Flowcharting

FLOWCHARTING is a means of visually presenting:
1. 2. 3. the flow of data through an information processing systems, the operations performed within the system and the sequence in which they are performed
ANALOGY:
blueprint of a building a designer draws a blueprint before starting construction on a building program flowchart a programmer prefers to draw a flowchart prior to writing a computer program
THE FLOWCHART:
is drawn according to defined rules and using standard flowchart symbols prescribed by the American National Standard Institute, Inc is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates the sequence of operations to be performed to get the solution of a problem is generally drawn in the early stages of formulating computer solutions facilitates communication between programmers and business people plays a vital role in the programming of a problem is quite helpful in understanding the logic of complicated and lengthy problems is a must for the better documentation of a complex program
Once the flowchart is drawn, it becomes easy to write the program in any high level language
STANDARD SYMBOLS
Start or end of the program
Computational steps or processing function of a program
Input or output operation
Decision making and branching
Flow line
Annotation
Connector or joining of two parts of program
Display
GUIDELINES FOR FLOWCHARTING a. In drawing a proper flowchart, all necessary requirements should be listed out in logical
order. b. c. d. The flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to follow. There should not be any room for ambiguity in understanding the flowchart. The usual direction of the flow of a procedure or system is from left to right or top to bottom. Only one flow line should come out from a process symbol.
or
e. Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol, but two or three flow lines, one for each possible answer, should leave the decision symbol.
f.
Only one flow line is used in conjunction with terminal symbol.
g.
Write within standard symbols briefly. As necessary, you can use the annotation symbol to describe data or computational steps more clearly.
h.
If the flowchart becomes complex, it is better to use connector symbols to reduce the number of flow lines. Avoid the intersection of flow lines if you want to make it more effective and better way of communication. Ensure that the flowchart has a logical start and finish. It is useful to test the validity of the flowchart by passing through it with a simple test data.
i. j.
ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS The benefits of flowcharts are as follows:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Communication: Flowcharts are better way of communicating the logic of a system to all concerned. Effective analysis: With the help of flowchart, problem can be analysed in more effective way. Proper documentation: Program flowcharts serve as a good program documentation, which is needed for various purposes. Efficient Coding: The flowcharts act as a guide or blueprint during the systems analysis and program development phase. Proper Debugging: The flowchart helps in debugging process. Efficient Program Maintenance: The maintenance of operating program becomes easy with the help of flowchart. It helps the programmer to put efforts more efficiently on that part
LIMITATIONS OF USING FLOWCHARTS

1. 2. 3. Complex logic: Sometimes, the program logic is quite complicated. In that case, flowchart becomes complex and clumsy. Alterations and Modifications: If alterations are required the flowchart may require redrawing completely. Reproduction: As the flowchart symbols cannot be typed, reproduction of flowchart becomes a problem. (Not Totally True. Can be drawn in WORD, but difficult to always write in use text boxes) The essentials of what is done can easily be lost in the technical details of how it is done.
4.
FEW EXAMPLES ON FLOWCHARTING Example 1 Draw a flowchart to find the sum of first 50 natural numbers.
Example 2 Draw a flowchart to find the largest of three numbers A,B, and C.
Example 3 Draw a flowchart for computing factorial N (N!) Where N! = 1 2 3 N . Answer:
FLOWCHART ASSIGNMENT
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Draw a flowchart to read a number N and print all its divisors. Draw a flowchart for computing the sum of the digits of any given number Draw a flowchart to find the sum of given N numbers. Draw a flowchart to computer the sum of squares of integers from 1 to 50 Draw a flowchart to arrange the given data in an ascending order.

Flowcharting

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FLOWCHARTING is a means of visually presenting:

Computational steps or processing function of a program

Input or output operation

Decision making and branching

Connector or joining of two parts of program

Only one flow line is used in conjunction with terminal symbol.

ADVANTAGES OF USING FLOWCHARTS The benefits of flowcharts are as follows:

LIMITATIONS OF USING FLOWCHARTS

Example 3 Draw a flowchart for computing factorial N (N!) Where N! = 1 2 3 N . Answer:

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