🧠 Module 1: Introduction to Python

✅ Detailed Notes
🔹 What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language known for its
simple syntax and readability. It supports multiple paradigms, including:

●​ Procedural​

●​ Object-Oriented​

●​ Functional programming​

🔹 Features of Python
●​ Easy to learn & use​

●​ Interpreted language​

●​ Dynamically typed​

●​ Large standard library​

●​ Open-source & free​

●​ Portable (cross-platform)​

●​ Supports GUI programming​

●​ Ideal for AI, Data Science, Web Dev, Automation​

🔹 Python Applications
●​ Web Development (e.g., Django, Flask)​

●​ Data Science & Machine Learning​

 ●​ Scripting & Automation​

●​ Game Development​

●​ Desktop Applications​

●​ Cybersecurity & Ethical Hacking​

🔹 Python Versions
●​ Python 2.x – Legacy​

●​ Python 3.x – Current version (e.g., 3.12)​

❓ Short Q&A
Q1. Who developed Python?​
Ans: Guido van Rossum in 1991.

Q2. Is Python compiled or interpreted?​

Ans: Interpreted.

Q3. What is the file extension for Python files?​

Ans: .py

Q4. What makes Python beginner-friendly?​

Ans: Simple syntax and readability.

Q5. Name two popular Python frameworks.​

Ans: Django and Flask.
📝 MCQs with Answers
1. Python was developed by:​
a) Dennis Ritchie​

✅
b) Bjarne Stroustrup​
c) Guido van Rossum​
d) James Gosling

2. Python is a ______ language.​

a) Low-level​

✅
b) Compiled​
c) High-level​
d) Machine-level

3. Python supports which of the following paradigms?​

a) Object-oriented​
b) Functional​

✅
c) Procedural​
d) All of the above

4. Which of these is not a Python application?​

a) Web Dev​

✅
b) Data Science​
c) Firmware flashing​
d) AI
🔁 Flowchart: Python Execution Process
[ Write Code (.py file) ]
↓
[ Python Interpreter Reads ]
↓
[ Converts to Bytecode (.pyc) ]
↓
[ Bytecode Sent to PVM (Python Virtual Machine) ]
↓
[ Code Executed Line by Line ]

🧭 Mind Map: Introduction to Python

🐍 Python Programming
|
----------------------------------------------------
| | | | |
Features Applications Paradigms Versions Developer
| | | | |
Easy Syntax Web Dev Procedural Python 2.x Guido van
Rossum
Open Source Data Sci OOP Python 3.x
Interpreted AI/ML Functional
GUI Support Automation

✨ Summary:
 ●​ 🐍 Python is a high-level, interpreted, and object-oriented programming language.​
●​ 💡 It has easy syntax similar to English, making it beginner-friendly.​
●​ 🛠️ Python supports multiple programming paradigms (OOP, functional, procedural).​
●​ 🔄 It is dynamically typed — no need to declare variable types.​
●​ 📚 Widely used in Web Development, Data Science, AI, Automation, etc.​
✅ Conclusion:
●​ 🌟 Python is a powerful, versatile, and easy-to-learn language that forms the base of
many modern applications.​

●​ 🚀 Learning Python gives you the key to enter many tech fields.​

_________________________________________________________________________

🧠 Module 2: Data Types & Variables

✅ Detailed Notes
🔹 What are Variables?
A variable is a container for storing data values. In Python, you don't need to declare the data
type explicitly because Python is dynamically typed.

●​ Syntax: variable_name = value​

🔹 Data Types in Python

Python has several built-in data types:

●​ Numbers:​

○​ int (Integer): Whole numbers, e.g., 10, -50​

○​ float (Floating-point number): Decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14, -0.001​

○​ complex: Numbers with real and imaginary parts, e.g., 2 + 3j​

●​ Strings:​

○​ Text enclosed in single or double quotes, e.g., "Hello" or 'Python'​

●​ Booleans:​

○​ True or False (Used for conditions and logical operations)​

●​ Lists:​

○​ Ordered collection of items, e.g., [1, 2, 3]​

○​ Can contain different data types​

 ●​ Tuples:​

○​ Ordered, immutable collection of items, e.g., (1, 2, 3)​

●​ Dictionaries:​

○​ Collection of key-value pairs, e.g., {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}​

●​ Sets:​

○​ Unordered collection of unique items, e.g., {1, 2, 3}​

🔹 Variable Assignment
Python allows variables to be assigned values without explicit declaration. The interpreter
assigns the data type based on the value.

x = 10 # int
y = 3.14 # float
z = "Python" # string

🔹 Type Conversion
Python allows implicit or explicit type conversion:

Implicit Conversion: Automatically done by Python when converting between compatible

types.​
​
Example:​
num = 5 # int
result = num + 3.5 # result is a float (automatically)

●​

Explicit Conversion: Using functions like int(), float(), str() for manual conversion.​
​
Example:​
​
num_str = "10"
num_int = int(num_str) # explicit conversion to int
 ●​

❓ Short Q&A
Q1. What is a variable in Python?​
Ans: A variable is a name that refers to a memory location used to store a value.

Q2. Name the built-in Python data types.​

Ans: int, float, complex, str, bool, list, tuple, set, dict.

Q3. What is the difference between a list and a tuple?​

Ans: Lists are mutable (can be changed), while tuples are immutable (cannot be changed).

Q4. What does implicit conversion mean?​

Ans: Implicit conversion happens automatically when Python converts one type to another,
e.g., from int to float.

Q5. How do you convert a string into an integer?​

Ans: Use the int() function, e.g., int("123").

📝 MCQs with Answers

1. What is the data type of 5.6 in Python?​

✅
a) int​
b) float​
c) str​
d) complex

2. Which of the following is mutable in Python?​

a) Tuple​
✅ b) List​
c) String​
d) Set

3. What is the result of 10 + 3.5 in Python?​

✅
a) 13​
b) 13.5​
c) 10.0​
d) Error

4. Which Python function is used to convert a string to an integer?​

a) str()​
✅ b) int()​
c) float()​
d) bool()

🔁 Flowchart: Variable Assignment in Python

[ Assign Value to Variable ]
↓
[ Data Type Detected Automatically ]
↓
[ Variable Holds Value ]
🧭 Mind Map: Data Types & Variables
Python Variables
|
-----------------------------------
| | | | |
Numbers Strings Booleans Lists Dictionaries
| | | | |
int, float, Single or True/False Ordered, key-value pairs
complex double quotes | mutable |
| |
'Hello' [1,2,3]

✨ Summary:
📦 Variables store data in memory using assignment (=).
🧮 Data Types:
int 🔢 (e.g., 5)

float 💧 (e.g., 3.14)

str ✉️ (e.g., "Hello")

bool 🔘 (True/False)

list, tuple, dict, set 🔁 (Collections)

🧠 Python is dynamically typed, meaning type is auto-assigned.

✅ Conclusion:
🧰 Knowing data types and variables is crucial for handling and processing data correctly in any
program.
🧠 Module 3: Operators
✅ Detailed Notes
🔹 What are Operators?
Operators are symbols used to perform operations on variables or values. Python supports
various types of operators:

1.​ Arithmetic Operators: Used to perform basic arithmetic operations.​

○​ + (Addition)​

○​ - (Subtraction)​

○​ * (Multiplication)​

○​ / (Division)​

○​ // (Floor Division)​
 ○​ % (Modulus)​

○​ ** (Exponentiation)​

Example:​
​
a = 10
b=5
print(a + b) # 15
print(a - b) # 5

2.​
3.​ Comparison Operators: Used to compare two values.​

○​ == (Equal to)​

○​ != (Not equal to)​

○​ > (Greater than)​

○​ < (Less than)​

○​ >= (Greater than or equal to)​

○​ <= (Less than or equal to)​

Example:​
​
x = 10
y = 20
print(x == y) # False
print(x < y) # True

4.​
5.​ Logical Operators: Used to combine conditional statements.​

○​ and (Returns True if both statements are true)​

○​ or (Returns True if at least one statement is true)​

 ○​ not (Reverses the result, returns False if the result is true)​

Example:​
​
a = True
b = False
print(a and b) # False
print(a or b) # True

6.​
7.​ Assignment Operators: Used to assign values to variables.​

○​ = (Assign)​

○​ += (Add and assign)​

○​ -= (Subtract and assign)​

○​ *= (Multiply and assign)​

○​ /= (Divide and assign)​

Example:​
​
c=5
c += 3 # c = c + 3, so c becomes 8

8.​
9.​ Bitwise Operators: Used to perform bit-level operations.​

○​ & (AND)​

○​ | (OR)​

○​ ^ (XOR)​

○​ ~ (NOT)​

○​ << (Left shift)​

 ○​ >> (Right shift)​

Example:​
​
a = 10 # 1010 in binary
b = 4 # 0100 in binary
print(a & b) # 0 (bitwise AND)

10.​
11.​Identity Operators: Used to check if two variables refer to the same object in memory.​

○​ is (Returns True if both variables refer to the same object)​

○​ is not (Returns True if both variables do not refer to the same object)​

Example:​
​
x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [1, 2, 3]
print(x is y) # False (different memory locations)

12.​
13.​Membership Operators: Used to test if a value is in a sequence (like a list or string).​

○​ in (Returns True if value is found in the sequence)​

○​ not in (Returns True if value is not found in the sequence)​

Example:​
​
a = [1, 2, 3]
print(2 in a) # True

14.​

❓ Short Q&A
Q1. What is the difference between = and == in Python?​
Ans: = is an assignment operator, used to assign a value to a variable. == is a comparison
operator, used to compare two values for equality.

Q2. What does the modulus operator % do in Python?​

Ans: The modulus operator returns the remainder of the division between two numbers.

Q3. What is the purpose of logical operators like and, or, and not?​
Ans: Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements or reverse the results of a
condition.

Q4. How do assignment operators work in Python?​

Ans: Assignment operators modify the value of a variable. For example, x += 2 is equivalent
to x = x + 2.

Q5. What is the difference between is and ==?​

Ans: is checks if two variables refer to the same object in memory, while == checks if the
values of the variables are equal.

📝 MCQs with Answers

1. What is the result of 5 // 2 in Python?​

✅
a) 2.5​
b) 2​
c) 3​
d) Error

2. Which operator is used for exponentiation in Python?​

a) *​
✅ b) **​
c) ^​
d) //

3. What does the is not operator do?​

✅
a) Checks if the two objects are equal​
b) Checks if the two objects are not the same​
c) Compares the values of two objects​
d) None of the above

4. Which of the following is a membership operator?​

a) ==​
✅ b) in​
c) &​
d) +

🔁 Flowchart: Arithmetic Operations in Python

Start
↓
[ Operand 1 and Operand 2 ]
↓
[ Select Operation (+, -, *, /, %)]
↓
[ Perform Operation ]
↓
[ Return Result ]

🧭 Mind Map: Operators in Python

Python Operators
|
---------------------------------------------------
| | | | |
Arithmetic Comparison Logical Assignment Bitwise
| | | | |
+, -, *, / ==, !=, < and, or, not =, +=, -= &, |, ^, ~
| | | | |
Floor Division >, <=, >= True/False +=, -= <<, >>

✨ Summary:
 ●​ ➕ Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, **, %​
●​ ⚖️ Relational/Comparison: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=​
●​ 🔁 Assignment: =, +=, -=, etc.​
●​ 🤔 Logical: and, or, not​
●​ 🧠 Bitwise: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>​
●​ 🔍 Membership: in, not in​
✅ Conclusion:
●​ ⚙️ Operators allow you to perform operations, compare values, and create logical
conditions in programs.

🧠 Module 4: Control Flow Statements

✅ Detailed Notes
🔹 What are Control Flow Statements?
Control flow statements allow you to control the execution order of your code based on
conditions and loops. They include:

1.​ If Statements: Used to execute a block of code only if a certain condition is true.​

Syntax:​
​
if condition:
# block of code

○​

Example:​
​
a = 10
if a > 5:
print("a is greater than 5")

○​
2.​ If-Else Statements: Used to execute one block of code if the condition is true, and
another block if it is false.​

Syntax:​
​
if condition:
# block of code if true
else:
# block of code if false

○​

Example:​
​
a=4
if a > 5:
print("a is greater than 5")
else:
print("a is not greater than 5")

○​
3.​ If-Elif-Else Statements: Used to check multiple conditions.​

Syntax:​
​
if condition1:
# block of code if condition1 is true
elif condition2:
# block of code if condition2 is true
else:
# block of code if neither condition1 nor condition2 is true

○​

Example:​
​
a=3
if a > 5:
print("a is greater than 5")
elif a == 3:
print("a is 3")
else:
print("a is less than 5")

○​
4.​ While Loops: Used to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as the condition is
true.​

Syntax:​
​
while condition:
# block of code

○​

Example:​
​
i=1
while i <= 5:
 print(i)
i += 1

○​
5.​ For Loops: Used to iterate over a sequence (such as a list, tuple, or range).​

Syntax:​
​
for variable in sequence:
# block of code

○​

Example:​
​
for i in range(5):
print(i)

○​
6.​ Break Statement: Used to break out of the current loop.​

Example:​
​
for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
break
print(i)

○​
7.​ Continue Statement: Used to skip the current iteration of the loop and continue with the
next iteration.​

Example:​
​
for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)

○​
8.​ Pass Statement: Used as a placeholder for future code.​
Example:​
​
for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
pass # Placeholder, do nothing
print(i)

○​

❓ Short Q&A
Q1. What is the difference between if and if-else statements?​
Ans: The if statement executes code only when a condition is true, while if-else provides
an alternative block of code that executes when the condition is false.

Q2. What is the purpose of the continue statement in a loop?​

Ans: The continue statement skips the current iteration of the loop and moves to the next
iteration.

Q3. What does the break statement do?​

Ans: The break statement terminates the current loop and exits it immediately.

Q4. How do while and for loops differ?​

Ans: A while loop continues as long as a condition is true, while a for loop iterates over a
sequence (like a list or range).

Q5. What is the pass statement used for?​

Ans: The pass statement is a placeholder for future code, used when a statement is
syntactically required but you don't want to execute any code.

📝 MCQs with Answers

1. What will the following code output?

x = 10
if x > 5:
print("Greater")
else:
print("Smaller")
✅
a) Smaller​
b) Greater​
c) Error​
d) Nothing

2. Which statement will stop the execution of a loop immediately?​

a) continue​

✅
b) pass​
c) break​
d) exit

3. What will the following code print?

for i in range(3):
if i == 1:
continue
print(i)

✅
a) 0 1 2​
b) 0 2​
c) 1 2​
d) 1

4. Which loop will execute its block of code at least once, even if the condition is false?​

✅
a) for loop​
b) while loop​
c) if loop​
d) do-while loop

🔁 Flowchart: If-Else Statement

Start
↓
[Condition]
↓
True/False
↓
[If Block] → [Else Block]
↓
End
🧭 Mind Map: Control Flow Statements
Control Flow
|
----------------------------------------------
| | | |
If Statements Loops Break/Continue Pass Statement
| | | |
if, if-else, while, for break, continue pass
elif |
↓
range, list, tuple, etc.

✨ Summary:
●​ 🤖 Used for decision making.​
●​ ✅ Executes different code blocks depending on conditions.​
🧾 Syntax​
​
if condition:

# do this
elif another_condition:

# do something else

else:

# default action

✅ Conclusion:
●​

●​ 🧭 Control Flow lets your program make intelligent decisions, just like human thinking.​

🧠 Module 5: Data Types

✅ Detailed Notes
🔹 What are Data Types?
Data types define the type of value a variable holds in Python. They determine what operations
can be performed on a particular value.
1.​ Numeric Types:​

○​ int: Integer numbers (whole numbers).​

■​ Example: a = 10​

○​ float: Floating-point numbers (decimals).​

■​ Example: b = 10.5​

○​ complex: Complex numbers (real and imaginary parts).​

■​ Example: c = 3 + 4j​

2.​ Text Type:​

○​ str: String (text).​

■​ Example: s = "Hello, World!"​

3.​ Sequence Types:​

○​ list: Ordered collection of items (mutable).​

■​ Example: my_list = [1, 2, 3]​

○​ tuple: Ordered collection of items (immutable).​

■​ Example: my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)​

○​ range: Sequence of numbers.​

■​ Example: my_range = range(5)​

4.​ Mapping Type:​

○​ dict: Dictionary (key-value pairs).​

■​ Example: my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30}​

5.​ Set Types:​

 ○​ set: Unordered collection of unique items.​

■​ Example: my_set = {1, 2, 3}​

○​ frozenset: Immutable set.​

■​ Example: my_frozenset = frozenset([1, 2, 3])​

6.​ Boolean Type:​

○​ bool: Boolean value (True or False).​

■​ Example: flag = True​

7.​ Binary Types:​

○​ bytes: Immutable sequence of bytes.​

■​ Example: b = b'Hello'​

○​ bytearray: Mutable sequence of bytes.​

■​ Example: ba = bytearray([1, 2, 3])​

○​ memoryview: A memory view object that exposes an array's memory.​

■​ Example: mv = memoryview(b'Hello')​

8.​ None Type:​

○​ None: Represents the absence of a value.​

■​ Example: x = None​

❓ Short Q&A
Q1. What is the difference between a list and a tuple in Python?​
Ans: A list is mutable, meaning its elements can be changed, while a tuple is immutable,
meaning once created, its elements cannot be modified.
Q2. What is a dictionary in Python?​
Ans: A dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs where each key is unique, and each key
maps to a value.

Q3. What does None represent in Python?​

Ans: None is used to represent the absence of a value or a null value in Python.

Q4. How is a set different from a list?​

Ans: A set is an unordered collection of unique items, whereas a list can have duplicate
elements and maintains the order of insertion.

Q5. What is the purpose of frozenset in Python?​

Ans: A frozenset is an immutable version of a set, which means its elements cannot be
modified after creation.

📝 MCQs with Answers

1. Which of the following is a mutable data type in Python?

✅ a) list​
​

b) tuple​
c) frozenset​
d) str

2. What does the following code print?

x = (1, 2, 3)

x[0] = 5

a) [1, 2, 3]​

✅
b) (1, 2, 3)​
c) Error​
d) 5

3. What is the output of this code?

my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30}

print(my_dict["name"])

✅
a) John​
b) "John"​
c) "name"​
d) Error

4. Which data type represents a collection of unique items in Python?​

a) list​

✅
b) tuple​
c) set​
d) dict

5. What does None mean in Python?​

a) False​

✅
b) Null​
c) No value​
d) Empty

🔁 Flowchart: List Operations

Start

[Create List]

[Add Item] → [Remove Item] → [Access Item]

↓
[Print List]

End

🧭 Mind Map: Data Types

Data Types

------------------------------------------------

| | | | |

Numeric Sequence Mapping Set Boolean

| | | | |

int, float, list, tuple, dict set True/False

complex range

✨ Summary:
●​ 🔁 Loops repeat code until a condition is met.​
●​ 🔄 for loop: for iterating over a sequence.​
●​ 📍 while loop: continues while a condition is True.​
 ●​ 🛑 break: exit loop early.​
●​ ⏭️ continue: skip current iteration.​
●​ 🤫 pass: do nothing (placeholder).​
✅ Conclusion:
●​ 🧩 Loops make programs efficient, shorter, and help handle repetition easily.

🧠 Module 6: Functions
✅ Detailed Notes
🔹 What are Functions in Python?
A function is a block of reusable code that performs a specific task. It allows us to write code
once and reuse it multiple times, improving code readability and reducing redundancy.

1.​ Defining a Function:​

○​ Use the def keyword to define a function.​

Syntax:​
​
def function_name(parameters):

# function body

return value

○​
Example:​
​
def greet(name):

return f"Hello, {name}!"

○​
2.​ Function Parameters:​

○​ Functions can accept input values known as parameters (also called arguments).​

○​ You can define parameters in the function's definition.​

Example:​
​
def add(a, b):

return a + b

○​
3.​ Return Statement:​

○​ The return keyword is used to return a result from the function.​

○​ If a function doesn't have a return statement, it implicitly returns None.​

4.​ Types of Functions:​

○​ Built-in Functions: Functions that come with Python, like print(), len(), etc.​

○​ User-Defined Functions: Functions created by the user.​

5.​ Function Arguments:​

○​ Positional Arguments: Passed to a function in the correct order.​

○​ Keyword Arguments: Passed by explicitly naming the parameter and providing

its value.​

○​ Default Arguments: Parameters with default values if not passed.​

 ○​ Variable-Length Arguments: Functions that accept any number of arguments
(using *args and **kwargs).​

6.​ Lambda Functions:​

○​ A lambda function is a small anonymous function defined with the lambda

keyword.​

Syntax:​
​
lambda arguments: expression

○​

Example:​
​
square = lambda x: x ** 2

○​
7.​ Recursion:​

○​ A function that calls itself is called recursive.​

Example:​
​
def factorial(n):

if n == 0:

return 1

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

○​

❓ Short Q&A
Q1. What is the purpose of the return statement in a function?​
Ans: The return statement is used to return a result or output from the function back to the
caller.

Q2. What are positional arguments?​

Ans: Positional arguments are arguments that must be passed in the correct order when
calling the function.

Q3. What is a lambda function?​

Ans: A lambda function is an anonymous function defined using the lambda keyword. It's
generally used for small, simple operations.

Q4. How can you define a function that accepts an arbitrary number of arguments?​
Ans: You can define a function that accepts an arbitrary number of arguments using *args for
non-keyword arguments and **kwargs for keyword arguments.

Q5. What is recursion?​

Ans: Recursion occurs when a function calls itself to solve a problem. It generally requires a
base case to stop the recursion.

📝 MCQs with Answers

1. What is the output of the following code?

def greet(name):

return f"Hello, {name}!"

print(greet("Alice"))

✅
a) Hello, Alice​
b) "Hello, Alice!"​
c) greet("Alice")​
d) Error

2. Which of the following is used to define a function in Python?​

a) function​

✅
b) define​
c) def​
d) func

3. What will be the output of the following code?

def multiply(a, b=2):

return a * b

print(multiply(3))

a) 3​

✅
b) 6​
c) 6​
d) Error

4. How do you define a function that accepts an arbitrary number of arguments?​

a) def function(*args, **kwargs):​

✅
b) def function(args, kwargs):​
*c) def function(args):​
d) def function(args):

5. What is the correct syntax for defining a lambda function?​

✅
a) lambda function(args):​
b) lambda args: expression​
c) def lambda(args):​
d) lambda expression(args):

🔁 Flowchart: Function Call

Start

[Define Function]

[Call Function]

↓
 [Return Value]

End

🧭 Mind Map: Functions

Functions

----------------------------------------------------

| | | | |

Definition Parameters Return Types Recursion

| | | | |

def function pos, kw, def return value built-in, user calls itself

✨ Summary:
🧵 A string is a sequence of characters inside quotes.
📐 Strings are immutable (cannot be changed after creation).
🛠️ Useful Methods: .lower(), .upper(), .replace(), .find(), .split(), etc.
🔢 Indexing and slicing supported: "Hello"[1:4] → 'ell'

✅ Conclusion:
📝 Strings are essential for handling text-based data — very common in every application

🧠 Module 7: Control Flow

✅ Detailed Notes
🔹 What is Control Flow?
Control flow refers to the order in which individual statements, instructions, or function calls are
executed or evaluated in a program. Python provides control flow statements that allow us to
modify the flow of execution in our programs.

🔸 Conditional Statements (If, Elif, Else)

1.​ if statement:​
 ○​ Used to test a condition.​

○​ If the condition is True, the code block inside the if will execute.​

Syntax:​
​
if condition:

# code to execute

○​
2.​ elif statement:​

○​ Stands for "else if" and allows checking multiple conditions.​

○​ Only the first condition that evaluates to True will execute.​

Syntax:​
​
if condition1:

# code

elif condition2:

# code

○​
3.​ else statement:​

○​ Executes when all preceding if and elif conditions are False.​

Syntax:​
​
else:

# code

○​

Example:

x = 10
if x > 5:

print("x is greater than 5")

elif x == 5:

print("x is equal to 5")

else:

print("x is less than 5")

🔸 Loops (For, While)

1.​ for loop:​

○​ Used to iterate over a sequence (like a list, tuple, string, etc.).​

Syntax:​
​
for item in sequence:

# code to execute

○​

Example:​
​
for i in range(5):

print(i)

2.​
3.​ while loop:​

○​ Repeats a block of code as long as a condition is True.​

Syntax:​
​
while condition:
 # code to execute

○​

Example:​
​
count = 0

while count < 5:

print(count)

count += 1

4.​

🔸 Break, Continue, and Pass Statements

1.​ break:​

○​ Exits the loop completely.​

Example:​
​
for i in range(10):

if i == 5:

break

print(i)

○​
2.​ continue:​

○​ Skips the current iteration and moves to the next iteration.​

Example:​
​
for i in range(5):

if i == 2:
 continue

print(i)

○​
3.​ pass:​

○​ A placeholder that does nothing.​

○​ Useful when you want to define an empty loop or function body.​

Example:​
​
for i in range(5):

pass

○​

❓ Short Q&A
Q1. What is the purpose of the elif statement?​
Ans: The elif statement allows checking multiple conditions sequentially. If the previous if
or elif conditions are False, it checks the next one.

Q2. How does a for loop work in Python?​

Ans: A for loop is used to iterate over a sequence, such as a list, tuple, or string, and
executes a block of code for each item in the sequence.

Q3. What is the difference between break and continue?​

Ans:

●​ break exits the loop completely.​

 ●​ continue skips the current iteration and moves to the next one.​

Q4. What is the use of the pass statement?​

Ans: The pass statement is used as a placeholder when you don't want to execute any code in
a loop or function.

📝 MCQs with Answers

1. What is the output of the following code?

x = 10

if x > 5:

print("x is greater than 5")

else:

print("x is less than 5")

✅
a) x is equal to 5​
b) x is greater than 5​
c) Error​
d) x is less than 5

2. Which of the following is used to stop a loop in Python?​

✅
a) continue​
b) break​
c) pass​
d) exit

3. What will be the output of the following code?

for i in range(3):
 if i == 1:

continue

print(i)

a) 1​

✅
b) 0 1 2​
c) 0 2​
d) Error

4. Which of the following will cause an infinite loop?​

a) while False:​
✅ b) while True:​
c) for i in range(0, 0):​
d) None of the above

5. What is the correct syntax for an if statement in Python?​

✅
a) if condition then:​
b) if condition:​
c) if (condition) then:​
d) if: condition

🔁 Flowchart: Control Flow

Start

[Condition]----Yes---> [Code Block 1] --> [Exit]

No

↓
[Code Block 2] --> [Exit]

🧭 Mind Map: Control Flow

Control Flow

-----------------------------------------------

| | | |

If-Else Loops Break Continue

| | | |

Checks condition Repeats code Exits loop Skips iteration

✨ Summary:
●​ 🔄 Converts one data type to another.​
●​ 🔢 Example:​
○​ int("5") → 5​

○​ str(10) → "10"​

○​ float("3.14") → 3.14​

●​ ✅ Ensures correct operations (e.g., adding int + int not int + str)
​
✅ Conclusion:
●​ 🧪 Type casting helps avoid errors and ensures compatibility between different data
types.

🧠 Module 8: Functions
✅ Detailed Notes
🔹 What are Functions?
A function is a block of code that only runs when it is called. Functions allow you to organize
and reuse code. They can accept inputs (parameters), process them, and return outputs
(results).

🔸 Defining a Function
Syntax to define a function:​
​
def function_name(parameters):

# code to execute

return result

1.​
Example:​
​
def greet(name):

return f"Hello, {name}!"

print(greet("Alice"))

2.​

🔸 Function Parameters
1.​ Positional Parameters:​

○​ Parameters defined in the function signature are positional parameters, meaning

the order in which they are passed is important.​

Example:​
​
def add(a, b):

return a + b

print(add(2, 3)) # Outputs: 5

2.​
3.​ Keyword Parameters:​

○​ You can pass arguments to a function using the parameter name. The order
doesn't matter here.​

Example:​
​
def add(a, b):

return a + b
print(add(b=3, a=2)) # Outputs: 5

4.​
5.​ Default Parameters:​

○​ Default values can be set for parameters, making them optional when calling the
function.​

Example:​
​
def greet(name, message="Hello"):

return f"{message}, {name}!"

print(greet("Alice")) # Outputs: Hello, Alice!

print(greet("Bob", "Goodbye")) # Outputs: Goodbye, Bob!

6.​
7.​ Variable-length Parameters:​

○​ Use *args for non-keyword variable-length arguments (tuple).​

○​ Use **kwargs for keyword variable-length arguments (dictionary).​

Example:​
​
def greet(*args, **kwargs):

print("Args:", args)

print("Kwargs:", kwargs)

greet("Alice", "Bob", message="Hello", time="Morning")

8.​

🔸 Returning Values
 ●​ Functions can return values using the return keyword.​

Once a function encounters return, it exits, and the value is returned.​

​
Example:​
​
def multiply(a, b):

return a * b

result = multiply(3, 4)

print(result) # Outputs: 12

●​

🔸 Lambda Functions (Anonymous Functions)

●​ A lambda function is a small anonymous function defined with the lambda keyword.​

●​ It can take any number of arguments, but only one expression.​

Lambda functions are typically used for short, one-line functions.​

​
Syntax:​
​
lambda arguments: expression

Example:​
​
square = lambda x: x ** 2

print(square(5)) # Outputs: 25

●​

❓ Short Q&A
Q1. What is a function in Python?​
Ans: A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. It can accept inputs
(parameters) and return outputs (results).

Q2. What is the difference between *args and **kwargs?​

Ans:

●​ *args allows a function to accept a variable number of non-keyword arguments, which

are stored as a tuple.​

●​ **kwargs allows a function to accept a variable number of keyword arguments, which

are stored as a dictionary.​

Q3. Can you explain the use of the return statement in a function?​
Ans: The return statement is used to send back a result from a function. It allows the function
to output a value after performing its task.

Q4. What is a lambda function?​

Ans: A lambda function is a short, anonymous function defined with the lambda keyword. It
can take any number of arguments, but only one expression.

📝 MCQs with Answers

1. What will the following code output?

def greet(name, message="Hi"):

return f"{message}, {name}!"

print(greet("Alice"))

✅
a) Hello, Alice!​
b) Hi, Alice!​
c) Alice!​
d) Error
2. How do you define a function in Python?​

✅
a) function(){}​
b) def function_name():​
c) function_name()​
d) create function function_name():

3. What is the output of the following code?

multiply = lambda x, y: x * y

print(multiply(3, 4))

a) 7​

✅
b) 12​
c) 12​
d) Error

4. What will be printed if the following code is executed?

def func(*args):

for arg in args:

print(arg)

func(1, 2, 3)

a) 1​

✅
b) 1 2 3​
c) 1 2 3​
d) Error

5. What does the return statement do in a function?​

a) It stops the function execution​

✅
b) It outputs a value from the function​
c) It exits the function and sends a result back to the caller​
d) It defines the function
🔁 Flowchart: Functions
Start

[Define Function]

[Call Function]

[Execute Code]

[Return Value] --> [Exit]

🧭 Mind Map: Functions

Functions

------------------------------------------------

| | |

Definition Parameters Returning Values

| | |

def function_name() Positional, Keyword, With `return` statement

 | Default, *args, **kwargs

Executes code

✨ Summary:
⚙️ A block of reusable code that performs a task.
🔑 Defined using def keyword.
📥 Takes parameters and returns output using return.
🧱 Example:
def greet(name): return "Hello " + name

✅ Conclusion:
🛠️ Functions make code modular, readable, reusable, and easier to manage.

🧠 Module 9: Modules and Packages

✅ Detailed Notes
🔹 What are Modules and Packages?
●​ Modules are files containing Python code that define functions, classes, and variables,
and also include runnable code.​
 ●​ Packages are a way of structuring Python’s module namespace by using “dotted
module names.” A package is simply a directory that contains multiple modules or
sub-packages.​

🔸 Using Modules
1.​ Importing a Module:​

○​ You can import a module using the import keyword.​

Example:​
​
import math

print(math.sqrt(16)) # Outputs: 4.0

2.​
3.​ Import Specific Functions or Variables:​

○​ You can import specific functions or variables from a module.​

Example:​
​
from math import pi

print(pi) # Outputs: 3.141592653589793

4.​
5.​ Renaming Modules:​

○​ You can rename a module during import using the as keyword.​

Example:​
​
import math as m

print(m.sqrt(25)) # Outputs: 5.0

6.​
🔸 Creating Your Own Module
1.​ Defining a Module:​

○​ Any Python file (.py) can be a module. To create your own module, define
functions and variables in a .py file.​

Example (in mymodule.py):​

​
def add(a, b):

return a + b

def subtract(a, b):

return a - b

2.​
3.​ Using Your Module:​

○​ Once you have created a module, you can import it into another script using the
import statement.​

Example:​
​
import mymodule

print(mymodule.add(5, 3)) # Outputs: 8

4.​

🔸 Python Standard Library

Python comes with a wide range of built-in modules, called the Standard Library, which
includes useful modules like math, os, sys, datetime, json, and more.

Example:
import os

print(os.getcwd()) # Outputs the current working directory

🔸 Packages
1.​ Creating a Package:​

○​ A package is a directory containing multiple modules or sub-packages. It must

contain a special __init__.py file (which can be empty) to indicate that the
directory is a Python package.​

2.​ Using a Package:​

○​ After creating a package, you can import it similarly to modules.​

Example (in mypackage/__init__.py):​

​
def greet(name):

return f"Hello, {name}!"

To use the package:​

​
from mypackage import greet

print(greet("Alice")) # Outputs: Hello, Alice!

3.​

❓ Short Q&A
Q1. What is the difference between a module and a package in Python?​
Ans: A module is a single Python file containing code, whereas a package is a collection of
modules stored in a directory.

Q2. How do you import specific functions from a module?​

Ans: You can use the from module import function syntax.
Q3. What is __init__.py file used for?​
Ans: It is used to mark a directory as a Python package. It can be empty or contain initialization
code for the package.

Q4. Can you create your own modules?​

Ans: Yes, any Python file with .py extension can be a module, and you can create your own
by defining functions or variables in that file.

📝 MCQs with Answers

1. What does the following code do?

import math

print(math.pow(2, 3))

✅
a) Prints 2 raised to the power of 3​
b) Prints 8​
c) Prints 6​
d) Error

2. Which of the following is a correct way to import a function from a module?​

a) from math import sqrt()​
✅ b) from math import sqrt​
c) import sqrt from math​
d) import sqrt as math

3. How do you define a package in Python?​

a) Create a .py file in a directory​
✅ b) Create a directory with __init__.py file inside​
c) Create a module.py file​
d) Create a .zip file containing Python scripts

4. Which of the following Python modules help in working with JSON data?​
a) os​
b) datetime​
✅ c) json​
d) math
5. What is the purpose of the __init__.py file in a Python package?​
a) It contains the main function of the package​

✅
b) It defines the functions of the package​
c) It marks the directory as a package​
d) It is not necessary for a package

🔁 Flowchart: Modules and Packages

Start

[Create Module (.py file)]

[Define Functions/Variables]

[Import Module]

[Use Functions/Variables]

[Exit]

🧭 Mind Map: Modules and Packages

Modules and Packages

|
 -----------------------------------------------------------

| | |

Importing Creating Your Own Python Standard Library

| Module |

import module def module_name() os, sys, math, json, etc.

from module import function

✨ Summary:
●​ 🧯 Prevents program from crashing on error.​
●​ 🔐 Use try, except, else, finally blocks.​
❗ Example:​
​
try:

x = 10 / 0

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("Cannot divide by zero!")

✅ Conclusion:
●​

●​ 🔒 Exception handling makes code robust, user-friendly, and safe from unexpected
crashes.​
__________________________________________________________________

🌟 Final Wish & Motivation 🌟

💬 "Success doesn’t come from what you do occasionally, it comes from what you do
consistently."

📚 You’ve put in the effort, revised with focus, and prepared every concept with clarity.​
Now, go to your exam with confidence in your heart ❤️, clarity in your mind 🧠, and faith in
your hard work 💪.

🔥 Believe in yourself. You were born to achieve greatness.​

No paper is bigger than your preparation, no question harder than your determination.

🌈 “When you feel like quitting, remember why you started.”​

You’ve already done the hard part — trust yourself and shine! ✨
🎓 May you pass with flying colors, and may this exam become a stepping stone toward
your bright future. Ameen.

📝👩‍💻 These notes and this journey were lovingly created by​
Shasmeen Zahra

💖
​
– with dedication, heart, and hope for your success.