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C_Programming_Notes

C is a high-level programming language known for its simplicity, efficiency, and support for low-level memory access. It has advantages such as fast execution and portability, but lacks support for object-oriented programming and built-in exception handling. Key concepts in C include data types, variables, operators, control structures, functions, and memory management techniques.

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ishanguragain9
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6 views

C_Programming_Notes

C is a high-level programming language known for its simplicity, efficiency, and support for low-level memory access. It has advantages such as fast execution and portability, but lacks support for object-oriented programming and built-in exception handling. Key concepts in C include data types, variables, operators, control structures, functions, and memory management techniques.

Uploaded by

ishanguragain9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1) What is C? Write its Features.

C is a general-purpose, high-level programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972.

Features:

- Simple and easy to learn.

- Fast and efficient.

- Portable.

- Structured language.

- Supports low-level memory access.

2) Advantages and Disadvantages of C

Advantages:

- Fast execution

- Portable code

- Strong standard library

- Structured and modular

- Widely used in system programming

Disadvantages:

- No support for OOP

- No built-in exception handling

- Manual memory management

- Less user-friendly

- Lacks runtime checking

3) What is a Data Type? Explain with Examples.

A data type defines the type of data a variable can hold.

Examples:
- int a = 10;

- float b = 3.14;

- char c = 'A';

- double d = 12.3456;

4) What is a Variable? Explain its Types.

A variable stores data values.

Types:

- Local Variable

- Global Variable

- Static Variable

- Automatic Variable

- External Variable

5) What is an Operator? Types and Examples.

An operator performs operations on variables.

Types:

- Arithmetic (+, -, *, /)

- Relational (==, !=, >, <)

- Logical (&&, ||, !)

- Assignment (=, +=, -=)

6) Control Structure: Break vs Continue

Break:

- Ends the loop

- Used in loops/switch

- Moves control outside loop


- Stops execution

- Example: if(i==5) break;

Continue:

- Skips current iteration

- Used in loops

- Jumps to loop condition

- Doesnt stop loop

- Example: if(i==5) continue;

7) Looping: While vs Do While

While Loop:

- Condition checked first

- May not execute

- Syntax: while(condition)

Do While Loop:

- Condition checked later

- Executes at least once

- Syntax: do { } while(condition);

8) Array and String Functions

Array: int arr[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};

String: char name[] = "John";

Functions:

- strlen(str)

- strcpy(dest, src)

- strcmp(s1, s2)

- strcat(s1, s2)
9) Functions: Features and Types

Function: block of code for a task.

Features:

- Modularity, Reusable, Debuggable

Types:

- Library functions (printf)

- User-defined

10) Recursion Technique

Function calling itself.

Example:

int factorial(int n) {

if(n == 0) return 1;

return n * factorial(n - 1);

11) Auto vs External Storage

Auto:

- Default for local vars

- Created at function start

- No keyword

- Limited scope

- Fast

External:

- For global vars

- Exists throughout
- Uses extern

- Global access

- Slower

12) Structure with Example

Structure: groups different data types.

Example:

struct Student {

int id;

char name[20];

float marks;

};

13) Array vs Structure

Array:

- Same data type

- Access by index

- Contiguous memory

- Simple use

- Large data sets

Structure:

- Mixed data types

- Dot operator

- Varied memory

- Flexible

- Record storage
14) Structure vs Union

Structure:

- Separate memory

- Memory = sum of members

- Multi-value store

- Slower

- struct Student

Union:

- Shared memory

- Memory = largest member

- One value at a time

- Faster

- union Data

15) Array vs Pointer

Array:

- Fixed size

- Multiple elements

- Cannot reassign

- Static

- int arr[10];

Pointer:

- Dynamic memory

- Holds address

- Reassignable

- Flexible

- int *ptr;
16) Call by Value vs Call by Reference

Call by Value:

- Pass copy

- No original change

- Safe

- Slower

- func(a);

Call by Reference:

- Pass address

- Changes original

- Risky

- Faster

- func(&a);

17) Pointer with Example

Pointer stores address.

Example:

int a = 10;

int *p = &a;

printf("%d", *p);

18) Structure vs Pointer

Structure:

- Stores data

- Dot operator

- Multiple members
- Memory for data

- struct Student

Pointer:

- Stores address

- * and -> operators

- One variable

- Memory for address

- int *p;

19) Sequential vs Random Access

Sequential:

- In order

- Slower

- Simple

- Text files

- fgets()

Random:

- Direct access

- Faster

- Complex

- Databases

- fseek()

20) fprintf vs fscanf

fprintf():

- Write to file

- fprintf(fp, ...)
- Output

- Like printf

- Needs file pointer

fscanf():

- Read from file

- fscanf(fp, ...)

- Input

- Like scanf

- Needs file pointer

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