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Reviewer SQL Lab2

The document discusses SQL aggregation and grouping, highlighting functions like SUM, AVG, and COUNT, and how to use GROUP BY and HAVING clauses for data summarization. It also covers SQL joins, including INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL JOIN, CROSS JOIN, and SELF JOIN, explaining their use cases and how they relate tables. Additionally, it mentions UNION and UNION ALL for combining results from multiple SELECT queries.

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asraa
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2 views

Reviewer SQL Lab2

The document discusses SQL aggregation and grouping, highlighting functions like SUM, AVG, and COUNT, and how to use GROUP BY and HAVING clauses for data summarization. It also covers SQL joins, including INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL JOIN, CROSS JOIN, and SELF JOIN, explaining their use cases and how they relate tables. Additionally, it mentions UNION and UNION ALL for combining results from multiple SELECT queries.

Uploaded by

asraa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reviewer: Selecting Data, Example Queries & Expected

Aggregation, and Grouping in Outputs


SQL 1. Total Salary per Department –
Uses `SUM(salary)` with `GROUP
Aggregation and Grouping in BY department`.
SQL 2. Average Salary per Job Title –
- Aggregation allows summarizing Uses `AVG(salary)` with `GROUP
data using functions like `SUM`, BY job_title`.
`COUNT`, `AVG`, etc. 3. Min & Max Salary per
- `GROUP BY` organizes data into Department – Uses `MIN(salary)`,
categories. `MAX(salary)`.
- `HAVING` filters grouped data 4. Grouping by Year of Hire – Uses
based on conditions. `YEAR(hire_date)` with `GROUP
Common Aggregate Functions BY`.
1. `SUM(column)` – Returns the
total sum of values. Reviewer: Selecting Data &
2. `COUNT(column)` – Returns Joining Tables in SQL
the number of rows (ignores Introduction to SQL Joins
`NULL`). - Joining tables in SQL allows
3. `AVG(column)` – Returns retrieving data from multiple
the average value. related tables using a common
4. `MIN(column)` – Returns field.
the smallest value. - Relational databases use foreign
5. `MAX(column)` – Returns keys to establish relationships
the largest value. between tables.
Using the GROUP BY Clause Common Types of Joins in SQL
- Groups rows that share the same 1. INNER JOIN (Default Join)
values. - Returns only the rows where
- Used with aggregate functions to there is a match between both
organize data meaningfully. tables.
- Example: Counting employees - Rows without matching records
per department. are excluded.
Filtering Groups with HAVING - Use Case: When you need data
- `HAVING` filters results after that exists in both tables (e.g.,
`GROUP BY`. employees belonging to a
- Used with aggregate functions department).
(unlike `WHERE`, which filters 2. LEFT JOIN (LEFT OUTER
before grouping). JOIN)
- Example: Finding departments - Returns all records from the
where total salary exceeds left table and matching records
170,000. from the right table.
Combining WHERE, GROUP - If no match is found, `NULL`
BY, and HAVING values are returned for the right
- `WHERE` filters before grouping. table.
- `GROUP BY` organizes data. - Use Case: To see all
- `HAVING` filters after employees, including those
grouping. without a department.
- Use Case: Merging datasets from
multiple sources (e.g., combining
retail and online customer lists).
3. RIGHT JOIN (RIGHT OUTER Examples & Expected Outputs
JOIN) 1. Employees per Department
- Returns all records from the using INNER JOIN.
right table and matching records 2. All Employees (even without a
from the left table. department) using LEFT JOIN.
- If no match exists, `NULL` 3. All Departments (even without
values appear for the left table. employees) using RIGHT JOIN.
- Use Case: To see all 4. Merging two customer lists
departments, including those using UNION and UNION ALL.
without employees.
4. FULL JOIN (FULL OUTER
JOIN)
- Combines results of LEFT JOIN
and RIGHT JOIN.
- Returns all records from both
tables, with `NULL` values where
no match is found.
- Use Case: When a complete
dataset, including unmatched
records from both tables, is
needed.
5. CROSS JOIN
- Creates a Cartesian product
(every row from the first table
joins with every row from the
second table).
- Use Case: To generate all
possible combinations (e.g.,
pairing all employees with all
departments for testing).
6. SELF JOIN
- A table joins with itself, useful
for hierarchical relationships (e.g.,
employees and their managers).
- Use Case: Working with
hierarchical data like reporting
structures (e.g., employees
reporting to managers).
UNION and UNION ALL
- Used to combine results of
multiple `SELECT` queries into
one result set.
- UNION removes duplicates, while
UNION ALL retains all records.

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