Monday Notes

(Parts of Speech)
NOUN
●​ person, place, thing, idea
●​ common (n): names a general noun; begins with lower case letter (city)
●​ proper (N): names a specific noun; begins with capital letter (Detroit)
●​ Possessive (pos n, pos N): shows ownership (girl’s, Roger’s)

PRONOUN (pro)
●​ takes the place of a noun
●​ types
○​ personal (1st person: pronouns having to do with me; 2nd person: pronouns having to do with you;
3rd person: pronouns having to do with everyone else)
■​ singular nominative (nom) I, you, he, she, it
■​ plural nominative (nom): we, you, they
■​ singular objective (obj): me, you, him, her, it
■​ plural objective: (obj): us, you, them
■​ singular possessive (pos): my, your, his, her, its, mine, yours
■​ plural possessive (pos): our, your, their, ours, yours, theirs
●​ interrogative (int): asks a question
​ Which? Whose? What? Whom? Who?
●​ demonstrative (dem): demonstrates which one
​ this, that, these, those
●​ indefinite (ind) doesn’t refer to a definite person or thing
​ each, either, neither, few, some, all, most, several, few, many, none, one, someone, no one, everyone,
anyone, somebody, nobody, everybody, anybody, more, much, another, both, any, other, etc.
●​ reflexive pronouns (ref) (reflects back to “self ”)
​ ​ myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
​ ​ not words: hisself, ourself, theirselves
●​ relative pronoun (rp) (starts an adjective dependent clause)
​ that, which, who, whom, whose

ADVERB (adv)
●​ modifies adjectives (really cute), verbs (runs quickly), and other adverbs (very easily)
●​ tells How? When? Where? To what extent?
●​ Examples: really, extremely, very, easily, not, never
●​ Not and Never are ALWAYS adverbs!

ADJECTIVE (adj)
●​ modifies nouns and pronouns
●​ tells which one? How many? What kind?
●​ articles (art): a, an, the
●​ proper adjective (Adj.) proper noun used as an adjective: (American flag) Page in DGP book: page 4
PREPOSITION (prep)
●​ shows relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence. See examples of
prepositions below:
across, after, against, around, at
​ before, below, between, by
​ during, except, for, from, in
​ of, off, on, over, since, through
​ to, under, until, with, according to
​ because of, instead of, etc.
CONJUNCTION- joins words,phrases, and clauses
Types of conjunctions-
●​ coordinating conjunctions (cc)
○​ FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
●​ subordinating (sc)
○​ starts adverb dependent clauses: (Have to be followed by a subject and verb)
○​ after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until, unless,
as if, etc.
●​ correlative (cor conj)
○​ not only/but also, neither/nor, either/or, both/and
INTERJECTIONS (int)
●​ expresses emotion but has no real connection with the rest of the sentence
●​ set apart from sentence by comma or exclamation point
●​ No, I’m not finished with my homework. Wow! What a great car!
VERB-shows action or helps to make a statement
Types of verbs-
●​ action (av)
​ shows action She slapped him! She wrote a note.
●​ linking verb (lv)
○​ links two words together
○​ can be linking: is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem,
smell, sound, stay, taste, etc.
○​ English is fun. (English =fun)
○​ The flower smells pretty (flower=pretty) The dog smells the flower (action)

●​ helping verb (hv)

○​ helps an action verb or linking verb
○​ If a verb or phrase has four verbs, the first three are helping. If it has three verbs, the first two
are helping, etc.
○​ Can be helping: is, be, am, are, was, were, been, being, will, would, can, could, shall, should,
may, might, must, have, has, had, do, does, did
○​ We have been taking notes all day (Taking is action).
○​ She will be cold without a jacket (Be is linking)
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Page in DGP book: page 5
 ●​ tenses
○​ Present (pres)
■​ Happening now (jump, talk, eat)
○​ Past (past)
■​ Happened previously (jumped, talked, ate, fell)

○​ Future (f)
■​ Will happen in the future (will jump, shall talk)

○​ Present perfect (pres perfect)

■​ Have or has plus past participle (have jumped, has talked)
○​ Past perfect (past per)
■​ Had plus past participle (had jumped, had talked, had been eating)
○​ Future perfect (f perfect)
■​ Will have or shall have plus past participle (will have jumped, shall have talked, will
have been eating)

○​ Present progressive (pres prog)

■​ Is, are, or am plus present participle (am jumping, is jumping, are jumping)
○​ past progressive (past prog)
■​ Was or were plus present participle (was jumping, were jumping)
○​ future progressive (f prog)
■​ Will be or shall be plus present participle (will be jumping, shall be jumping)

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Page in DGP book: page 6

 Tuesday Notes
(Sentence Parts and Phrases)
SIMPLE SUBJECT (S)
●​ The who or what of the verb.
●​ Must be a Noun, pronoun, or gerund!
●​ can never be in a prepositional phrase
●​ There and Here are never the Subject
●​ The subject can be an “understood you” in an imperative sentence. Bring me the remote
control, please. (You bring it.)

COMPLETE SUBJECT (Underline once)

●​ simple subject plus its modifiers
●​ The dog with spots likes to bark loudly.

SIMPLE PREDICATE/VERB
●​ transitive verb (vt): takes a direct object (We love English.)
●​ intransitive verb (vi): does not take a direct object. (Please sit down).
●​ All linking verbs are intransitive!

COMPLETE PREDICATE (Underlined twice)

●​ verb plus its modifiers
●​ The dog with spots likes to bark loudly.
________________________________________________

●​ Dependent clauses modifying the verb are part of the complete predicate of the independent
clause. (The dog likes to bark when I’m asleep).
______________________________________________________________________

COMPLEMENT: Completes the meaning of the Subject and verb

Types of complements-
●​ Direct object (do)
○​ is a noun or pronoun and is NEVER in a prep. phrase
○​ follows an ACTION VERB!
○​ To find it, say “subject, verb, what” or “subject, verb, whom?”
○​ I like English. I like what? English (direct object)
●​ Indirect object (io)
○​ is a noun or pronoun and is NEVER in a prep. phrase
○​ Comes before a direct object and after the verb
○​ To find it, say “subject, verb, direct object, to or for whom or what?”
○​ He gave me the paper. He gave paper to whom? Me (indirect object) Page in DGP book: page 7
 ●​Predicate nominative (pn)
○​ is a noun or a pronoun
○​ follows linking verb and RENAMES the subject
○​ Sixth graders are the best students
●​ predicate adjective (pa)
○​ is an ADJECTIVE
○​ follows a linking verb and DESCRIBES the subject
○​ He is nice.
You are intelligent
APPOSITIVE (app)
●​ noun or pronoun that follows and renames another noun or pronoun
●​ Ms. Nelson, the teacher, plunged into the pool.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE (prep ph)

●​ group of words beginning with preposition and ending with noun or pronoun
●​ can act as adjective ( I want a room with a view.) or adverb (His house is on the lake.)
●​ must be next to noun or pronoun its modifies

OBJECT OF PREPOSITION (op)

●​ follow preposition and tells what? or whom?
●​ It has to be a noun or pronoun
●​ If there is no object, it is NOT a preposition.

NOUN OF DIRECT ADDRESS (nda)

●​ person being spoken to in a sentence.
●​ Mom, I’m hungry.

Page in DGP book: page 8

 Wednesday Notes
(Clauses and Sentence Type)
●​ Each clause must have a SUBJECT and VERB

Types of clauses-
●​ Independent Clauses (ind cl)
○​ Every sentence must have at least one independent clause
○​ The independent clause can usually stand alone.
○​ An independent clause does NOT start with a relative pronoun or subordinating
conjunction, or noun clause identifier.
●​ Dependent (dep cl): also called subordinate clause
○​ The dependent clause can NEVER stand alone.
○​ A dependent clause starts with a relative pronoun, a subordinating conjunction,
or a noun clause identifier.
○​ A dependent clause can start with a relative pronoun that, which, who, whom,
whose
●​ A dependent clause can start with a subordinating conjunction:
after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when,
whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as, if, etc.
SENTENCE TYPES
●​ Simple sentence (s) one independent clause
●​ Compound sentence (cd): two or more independent clauses
●​ Complex sentence (cx): one independent clause + one or more dependent clauses
SENTENCE PURPOSE
●​ Declarative: makes a statement and ends in a period (dec)
●​ Interrogative: asks a question, ends in question mark. (int)
●​ Imperative: gives command and ends in period (imp)
●​ Exclamatory expresses strong feelings and ends in exclamation point (exc)
●​ A declarative, interrogative, or imperative sentence can be exclamatory if it expresses strong
feelings and ends in an exclamation point.

Page in DGP book: page 9

 Thursday Notes
(Punctuation and Capitalization)
CAPITALIZATION
​ CAPITALIZE the following:
●​ Always capitalize the word “I”.
●​ Capitalize proper nouns!
●​ days of the week, months, holidays, historical events, etc.
●​ names of states, countries, cities, islands, bodies of water, mountains, streets, parks,
stores, etc.
●​ nationalities, races, religions
●​ brand names of products
●​ titles of books, magazines, stories, poems, songs, etc.
●​ the first word in a sentence
●​ the first word of a quotation

SEMICOLONS
●​ Joins two clauses without a coordinating conjunction
○​ He likes apples; she likes oranges.
●​ Can be used in series with commas for clarity:
○​ We went to London, England; Paris, France; Madrid, Spain; and Rome, Italy.

APOSTROPHE
●​ Use apostrophes to make words possessive and to make contractions.
●​ Don’t use apostrophes to make words plural.
●​ Possessive pronouns don’t use apostrophes (hers, its, ours, yours, etc)
●​ Be sure you have a real word before your apostrophe: children’s toys, not childrens’
toys.
●​ If the word is plural and ends in s, add apostrophe only: dogs’ owners.
●​ Treat singular nouns ending in s just like any other singular noun: boss’s, Brutus’s

UNDERLINING/ITALICIZING
●​ Underlining and italicizing are the same thing.
●​ Underline OR italicize titles of long things: newspapers, magazines, CDs, movies,
novels, plays, musical compositions, etc.
●​ Underline or italicize names of ships, planes, trains, and artwork.
●​ Underline or italicize foreign expressions.
Page in DGP book: page 10
QUOTATION MARKS
●​ Quote titles of short things: short stories, poems, songs, articles, episodes of TV
shows, etc.
●​ Quote dialogue and words copied from other sources.
●​ Commas and periods that follow quoted words always go inside closing quotation
marks. Example: I said, “Go home.”
●​ Colons and semicolons that follow quoted words always go outside closing quotation
marks. Example: We’re “friends”; we don’t date.
●​ Use single quotation marks only to enclose quotes within quotes.
●​ Use double quotation marks in all other situations. Example: He’s a real “team
player.”
COMMAS
1. adverb dependent clause*, independent clause
EXAMPLE: If it rains, we’ll go inside.
2. independent clause (no comma) adverb dependent clause: ​
Example: We’ll go inside if it rains.
3. independent clause, cc** independent clause
​ Example: Joe likes pizza, but Fred likes tacos.
4. subject verb (no comma) cc verb
​ Example: Joe likes pizza but does not like vegetables.
5. independent clause; independent clause
​ Example: Joe likes pizza; Fred likes tacos.
6. introductory prepositional phrase
​ Example: After English class, we go to lunch.
7. , nonessential appositive,
We read The Great Gatsby, a novel, in class.
essential: We read the novel The Great Gatsby in class.
8. ,nonessential adjective clause***
​ Nonessential Example: Jane, who drives a red car, is nice.
Essential Example: All students who skip school should be suspended.
9. items in a series: Buy apples, oranges, and bananas.
10. ,noun of direct address, : Tom, give me the phone. Don’t sit there, Sue.
11. day of week, month date, year: The date was Sunday, February 27, 2000, in Georgia.
12. city, state, We moved to Peachtree City, Georgia, in 1975.
13. introductory word: Well, I hope you come to the party.
14. , interrupter, These rules, I think, will help you!
Page in DGP book: page 11
 Page in DGP book: These examples ARE ALSO ON
PAGE 11 IN THE ACTUAL DGP BOOK!
*adverb dependent clause= subordinating conjunction +subject + verb

Common subordinating conjunctions:

Because, after, until, as, though, so that, since, whenever, before, if, even, unless, while, as if, when,
although, even though

**coordinating conjunctions=FANBOYS
For and nor but or yet so
(These are NOT coordinating conjunctions: then, however, therefore)

***adjective dependent clause=relative pronoun +subject + verb

Relative pronouns: that which who whom whose
DIAGRAMMING -Friday’s Notes (on page 12 in DGP book)
These links have more information on diagramming, too!
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/diagrams2/diagrams_frames.htm
http://www.wikihow.com/Diagram-Sentences
Page in DGP book: page 12