OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of
i) Input and output voltages and
ii) Number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-
designed transformer.
APPARATUS
An iron rod, copper wires of different gauge (diameter), two a.c.
voltmeters, two a.c. ammeters.
The working of a transformer is based on mutual induction phenomenon.
Let an ideal transformer in which the primary and secondary coil have
negligible resistance and all the flux in the core links both primary and
secondary windings.
The Induced EMF in the primary coil
𝒅∅
𝑬𝒑 = −𝑵𝒑
𝒅𝒕
The induced emf in the secondary coil,
𝒅∅
𝑬𝒔 = −𝑵𝒔
𝒅𝒕
Where ∅ is the magnetic flux linked with each turn of primary and
secondary and secondary coil at a time t. then
𝐸𝑠 𝑁𝑠
= = 𝐾 = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝐸𝑝 𝑁𝑝
For an ideal transformer, there is no loss of energy, then
Input power = Output power
𝐼𝑝 𝐸𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝐼𝑝 𝐸𝑠
= =𝐾
𝐼𝑠 𝐸𝑝
DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns(say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. Its is a step down transformer.
3. Connect P1P2 to a.c. mains (say 220V) and measure the input voltage
and current, using a.c. voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through S1S2.
5. Now connect the S1S2 to a.c. mains and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step-up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformer by changing number of
primary turns in secondary coils
OBSERVATIONS
1. Least count of a.c. voltmeter = 20 V
2. Zero error of voltmeter = 0 V
3. Range of voltmeter = 0-500 V
4. L.C. of a.c. ammeter = 0.2 A
5. Zero error of ammeter = 0-5 A
6. Range error of ammeter = 0 A
7. Applied A.C. voltage = 220 V
TABLE 01
Sr.. No. of No. of Voltage Current Voltage in Current in Loss
No. turns in turns in in in secondary secondary of
primary secondary primary primary coil Vs coil Is power
coil (Np) coil (Ns) coil Ep coil Ip (V) (A) (W)
(V) (A)
1 180 45 110 0.8 28 3 1.76
2 200 50 120 0.8 30 3.2 2.00
3 220 55 130 0.6 32 2.36 1.56
4 240 60 140 0.6 35 2.35 1.68
CONCLUSIONS:
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
upon the turn ratio (formula) w.r.t. input voltage
2. The output current of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
upon the turn ratio (formula) w.r.t. input current.
3. There is loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Keep safe yourself from the high voltage.
2. While keeping the readings of current and voltage, the a.c. main supply
should remains constant.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of currents can be changed due to heating effect of current.
2. The Eddy current can change the readings.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. CBSE suggested project list.
2. Google website
3. Comprehensive Practical Manual
4. NCERT class XII Book
