Data Types in Python

In programming languages, every value or data has an associated type to it known as data type. Some commonly used
data types.

String : A String is a stream of characters enclosed within quotes.

"Hello World!"
1234

Integer : All the numbers (positive, negative and zero) without any fractional part come under Integers.
...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,...

Float: Any number with a decimal point.

24.3, 345.210 , -321.86

Boolean : In a general sense, anything that can take one of two possible values is considered a Boolean. As per the Python
Syntax, True and False are considered as Boolean values.
True, False

Conditional Statements

Conditional Statement : Conditional Statement allows you to execute a block of code only when a specific condition is
True.

if True :
print ("If Block" )
print ("Inside If" )

# Output is:
If Block
Inside If

If - Else Statement : When the If - Else conditional statement is used, the Else block of code executes if the condition is
False.

a = int(input ()) # -1
if a > 0:
print ("Positive" )
else:
print ("Not Positive" )

# Output is:
Not Positive

Nested Conditions : The conditional block inside another if/else conditional block is called as a nested conditional block.
if Condition A :
if Condition B :
block of code
 else:
block of code

if Condition A :
block of code
else:
if Condition B :
block of code

Elif Statement : Use the elif statement to have multiple conditional statements between if and else. The elif statement is
optional.

if Condition A :
block of code
elif Condition B :
block of code
else:
block of code

Identation :
1. Space(s) in front of the conditional block is called indentation.
2. Indentation(spacing) is used to identify the Conditional Blocks.
3. Standard practice is to use four spaces for indentation.

Strings - working with strings

String Concatenation : Joining strings together is called string concatenation.

a = "Hello" + " " + "World"
print(a) # Hello World

String Repetition : * operator is used for repeating strings any number of times as required.
a = "$" * 10
print(a) # $$$$$$$$$$

Length of String : len() returns the number of characters in a given string.

username = input () # Ravi
length = len(username )
print(length ) # 4

String Indexing : We can access an individual character in a string using their positions (which start from 0) . These
positions are also called index .
username = "Ravi"
first_letter = username [0]
print(first_letter ) # R

String Slicing : Obtaining a part of a string is called string slicing. Start from the start_index and stops at the end_index .
(end_index is not included in the slice ).
 message = "Hi Ravi"
part = message [3:7]
print(part ) # Ravi

Slicing to End : If end_index is not specified, slicing stops at the end of the string.
message = "Hi Ravi"
part = message [3:]
print(part ) # Ravi

Slicing from Start : If the start_index is not specified, the slicing starts from the index 0.
message = "Hi Ravi"
part = message [:2]
print(part ) # Hi

Negative Indexing : Use negative indexes to start the slice from the end of the string.
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[-5:-2]) # orl

Reversing String : Reverse the given string using the extended slice operator.
txt = "Hello World"
txt = txt [::-1]
print(txt) # dlroW olleH

Membership check-in strings :

in: By using the in operator, one can determine if a value is present in a sequence or not.
language = "Python"
result = "P" in language
print(result ) # True

not in : By using the, not in operator, one can determine if a value is not present in a sequence or not.
language = "Python"
result = "P" not in language
print(result ) # False

Calculations in Python

Addition : Addition is denoted by + sign.

print(2 + 5) # 7
print(1 + 1.5) # 2.5

Subtraction : Subtraction is denoted by - sign.

print(5 - 2) # 3

Multiplication : Multiplication is denoted by * sign.

 print(2 * 5) # 10
print(5 * 0.5) # 2.5

Division : Division is denoted by / sign.

print(80 / 5) # 16.0

Modulus : To find the remainder, we use the Modulus operator %.

print(7 % 2) # 1

Exponent : To find a power b, we use Exponent Operator **.

print(7 ** 2) # 49

Floor division : To find an integral part of the quotient we use Floor Division Operator //.
print(13 // 5) # 2

Input and Output Basics

Take Input From User : input() allows flexibility to take input from the user. Reads a line of input as a string.
username = input () # Ajay

Printing the Output : print() function prints the message to the screen or any other standard output device.
print(username ) # Ajay

Comments : Comment starts with a hash # . It can be written in its own line next to a statement of code.
# This is a comment

String Methods

Name Syntax Usage

isdigit() str.isdigit() Gives True if all the characters are digits. Otherwise, False.

strip() str.strip() Removes all the leading and trailing spaces from a string.

strip() with str.strip(separator) We can also specify separator(string) that need to be

separator removed.

replace() str.replace(old, new) Gives a new string after replacing all the occurrences of the
old substring with the new substring.

startswith() str_var.startswith(value) Gives True if the string starts with the specified value.
Otherwise, False.

endswith() str.endswith(value) Gives True if the string ends with the specified value.
Otherwise, False.

upper() str.upper() Gives a new string by converting each character of the given
string to uppercase.
Name Syntax Usage
lower() str.lower() Gives a new string by converting each character of the given
string to lowercase.

split() str.split() The split() method splits a string into a list.

split() with str.split(separator, Specifies the separator to use when splitting the string. By
separator maxsplit) default any whitespace is a separator.

join() str.join(iterable) The join() method takes all items in an iterable and joins them
into one string.

String Formatting : String Formatting simplifies the concatenation. It increases the readability of code and type conversion
is not required.

Add Placeholders : Add placeholders {} where the string needs to be formatted.

name = "Raju"
age = 10
msg = "Hi {}. You are {} years old."
print(msg.format (name , age)) # Hi Raju. You are 10 years old.

Numbering Placeholders : Numbering placeholders, will fill values according to the position of arguments.
name = input () # Raju
age = int(input ()) # 10
msg = "Hi {1}. You are {0} years old."
print(msg.format (name , age)) # Hi 10. You are Raju years old.

Naming Placeholder : Naming placeholders will fill values according to the keyword arguments.
name = input () # Raju
age = int(input ()) # 10
msg = "Hi {name}. You are {age} years old."
print(msg.format (age=age, name=name )) # Hi Raju. You are 10 years old.

Relational & Logical Operators

Relational Operators are used to comparing values. Gives True or False as the result of a comparison.

Operator Name Example Output

> Is greater than print(2 > 1) True

< Is less than print(5 < 10) True

== Is equal to print(3 == 4) False

<= Is less than or equal to print(2 <= 1) False

>= Is greater than or equal to print(2 >= 1) True

!= Is not equal to print(2 != 1) True

Logical operators are used to performing logical operations on Boolean values. Gives True or False as a result.
Name Code Output
and print((5 < 10) and (1 < 2)) True

or print((5 < 10) or (2 < 2)) True

not print(not (2 < 3)) False

Logical Operators Truth Table :

A B A and B
True True True

True False False

False False False

False True False

A B A or B
True True True

True False True

False False False

False True True

A Not A
True False

False True