UNIT-I

Introduction to Computers
Introduction: -

What is a computer?

 The word computer comes from the word “compute”, which means, “to calculate”
 Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that can perform arithmetic operations at high speed.
 A computer is also called a data processor because it can store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired.
 A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to instructions that are provided by computer
programs.
 A system can be defined as a set of components that work together to accomplish one or more common goals.
 A computer is nothing but a system accepting input from a user, process the same, and giving the output in the
required format.
 In other words, a computer is a machine, which can be programmed to compute.
 The characteristics of a computer are:
 Response to a specific set of commands called as Instructions.
 Execution of a prerecorded list of instructions called Program

Characteristics of Computers
a. Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on it automatically without human interventions
b. Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobs very fast, usually measured in microseconds (10-6), nanoseconds
(10-9), and picoseconds (10-12)
c. Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design.
Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or unreliable programs are often referred to as Garbage In-
Garbage-Out (GIGO)
d. Diligence: It can continuously work for hours without creating any error
e. Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almost any task
f. Power of Remembering: Computer can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage
capability.
g. No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmed to do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard
h. No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their judgement is based on the instructions given to them in the
form of programs that are written by us (human beings)

Limitations of Computer:

Some limitations of the computer system are given below:

 The computer itself cannot function. It needs a set of instructions to perform or process any task.
 Computers cannot think or feel like humans. They can only work according to the instructions given.
 Unlike humans, computers do not learn from experiences.
 Power is required to operate the computer and unexpected problems or errors can occur in the event of a breakdown
of the system.

Block diagram of computer -

Block Diagram of Computer and Its Components

Input -
All the data received by the computer goes through the input unit. The input unit comprises different devices like a
mouse, keyboard, scanner, etc.
The data that is to be processed is put through the input unit.
The computer accepts the raw data in binary form.

Major Functions of the Input Unit

The 3 major functions of the input unit are-
Take the data to be processed by the user.
Convert the given data into machine-readable form.
And then, transmit the converted data into the main memory of the computer.

CPU – Central Processing Unit -

Central Processing Unit or the CPU, is the brain of the computer.
Moreover, the CPU conducts all the arithmetical and logical operations in the computer.
Now the CPU comprises of two units, namely – ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and CU (Control Unit).

ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit

The Arithmetic Logic Unit is made of two terms, arithmetic and logic. There are two primary functions that this unit
performs.
Data is inserted through the input unit into the primary memory. Performs the basic arithmetical operations on it, like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It performs all sorts of calculations required on the data. Then, it
sends back data to the storage.
The unit is also responsible for performing logical operations like AND, OR, Equal to, less than, etc. In addition to
this, it conducts merging, sorting, and selection of the given data.

CU – Control Unit
The control unit as the name suggests is the controller of all the activities/tasks and operations. The memory
unit` sends a set of instructions to the control unit. Then the control unit in turn converts those instructions. After that
these instructions are converted to control signals.
Memory Unit
All the data that has to be processed or has been processed is stored in the memory unit. The memory unit acts as a hub
of all the data. It transmits it to the required part of the computer whenever necessary.
The memory unit works in sync with the CPU. This helps in faster accessing.

Output
All the information sent to the computer once processed is received by the user through the output unit.
Devices like printers, monitors, projectors, etc. all come under the output unit.
The output unit displays the data either in the form of a soft copy or a hard copy. The printer is for the hard copy. The
monitor is for the display. The output unit accepts the data in binary form from the computer. It then converts it into a
readable form for the user.

Types of computers and features

There are two basic categories of computers: Special purpose and General Purpose. Special purpose computers are
designed to perform a specific task such as keeping time in a digital watch or programming a video cassette recorder. In the
case of General purpose computers, they are adapted to perform any number of functions or tasks.

Computers based on their size, cost and performance can be further classified into four types -

1. Super Computers
2. Main Frames
3. Mini Computers
4. Micro Computers

Super Computers
They are the biggest and fastest computers (in terms of speed of processing data). Supercomputers are designed such
that they can process a huge amount of data, like processing trillions of instructions or data just in a second. This is
because of the thousands of interconnected processors in supercomputers. It is basically used in scientific and
engineering applications such as weather forecasting, scientific simulations, and nuclear energy research. It was first
developed by Roger Cray in 1976.
 Super Computers

Characteristics of Supercomputers
 Supercomputers are the computers that are the fastest and they are also very expensive.
 It can calculate up to ten trillion individual calculations per second, this is also the reason which makes it even
faster.
 It is used in the stock market or big organizations for managing the online currency world such as Bitcoin etc.
 It is used in scientific research areas for analyzing data obtained from exploring the solar system, satellites, etc.

Main Frames
Mainframe computers are designed in such a way that they can support hundreds or thousands of users at the same
time. It also supports multiple programs simultaneously. So, they can execute different processes simultaneously. All
these features make the mainframe computer ideal for big organizations like banking, telecom sectors, etc., which
process a high volume of data in general.

Mainframe Computer
Characteristics of Mainframe Computers
 It is also an expensive or costly computer.
 It has high storage capacity and great performance.
 It can process a huge amount of data (like data involved in the banking sector) very quickly.
 It runs smoothly for a long time and has a long life.

Micro Computer
Microcomputer are also known as Personal Computer. It is basically a general-purpose computer designed for individual
use. It consists of a microprocessor as a central processing unit (CPU), memory, input unit, and output unit. This kind of
computer is suitable for personal work such as making an assignment, watching a movie, or at the office for office work,
etc. For example, Laptops and desktop computers.

Personal Computer

Characteristics of Personal Computer (PC)

 In this limited number of software can be used.

 It is the smallest in size.

 It is designed for personal use.

 It is easy to use.

Mini Computers
Minicomputer is a medium size multiprocessing computer. In this type of computer, there are two or more processors,
and it supports 4 to 200 users at one time. Minicomputer is similar to Microcontroller. Minicomputers are used in
places like institutes or departments for different work like billing, accounting, inventory management, etc. It is
smaller than a mainframe computer but larger in comparison to the microcomputer.
Characteristics of Minicomputer

 Its weight is low.

 Because of its low weight, it is easy to carry anywhere.

 less expensive than a mainframe computer.

 It is fast.
Generations of Computers

Types of Programming Languages

A programming language is essentially a structured set of rules and syntax that allows humans to communicate
instructions to computers. It serves as a bridge between human logic and machine code, enabling us to create
software, applications, and systems. These languages vary widely in complexity and purpose.
Machine language - The lowest language, it is made up of binary digits (0s and 1s), making it extremely difficult for
humans to comprehend and manipulate. This language is directly understood by the computer's hardware without
any intermediary. While it offers maximum efficiency, it is incredibly complex for humans to read, write, and debug.
Assembly Language – Based on machine language, assembly language uses mnemonics, or short abbreviations, to
represent machine instructions. This makes it slightly more readable than machine language but still requires a deep
understanding of the computer's architecture. Assembly language code needs to be translated into machine code by
an assembler before execution. It is often used for performance-critical applications where direct hardware control is
essential.

High Level Language - High-level languages are designed to be more human-readable and writable. They use
English-like syntax and structure, abstracting away the complexities of machine-level operations. This makes them
significantly easier to learn, code, and maintain compared to lower-level languages. Examples of high-level
languages include Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript. These languages are translated into machine code by either a
compiler or an interpreter before execution.

Data Organization

Data organization is the systematic process of structuring and arranging data to make it accessible, efficient, and
manageable. It involves determining how data is stored, retrieved, and updated. Effective data organization is
important for efficient data management, analysis, maintainability and decision making.
Organized data reduces the chances of data errors and inconsistencies, it is easier to update, modify, and delete.

Types of Data Organization -

Flat Files: These are simple, unstructured files where data is stored in a tabular format. While easy to create, they
become inefficient for large datasets.
Hierarchical Files: These organize data in a tree-like structure with parent-child relationships. They are suitable for
data with clear hierarchical structures, such as file systems.
Relational Databases: These store data in tables with relationships defined between them. They are highly flexible and
efficient for managing complex data.

Drives -
A drive is essentially the physical storage space within a computer where data is permanently stored.
Think of it as a vast digital warehouse. Common types of drives include:
 Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): These use magnetic disks to store data. While slower than SSDs, they are generally more
affordable.
 Solid-State Drives (SSDs): These use integrated circuits to store data, offering faster read and write speeds compared
to HDDs.
 External Drives: These are portable storage devices like USB drives or external hard drives that can be connected to
a computer.
Each drive is usually assigned a letter (like C: , D: or E:) for easy identification.

Files -
A file is a collection of related data stored on a drive. It's like a digital container holding specific information. Files can
contain various types of data, such as:

 Text documents: Word documents, .txt files, etc.

 Images: JPEG, PNG, GIF, etc.
 Audio: MP3, WAV, FLAC, etc.
 Video: MP4, AVI, MOV, etc.
 Programs: Executables (.exe, .app)
 Data: Spreadsheets, databases, etc.

Files have names and often extensions (like .doc, .jpg, .mp3) to indicate their format and content.

Directories -
Also known as folders, directories are used to organize files and other directories on a drive. They create a hierarchical
structure, similar to the folders in a filing cabinet. This structure makes it easy to find and manage files efficiently.

 Root Directory: The top-level directory on a drive.

 Subdirectories: Directories within directories, creating a hierarchical structure.
By using directories, you can create a logical organization for your files, making it easier to locate and manage them.
For example, you might have a directory for documents, another for images, and so on.

Computer Memory -

All the data that has to be processed or has been processed is stored in the memory unit. The memory unit acts as a hub
of all the data. It transmits it to the required part of the computer whenever necessary.
The memory unit works in sync with the CPU. This helps in faster accessing.

There are two types of computer memory-

1. Primary Memory –
It is also known as the main memory of the computer system. It is used to store data and programs or instructions
during computer operations. It uses semiconductor technology and hence is commonly called semiconductor
memory.
 Primary memory is of two types:
i. RAM (Random Access Memory): It is a volatile memory. Volatile memory stores information based on the power
supply. If the power supply fails/ interrupted/stopped, all the data and information on this memory will be lost. RAM
is used for booting up or start the computer. It temporarily stores programs/data which has to be executed by the
processor.

RAM is of two types:

a. S RAM (Static RAM): S RAM uses transistors and the circuits of this memory are capable of retaining their state as
long as the power is applied. This memory consists of the number of flip flops with each flip flop storing 1 bit. It has
less access time and hence, it is faster.
b. D RAM (Dynamic RAM): D RAM uses capacitors and transistors and stores the data as a charge on the capacitors.
They contain thousands of memory cells. It needs refreshing of charge on capacitor after a few milliseconds. This
memory is slower than S RAM.

ii. ROM (Read Only Memory): It is a non-volatile memory. Non-volatile memory stores information even when there
is a power supply failed/ interrupted/stopped. ROM is used to store information that is used to operate the system. As
its name refers to read-only memory, we can only read the programs and data that is stored on it. It contains some
electronic fuses that can be programmed for a piece of specific information. The information stored in the ROM in
binary format. It is also known as permanent memory.

ROM is of four types:

a. MROM (Masked ROM): Hard-wired devices with a pre-programmed collection of data or instructions were the
first ROMs. Masked ROMs are a type of low-cost ROM that works in this way.
b. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): This read-only memory is modifiable once by the user. The user
purchases a blank PROM and uses a PROM program to put the required contents into the PROM. Its content can’t be
erased once written.
c. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): EPROM is an extension to PROM where you can erase
the content of ROM by exposing it to Ultraviolet rays for nearly 40 minutes.
d. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): Here the written contents can be erased
electrically. You can delete and preprogramme EEPROM up to 10,000 times. Erasing and programming take very
little time, i.e., nearly 4 -10 ms (milliseconds). Any area in an EEPROM can be wiped and programmed selectively.

2. Secondary Memory -
It is also known as auxiliary memory and backup memory. It is a non-volatile memory and used to store a large amount
of data or information. The data or information stored in secondary memory is permanent, and it is slower than
primary memory. A CPU cannot access secondary memory directly. The data/information from the auxiliary
memory is first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it.

Characteristics of Secondary Memory -

 It is a slow memory but reusable.
 It is a reliable and non-volatile memory.
 It is cheaper than primary memory.
 The storage capacity of secondary memory is large.
 A computer system can run without secondary memory.
 In secondary memory, data is stored permanently even when the power is off.

Types of Secondary Memory -

1. Floppy Disk (FD):

 An outdated storage medium that used a thin, flexible magnetic disk enclosed in a square plastic case.
 Low storage capacity and slow access times.
 Primarily used for data transfer in the past.

2. Compact Disk (CD):

 Optical storage media that uses laser technology to read and write data.
 Initially used for audio storage, but later adopted for data storage.
 Higher capacity than floppy disks but slower than hard drives.
 Types: CD-ROM (read-only), CD-R (recordable once), CD-RW (rewritable).

3. Hard Disk (HD):

 Also known as Hard Disk Drive (HDD).
 Uses magnetic storage to store data on spinning disks.
 Offers large storage capacity and relatively fast access times.
 Commonly used as the primary storage device in computers.

4. Pen Drive:
 Also known as USB flash drive.
 Uses solid-state memory to store data.
 Portable, small, and offers fast data transfer speeds.
 Widely used for data backup, transfer, and storage.
I/O Devices -
I/O (Input-Output) devices, also known as peripheral devices are the hardware components that allow a computer to
communicate and interact with the outside world. They are the bridge between the user and the computer system.

Input Devices: -
An Input device is an electrotechnical device that accepts data from the user and translates that into a form a computer
can understand. Several input devices are available today.
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Joystick
5. Light Pen
6. Optical Character Reader (OCR)
7. Magnetic Ink Card Reader
8. Bar Code Reader
9. Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

Output Devices: -
An output device is an electrotechnical device that accepts data from the computer and translates that into a form
suitable for the user. Several output devices are available today.
1. L.C.D
2. MONITOR
3. PROJECTOR
4. HEADPHONE
5. SPEAKER
6. PRINTER
7. SPEAKER
8. PLOTTER (Same as Printer)
UNIT II

Introduction to Number System –

What is Number System?

A number system is a method of writing numbers way of representing the numbers of a given
set using numbers or symbols. A number system is defined as a writing system for denoting
numbers logically using digits or symbols.

The most commonly used number system is the binary system, also known as the base-2
number system. The binary system uses only two digits, 0 and 1, to represent all numbers
and data.

Binary numbers are used extensively in digital electronics and computing because it is easy
to represent them using switches, where 0 represents "off" and 1 represents "on."

There are two types of Number Systems:

1. Non-positional number system

 Uses symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for 3, IIII for 4, IIIII for 5, etc.
 Each symbol represents the same value regardless of its position in the
number.
 The symbols are simply added to find out the value of a particular number.
 It is difficult to perform arithmetic with such a number system.

2. Positional number system

 Uses only a few symbols called digits
 These symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy
in the number
 The value of each digit is determined by:
1. The digit itself.
2. The position of the digit in the number.
3. The base of the number system.
 (base = total number of digits in the number system)
The maximum value of a single digit is always equal to one less than the value of the
base.

There are mainly four types of positional number system:

1. Binary Number System: The binary number system is the most fundamental number
system used in computer science. It uses only two digits, 0 and 1, to represent all
numbers and data.
The maximum value of a single digit is 1 (one less than the value of the base).
Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (2).

In any binary number, the rightmost digit is called least significant bit (LSB) and leftmost
digit is called most significant bit (MSB).

Example –
101012 = (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) x (1 x 20)
 = 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 2110

 Bit stands for binary digit.

 A bit in computer terminology means either a 0 or a 1.
 A binary number consisting of n bits is called an n-bit number.
2. Decimal Number System: The decimal number system is also used in computer
science, but it is not as fundamental as the binary system. It uses ten digits, 0 through 9,
to represent numbers.
The maximum value of a single digit is 9 (one less than the value of the base).
Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (10).

Example –
258610 = (2 x 103) + (5 x 102) + (8 x 101) + (6 x 100)
= 2000 + 500 + 80 + 6

3. Octal Number System: The octal number system uses eight digits, 0 through 7, to
represent numbers. It is commonly used in computer programming and digital
electronics.
The maximum value of a single digit is 7 (one less than the value of the base.
Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (8).
Since there are only 8 digits, 3 bits (23 = 8) are sufficient to represent any octal number
in binary.

Example –
20578 = (2 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (5 x 81) + (7 x 80)
= 1024 + 0 + 40 + 7
= 107110

4. Hexadecimal Number System: The hexadecimal number system uses 16 digits,

 including 0 through 9 and A through F, to represent numbers. It is often used in
computer programming and digital electronics.
The symbols A, B, C, D, E and F represent the decimal values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15
respectively.
The maximum value of a single digit is 15 (one less than the value of the base).
Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (16).
Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits (24 = 16) are sufficient to represent any hexadecimal
number in binary.

Example –
1AF16 = (1 x 162) + (A x 161) + (F x 160)
= 1 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 256 + 160 + 15
= 43110

Conversion of Number Systems: -

1. Binary to Other Number System

There are three conversions possible for binary number, i.e., binary to decimal, binary to
octal, and binary to hexadecimal. The conversion process of a binary number to decimal
differs from the remaining others.

i. Binary to Decimal Conversion –

The process of converting binary to decimal is quite simple. Multiply each binary digit by
its corresponding power of 2. and then add the results.
Example:
1101 = 1x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20
=8+4+0+1
= 13

ii. Binary to Octal Conversion –

Group binary digits in groups of three, starting from the right. Convert each group to its
equivalent octal digit.
Example:
1101110 = 001 101 110 = 156

iii. Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion –

Group binary digits in groups of four, starting from the right. Convert each group to its
equivalent hexadecimal digit.
Example:
11011100 = 1101 1100 = DC

2. Decimal to Other Number System

There are three conversions possible for decimal number, i.e., decimal to binary, decimal to
octal, and decimal to hexadecimal.

i. Decimal to Binary:
Repeatedly divide the decimal number by 2, noting the remainders. Read the remainder from
bottom to top, forming the binary equivalent.

Example:
13 / 2 = 6 remainder 1
6 / 2 = 3 remainder 0
3 / 2 = 1 remainder 1
 1 / 2 = 0 remainder 1

2 13 1

2 6 0

2 3 1

Binary equivalent: 1101

ii. Decimal to Octal:

Repeatedly divide the decimal number by 8, noting the remainders. Read the remainder from
bottom to top, forming the octal equivalent.

Example:
500 / 8 = 62 remainder 4
62 / 8 = 7 remainder 6
7 / 8 = 7 remainder 7

8 500 4

8 62 6

8 7

Decimal Equivalent: 764

iii. Decimal to Hexadecimal:

Similar to decimal to binary, but divide by 16 and use A-F for remainders greater than 9.

Example:
505 / 16 = 31 remainder 9
31 / 16 = 1 remainder F (15)
1 / 16 = 7 remainder 7

16 505 9

16 31 F(15)
 1

Decimal Equivalent: 1F9

3. Octal to Other Number System

There are three conversions possible for octal number, i.e., octal to binary, octal to
decimal, and octal to hexadecimal.

i. Octal to Binary:
Convert each octal digit to its 3-bit binary equivalent. Combine the binary groups.

Example:
561 => 5 = 101 , 6 = 110, 1 = 001 = 101110001
ii. Octal to Decimal:
Multiply each octal digit by its corresponding power of 8. Add the results.

Example:
325 = 3x82 + 2x81 + 5x80
= 192 + 16 + 5
= 213

iii. Octal to Hexadecimal:

Convert octal to binary first, then group the binary digits in groups of four and convert to
hexadecimal.

Example:
52 = 101 010
0010 1010 = 2A

4. Hexadecimal to Other Number System

There are three conversions possible for hexadecimal number, i.e., hexadecimal to
binary, hexadecimal to decimal, and hexadecimal to octal.

i. Hexadecimal to Binary:
Convert each hexadecimal digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent. Combine the binary groups.

Example:
5A => 5 = 0101 , A (10) = 1010
= 01101010

ii. Hexadecimal to Decimal:

Multiply each hexadecimal digit by its corresponding power of 16. Add the results.

Example:
2C5 = 2x162 + 12x161 + 5x160
= 612 + 192 + 5
= 709

iii. Hexadecimal to Octal:

Convert hexadecimal to binary first, then group the binary digits in groups of three and
convert to octal.

Example:
5D => 5 = 0101 , D (13) = 1101
= 001 011 101
= 135

Computer Arithmetic:
Information is handled in a computer by electronic/electrical
components. Electronic components operate in binary mode (can only
indicate two states – on (1) or off (0). Binary number system has only
two digits (0 and 1), and is suitable for expressing these two possible
states. Binary arithmetic is simple to learn as binary number system has
only two digits – 0 and 1.
Binary arithmetic is essential part of all the digital computers and many other digital
systems.
Simple Addition
Binary addition is one of the binary operations. It is the basic operation of mathematics that
is performed on two operands.

0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 10 (carry over 1)

In fourth case, a binary addition is creating a sum of (1 + 1 = 10) i.e., 0 is written in the given
column and a carry of 1 over to the next column.
Example:
Perform addition between 11100011 and 01101001
11100011
+ 01101001
101001100

Subtraction
Binary subtraction is one of the binary operations. It is the basic operation of mathematics
that is performed on two operands.
It is similar to decimal subtraction but with few differences. We will be using term
“Borrow” frequently.
0-0=0
1-0=1
1-1=0
0 - 1 = 1 (borrow 1 from the next higher digit)

Example:
Perform subtraction between 0011010 and 001100
0011010
- 0001100
 0001110

Multiplication
Binary multiplication is similar to decimal multiplication. It is simpler than decimal
multiplication because only 0s and 1s are involved. There are four rules of binary
multiplication.
0*0=0
0*1=0
1*0=0
1*1=1

Example:
Perform multiplication between 11010 and 01101
11010
x 01101
11010
00000
11010
110100
011010010
Unit 1 -
Very Short Questions
1. What is the main function of a computer?
2. What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
3. What are the components of a CPU and their function?
4. What is an example of an output device?
5. Explain EEPROM?
Short Questions
1. What are the characteristics of a computer?
2. Briefly describe the different types of computers.
3. What are the different types of memory in a computer?
4. What are the different types of input and output devices?
5. Write various types of a file.
6. What is the difference between HDD and SSD?
7. What are the different generations of computers and their technology?
Long Questions
1. Explain the different components of a computer system and their functions.
2. Describe the different types of computer languages.
3. Explain the organization and its types in detail.
4. Discuss the differences between primary and secondary memory in computers.
5. Explain the various types of I/O (Input/Output) devices used with computers.

Unit 2 –
Very Short Questions
1. What is the largest digit in the binary number system?
2. Give an example of a positional number system.
3. Convert (101)₂ to decimal.
4. How to determine the base of a number?
5. Perform addition on 1110100 and 10010.
Short Questions
1. Differentiate between a bit and a byte.
2. What are the basic arithmetic operations performed in the binary number system? Give one
example of each.
3. Convert 1101011 to Octal number system without any calculation.
4. What is least significant bit (LSB) and most significant bit (MSB).
5. Perform subtraction on 110100 and 11101, show calculation.
Long Questions
1. What is binary number system? Conversion of binary number system into decimal, octal
and hexadecimal with examples.
2. Explain the binary addition, subtraction and multiplication with the help of examples.
3. What is octal number system and hexadecimal number system. Explain their conversions
with examples.
4. Convert (8B)16 to base 2 and (27)10 to base 2, Multiply the resulting binary numbers and
convert the product back to decimal.
5. Convert the binary number 1101011 and 101011 to decimal, add the resulting decimal
numbers and convert the result back to binary.