Python : Data Structures

Tushar B. Kute,
http://tusharkute.com
Data Structures
Data Structures Separators

List [ ]

Tuple ( )

Set { }

Dictionary { : }
List

• List is a type of container in Data Structures, which

is used to store multiple data at the same time.
• Lists are just like the arrays, declared in other
languages.
• Lists need not be homogeneous always which
makes it a most powerful tool in Python.
• A single list may contain DataTypes like Integers,
Strings, as well as Objects.
• Lists are also very useful for implementing stacks
and queues. Lists are mutable, and hence, they can
be altered even after their creation.
List
Creating a list

>>> lang = ['Mar','Urd','San','Guj', 'Hin']

>>> type(lang)
<class 'list'>
• List of similar elements:
>>> col = ['blue','red','green','yellow']
• List of dissimilar elements:
>>> days = ['Mon','Tue','Wed',4,5,6]
Accessing and replacing elements

>>> days
['Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 4, 5, 6]
>>> print(lang)
['Mar', 'Urd', 'San', 'Guj', 'Hin']
• Indexing Starts from 0 to n-1
>>> print(lang[2])
San
>>> lang[1] = 'Kan'
>>> print(lang)
['Mar', 'Kan', 'San', 'Guj', 'Hin']
Negative Indexing

• We can access any collection element using

negative indexing i.e. from second end.
>>> print(days)
['Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 4, 5, 6]
>>> print(days[-1])
6
>>> days[-2] = 'Fri'
>>> print(days)
['Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 4, 'Fri', 6]
Creating a list of list

>>> months = [31,[28,29],31,30,31,30]

>>> type(months)
<class 'list'>
>>> months[1]
[28, 29]
>>> months[1][0]
28
Slicing the list

>>> num = [23,67,12,48,29,38,19]

>>> num[2:6]
[12, 48, 29, 38]
>>> num[2:]
[12, 48, 29, 38, 19]
>>> num[:5]
[23, 67, 12, 48, 29]
>>> num[:]
[23, 67, 12, 48, 29, 38, 19]
Replacing set of elements

>>> metals =['H','O','He','K','Si','Fe']

>>> metals
['H', 'O', 'He', 'K', 'Si', 'Fe']
>>> metals[2:4] = ['Na','S']
>>> metals
['H', 'O', 'Na', 'S', 'Si', 'Fe']
Existence of element using ‘in’

>>> metals = ['H','O','He','K','Si']

>>> 'O' in metals
True
>>> 'he' in metals
False
>>> 'O' not in metals
False
Deleting elements

>>> metals = ['H','O','He','K','Si']

>>> del metals[1]
>>> metals
['H', 'He', 'K', 'Si']
>>> del metals[1:3]
>>> metals
['H', 'Si']
>>> del metals
>>> metals
NameError: name 'metals' is not defined
Multi-dimensional list

>>> mat = [[1,2,3],[5,6,7],[4,[9,8]]]

>>> mat
[[1, 2, 3], [5, 6, 7], [4, [9, 8]]]
>>> mat[2]
[4, [9, 8]]
>>> mat[2][1]
[9, 8]
>>> mat[2][1][0]
9
Arithmetic operations

>>> num = [7,2,5,3,6]

>>> num * 2
[7, 2, 5, 3, 6, 7, 2, 5, 3, 6]
>>> num + [4,8]
[7, 2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 8]
>>> num += [0,9]
>>> num
[7, 2, 5, 3, 6, 0, 9]
Iterating through list

>>> num = [7,2,5,3,6]

>>> for n in num:
if n % 2 != 0:
print(n, end=' ')

7 5 3
List comprehension

• You can create a new list just like you would do in

mathematics. To do so, type an expression followed
by a for statement, all inside square brackets.
• You may assign it to a variable. Let’s make a list for
all even numbers from 1 to 20.
>>> even = [2*i for i in range(1,11)]
>>> even
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]
Empty list

• You can create a list without any element in

Python.
>>> num = []
>>> num
[]
>>> type(num)
<class 'list'>
>>> len(num)
0
Assigning list elements

>>> num = [1,2,3]

>>> x,y,z = num
>>> x
1
>>> y
2
>>> z
3
Built-in functions
Built-in functions – 1

• len( )
– It calculates the length of the list.
• max( )
– It returns the item from the list with the highest
value.
• min( )
– It returns the item from the Python list with the
lowest value.
• sum( )
– It returns the sum of all the elements in the list.
Example:

>>> num = [7,2,5,8,6,4,3]

>>> len(num)
7
>>> max(num)
8
>>> min(num)
2
>>> sum(num)
35
Built-in functions – 2

• sorted( )
– It returns a sorted version of the list, but does not
change the original one.
• list( )
– It converts a different data type into a list.
• any( )
– It returns True if even one item in the Python list has a
True value.
• all( )
– It returns True if all items in the list have a True value.
Sort

>>> num = [7,2,5,8,6,4,3]

>>> sorted(num)
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
>>> num = [7,2,'X',5,8,True]
>>> sorted(num)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unorderable types: str() < int()
list( ) and any( )

>>> list('xyz')
['x', 'y', 'z']
>>> data = [0,0,0,0,False]
>>> any(data)
False
>>> data = [0,0,3,0,False]
>>> any(data)
True
all( )

>>> data = [0,0,3,0,False]

>>> all(data)
False
>>> data = [4,7,2,4,6,7]
>>> all(data)
True
>>> data = [4,7,2,0,6,7]
>>> all(data)
False
Built-in methods
Built-in methods

>>> num = [7,2,5,8,6,4,3]

>>> num.append(0)
>>> num
[7, 2, 5, 8, 6, 4, 3, 0]
>>> num.insert(1,5)
>>> num
[7, 5, 2, 5, 8, 6, 4, 3, 0]
>>> num.remove(5)
>>> num
[7, 2, 5, 8, 6, 4, 3, 0]
Built-in methods

>>> num = [7,2,5,8,6,4,3]

>>> x = num.pop()
>>> x
3
>>> num
[7, 2, 5, 8, 6, 4]
>>> num.index(8)
3
>>> num.count(3)
0
Built-in methods

>>> num = [7,2,5,8,6,4,3]

>>> num.sort()
>>> num
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
>>> num.reverse()
>>> num
[8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2]
Reading and using elements

arr = []
n = int(input('How many elements? '))
for x in range(n):
num = int(input('Enter number:'))
arr.append(num)

print(‘List is:’, arr)

Exercise

• This is a list of some metallic elements.

metals = [ 'silver','gold', ... ]
• Make a new list that is almost identical to the
metals list: the new contains the same items, in
the same order, except that it does NOT contain
the item 'copper'.
Solution
Exercise

• Given the list of ten elements. Sort only higher

order 50% list and print it.
Ex. Before: [5, 6, 2, 8, 9, 1, 3, 7, 4, 0]
After: [5, 6, 2, 8, 9, 0, 1, 3, 4, 7]
• Given the list of ten elements. Sort odd
elements so even elements will not change
their positions.
Before: [12, 13, 6, 10, 3, 1, 17, 18, 14, 15]
After: [12, 1, 6, 10, 3, 13, 15, 18, 14, 17]
Exercise

• Sort ratio is the percentage of elements present

in the ascending or descending order in a list.
For example: List: [12, 13, 6, 10, 3, 1, 17, 18, 14,
15] has sort ratio: 55.56. Write a program to
read list of 10 elements and find ascending sort
ratio.
• Write a program to count a total number of
duplicate elements in an array. Ex. List –
[3,6,4,6,8,3,5,3,7,4] has total duplicate elements:
2 that is 6 and 4.
Exercise

• Write a program to read 10 elements from user and

create another list which contains frequency of each
element from first list.
• Write a program to separate odd and even integers in
separate lists.
• Write a program to find the second largest element in
a list.
• Write a program for a 2D list of size 3x3 and print the
matrix.
• Write a program to calculate determinant of a 3 x 3
matrix.
Exercise

• Read n number of elements from the user and

find addition and average of only odd elements.
• Write a program to check whether an array is
subset of another array.
– Expected Output :
• The given first array is : 4 8 7 11 6 9 5 0 2
• The given second array is : 5 4 2 0 6
• The second array is the subset of first
array.
Tuple

• Python Tuples are like a list. It can hold a sequence

of items. The difference is that it is immutable.
Creating a tuple

>>> per = (67,85,69,72,63)

>>> print(per)
(67, 85, 69, 72, 63)
>>> type(per)
<class 'tuple'>
>>> data = 1,56.34,'Ajay'
>>> data
(1, 56.34, 'Ajay')
>>> type(data)
<class 'tuple'>
Accessing a tuple

>>> per = (67,85,69,72,63)

>>> per[2]
69
>>> per[2:5]
(69, 72, 63)
>>> per[-2]
72
Tuple functions
Built-in functions – 1

• len( )
– It calculates the length of the tuple.
• max( )
– It returns the item from the tuple with the highest
value.
• min( )
– It returns the item from the tuple with the lowest
value.
• sum( )
– It returns the sum of all the elements in the tuple.
Example:

>>> num = (7,2,5,8,6,4,3)

>>> len(num)
7
>>> max(num)
8
>>> min(num)
2
>>> sum(num)
35
Built-in functions – 2

• sorted( )
– It returns a sorted version of the tuple, but does not
change the original one.
• tuple( )
– It converts a different data type into a tuple.
• any( )
– It returns True if even one item in the tuple has a True
value.
• all( )
– It returns True if all items in the tuple have a True value.
Sort

>>> num = (7,2,5,8,6,4,3)

>>> sorted(num)
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
>>> num = (7,2,'X',5,8,True)
>>> sorted(num)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unorderable types: str() < int()
tuple( ) and any( )

>>> tuple('xyz')
('x', 'y', 'z')
>>> data = (0,0,0,0,False)
>>> any(data)
False
>>> data = (0,0,3,0,False)
>>> any(data)
True
all( )

>>> data = (0,0,3,0,False)

>>> all(data)
False
>>> data = (4,7,2,4,6,7)
>>> all(data)
True
>>> data = (4,7,2,0,6,7)
>>> all(data)
False
Methods of tuple

• index()
– This method takes one argument and returns the
index of the first appearance of an item in a
tuple.
>>> per.index(63)
• count()
– This method takes one argument and returns the
number of times an item appears in the tuple.
>>> per.count(85)
More operations
• Membership :
>>> 56 in per
False
>>> 81 not in per
True
• Concatenation:
>>> per + (18,43)
(67, 85, 69, 72, 63, 18, 43)
>>> new = per + (18,43)
>>> new
(67, 85, 69, 72, 63, 18, 43)
More operations
• Iteration:
>>> per
(67, 85, 69, 72, 63)
>>> for n in per:
print(n, sep=' ')
• Nesting:
>>> num = (23,(2,7),11,36)
>>> num[1]
(2, 7)
>>> num[1][0]
2
Sample list of tuple
Example:

• Find name of the topper in the previous

program.
Solution
Dictionary

• A real-life dictionary holds words and their

meanings.
• As you can imagine, likewise, a Python
dictionary holds key-value pairs.
Using a dictionary
Creating a dictionary

>>> d = {'a':'apple','b':'ball'}
>>> num = {1:25, 3:10, 5:11}
>>> type(d)
<class 'dict'>
>>> type(num)
<class 'dict'>
>>> num = {1:25, 3:10, 5:11, 'x':'data'}
>>> type(num)
<class 'dict'>
Accessing and adding elements

>>> d['a']
'apple'
>>> num[3]
10
>>> num[2] = 20
>>> num
{1: 25, 2: 20, 3: 10, 5: 11, 'x':
'data'}
Using dict( ) function

>>> data = ([1,56],[2,49],[6,75])

>>> d = dict(data)
>>> d
{1: 56, 2: 49, 6: 75}
>>> type(d)
<class 'dict'>
More operations

Declaring more than once

>>> d = {1:45,6:23,4:23,6:27}
>>> d
{1: 45, 4: 23, 6: 27}
Empty dictionaries

>>> animals={}
>>> type(animals)
<class 'dict'>
>>> animals[1]='dog'
>>> animals[2]='cat'
>>> animals[3]='ferret'
>>> animals
{1: 'dog', 2: 'cat', 3: 'ferret'}
Dictionary methods

• keys( )
– The keys() method returns a list of keys in a
Python dictionary.
• values( )
– Likewise, the values() method returns a list of
values in the dictionary.
• items( )
– This method returns a list of key-value pairs.
Dictionary methods

>>> data = {2:45,5:38,6:11,7:105,9:20}

>>> data.keys()
dict_keys([9, 2, 5, 6, 7])
>>> data.values()
dict_values([20, 45, 38, 11, 105])
>>> data.items()
dict_items([(9, 20), (2, 45), (5, 38),
(6, 11), (7, 105)])
Methods

• get()
– It takes one to two arguments. While the first
is the key to search for, the second is the
value to return if the key isn’t found. The
default value for this second argument is
None.
• clear( )
– The clear function’s purpose is obvious. It
empties the Python dictionary.
Methods

>>> data
{9: 20, 2: 45, 5: 38, 6: 11, 7: 105}
>>> data.get(2,1)
45
>>> data.get(4,5)
5
>>> data.get(7,110)
105
Methods

• copy()
– The copy() method creates a shallow copy of
the Python dictionary.
• pop()
– This method is used to remove and display an
item from the dictionary. It takes one to two
arguments. The first is the key to be deleted,
while the second is the value that’s returned
if the key isn’t found.
 Thank you
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