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Module-7

The document outlines the differences between parametric and non-parametric tests in research methodology, detailing their advantages, disadvantages, and specific examples of each type. It provides guidance on when to choose each test based on data characteristics and research goals. Additionally, practical applications and case studies are presented to illustrate the use of these tests in various fields.

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kashish.l24-26
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2 views

Module-7

The document outlines the differences between parametric and non-parametric tests in research methodology, detailing their advantages, disadvantages, and specific examples of each type. It provides guidance on when to choose each test based on data characteristics and research goals. Additionally, practical applications and case studies are presented to illustrate the use of these tests in various fields.

Uploaded by

kashish.l24-26
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Research Methodology

Module-7
-Dr. Jay Prakash Verma
Ph.D., MBA, M.Com., B.Com(H), UGC-NET
Associate Dean & Associate Professor- Author
AGENDA:

Parametric • Difference between parametric


and and non-parametric tests
Non-parametric Tests • Advantages and disadvantages
of non-parametric tests
tics • Tests: Chi-square test, ANOVA,
T-Test, Paired T-Test, Sign Test,
Wilcoxon Test, Mann Whitney U
Test, Kruskal-Wallis Test
Core Definitions

Parametric Tests Non-Parametric Tests


- Assume data follows a specific distribution (e.g., - No assumptions about data distribution
normal) - Analyze ranks, medians, or ordinal data
- Estimate population parameters (mean, variance) - Examples: Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U,
- Examples: T-Test, ANOVA, Paired T-Test Wilcoxon
• Advantages:
• Greater statistical power to
detect effects
• Handle unequal variances
Parametric between groups
• Support confidence intervals and
Tests regression modeling
• Disadvantages
• Require normality and
homogeneity of variance
• Sensitive to outliers
• Advantages
• - Robust to outliers and non-normal
data
Non- • - Analyze ordinal/ranked data (e.g.,
survey Likert scales)
Parametric • - No strict sample size requirements
Tests • Disadvantages
• - Less power to detect small effects
• - Require identical variability across
groups
• - Limited to hypothesis testing (no
confidence intervals)
Parametric Tests
• 1. Independent T-Test:
• - Compares means of two independent groups
• - Example: Testing if sales differ between two regions
• 2. Paired T-Test:
• - Compares means of related groups (e.g., pre/post-training)
• - Example: Employee productivity before vs. after a workshop
• 3. ANOVA:
• - Compares means across three+ groups
• - Example: Testing customer satisfaction across 5 store
branches
Non-Parametric Tests
1. Chi-Square Test:
- Tests independence between categorical variables
- Example: Analyzing if brand preference correlates with age groups
2. Mann-Whitney U Test:
- Non-parametric alternative to independent T-Test
- Example: Comparing median salaries of two departments with skewed data
3. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test:
- Non-parametric alternative to paired T-Test
- Example: Assessing median customer wait times before/after system upgrade
4. Kruskal-Wallis Test:
- Non-parametric alternative to ANOVA
- Example: Comparing median sales performance across 4 regions
5. Sign Test:
- Tests median differences in paired data with outliers
- Example: Evaluating if a policy change improved employee retention
When to Choose?
Decision Criteria
1. Use Parametric If:
• - Data is normally distributed (or sample size ≥30 for
CLT)
• - Research focuses on means and requires
confidence intervals
• - Groups have unequal variances
2. Use Non-Parametric If:
• - Data is ordinal, skewed, or has outliers
• - Sample size is small and normality uncertain
• - Median/rank is more meaningful than mean
• Scenario: Testing if a new ad campaign affects
Practical sales (data skewed).
- Parametric: Independent T-Test (if log-
Example transformed data normalizes)
- Non-Parametric: Mann-Whitney U Test
(retains original skewed data)
1. Chi-Square in Market Research:
- A/B testing website layouts for conversion rate
differences
Business 2. ANOVA in Product Development:
Applications: - Comparing average satisfaction scores for 3 product
variants
Case Studies 3. Wilcoxon in HR Analytics:
- Measuring median employee engagement scores
before/after remote work policy
Implementation
Tips

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