is the pride of the citizens. The value of
school property is $1,993,620. The city library is a handsome
building, erected especially for library purposes, and contains one
hundred thousand volumes.
In 1887 the Legislature appropriated $200,000 for the erection in
Governor's Circle of the monument to the soldiers and sailors of the
State. The conerstone was laid August 2, 1889. The monument was
designed by Bruno Schmidt, of Berlin, and was built of Indiana
limestone, at an expense of $600,000, including the images at the
base. The monument stands 268 feet in height. Around the
approaches are eight magnificent candelabra, valued at $40,000.
The two cascades are the largest artificial waterfalls in the world,
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookluna.com