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    HLLC Riemann Solver: Eleuterio F. Toro Laboratory of Applied Mathematics University of Trento, Italy Toro@ing - Unitn.it

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    Marcilene Rodrigues
    The document describes the HLLC Riemann solver, which is an extension of the HLL solver that includes contact waves. It discusses: 1) How HLLC assumes a 3-wave model and includes contact waves, unlike HLL which ignores intermediate waves 2) The procedure to solve the Riemann problem between states using HLLC, which involves determining 4 unknown vectors in 2 sub-regions 3) Applications of HLLC to equations like the shallow water equations, Euler equations, and Baer-Nunziato two-phase flow equations.

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    HLLC Riemann Solver: Eleuterio F. Toro Laboratory of Applied Mathematics University of Trento, Italy Toro@ing - Unitn.it

    Uploaded by

    Marcilene Rodrigues
    238 views50 pages
    The document describes the HLLC Riemann solver, which is an extension of the HLL solver that includes contact waves. It discusses: 1) How HLLC assumes a 3-wave model and includes contact waves, unlike HLL which ignores intermediate waves 2) The procedure to solve the Riemann problem between states using HLLC, which involves determining 4 unknown vectors in 2 sub-regions 3) Applications of HLLC to equations like the shallow water equations, Euler equations, and Baer-Nunziato two-phase flow equations.

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    2-HLL+HLLC

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    The document describes the HLLC Riemann solver, which is an extension of the HLL solver that includes contact waves. It discusses: 1) How HLLC assumes a 3-wave model and includes contact waves, unlike HLL which ignores intermediate waves 2) The procedure to solve the Riemann problem between states using HLLC, which involves determining 4 unknown vectors in 2 sub-regions 3) Applications of HLLC to equations like the shallow water equations, Euler equations, and Baer-Nunziato two-phase flow equations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    238 views50 pages

    HLLC Riemann Solver: Eleuterio F. Toro Laboratory of Applied Mathematics University of Trento, Italy Toro@ing - Unitn.it

    Uploaded by

    Marcilene Rodrigues
    The document describes the HLLC Riemann solver, which is an extension of the HLL solver that includes contact waves. It discusses: 1) How HLLC assumes a 3-wave model and includes contact waves, unlike HLL which ignores intermediate waves 2) The procedure to solve the Riemann problem between states using HLLC, which involves determining 4 unknown vectors in 2 sub-regions 3) Applications of HLLC to equations like the shallow water equations, Euler equations, and Baer-Nunziato two-phase flow equations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    The document discusses different Riemann solvers including HLL, HLLC and Rusanov flux that are used to solve hyperbolic conservation laws. It also discusses the application of HLLC solver to equations like Euler, shallow water and Baer-Nunziato equations.

    HLL and HLLC Riemann solvers are approximate Riemann solvers that assume a wave model. HLL solver assumes only the fastest waves while HLLC solver includes an additional contact wave. HLLC is more accurate but more complex than HLL.

    The four steps to construct the HLL flux are: 1) Apply integral form of conservation laws in a volume 2) Substitute the integrals 3) Substitute into the last integral 4) Algebraic manipulations give the HLL flux along the interface.

    HLLC Riemann solver

    Eleuterio F. Toro Laboratory of Applied Mathematics University of Trento, Italy www.ing.unitn.it/toro toro@ing.unitn.it

    Toro E F. II i-Math School on Numerical Solutions of Partial Differential Equations, February 8-12, 2010, Malaga, Spain

    HLLC, as HLL, assumes a wave model.


    For the 1D (also 3D+species equations) Euler equations the assumption of a 3-wave model is exact (complete Riemann solver). For the 2D shallow water equations (also with species equations) a 3-wave model is exact. HLLC has been applied to systems with more than 3 distinct characteristic fields (MHD equations), selecting the waves to be included in the model (not complete). HLLC has also been applied to the two-phase Baer-Nunziato equations (complete). To be summarized in this lecture.
    2

    Recalling the Godunov Scheme

    To compute

    we must solve the Riemann problem

    3D case in normal direction

    In general, for the 1D Euler equations, there are 10 possible wave configurations to consider in the solution sampling. See Fig. below.

    The Harten-Lax-van Leer approach (HLL) 1983

    The HLL (Harten-Lax-van Leer) Riemann solver


    (A Harten, P Lax and B van Leer. On upstream differencing and Godunov type methods for hyperbolic conservation laws. SIAM review. 25(1), pp 35-61, 1983)

    It is assumed a solution structure that only includes the fastest waves

    Moreover, it is assumed that estimates for these wave speeds are available
    7

    Construction of the HLL flux


    1. Apply integral form of the conservation laws in volume:

    2. Apply integral form of the conservation laws in volume:

    3. Substitute

    into last integral

    4. Algebraic manipulations give the HLL flux along interface

    Rusanovs flux (1961)


    Consider the HLL flux

    Two wave speed estimates are needed: Assume a single wave speed estimate: Define a second speed: Substitution into HLL flux gives the Rusanov flux

    This flux is sometimes called (wrongly in my view) the Local Lax-Friedrichs or simply the Lax-Friedrichs flux.
    10

    Note that
    if in the Rusanov flux

    we then reproduce the Lax-Friedrichs flux.

    In this sense the (centred) Lax-Friedrichs flux can be seen as un upwind flux (the limiting case).
    11

    Remarks on the HLL Riemann solver.


    This Riemann solver is very simple and entropy satisfying; it performs well at critical (sonic) rarefactions. No entropy fix needed But note that middle waves are ignored. This results in excessive smearing of contact waves and vortices. Wave speed estimates are still needed, for which knowledge of the solution is required in advance. Details on schemes to provide wave speed estimates given later

    12

    A weak feature of HLL: absence of intermediate waves:


    In particular: Entropy waves Slip surfaces Material interfaces Vortical flows Ignition fronts Shear layers Contact discontinuities
    13

    HLL (left) HLLC (right)

    14

    Futher reading on the HLL Riemann solver


    Harten A, Lax P and van Leer B. On upstream differencing and Godunov-type schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws. SIAM Review, Vol. 25, pp:35-61, 1983 Toro E F. Riemann solvers and numerical methods for fluid dynamics. Springer, Third Edition, 2010. Chapter 10. ................................and references therein...

    15

    The HLLC Riemann solver Toro et al. (1992, 1994)

    A quick search with google gave me: HLLC: HLLC: HLLC: HLLC: HLLC: Healesville Living and Learning Centre Happy Land Learning Center House of Lords Liaison Committee Home Loan Learning Center Harten, Lax, van Leer and (the missing) Contact

    16

    The HLLC solver (Toro et al. 1992, 1994) is a modification of the HLL Riemann solve C stands for CONTACT The contact wave is included in the structure of the solution of the Riemann problem Now the Star Region has two sub-regions (for a 3 by 3 system)

    Further developments on HLLC: Toro and Chakraborty, 1994 Batten et al. 1997a, 1997b
    17

    The HLLC Riemann Solver (cont.) t

    18

    We have 4 unknown vectors:

    First solve for the states: Then solve for the fluxes: We assume the following conditions in the star region:

    These conditions are satisfied by the exact solution. See Toro 2010 (Springer).

    19

    Then we can write

    where the right hand sides are known functions.

    Algebraic manipulations give the solution for the unknown states, from which the sought flux vectors follow.
    20

    i+1/2

    Toro E F. II i-Math School on Numerical Solutions of Partial Diffeential Equations, February 8-12, 2010, Malaga, Spain

    21

    The 3D multi-component case

    Obtain eigenvalue u of multiplicity m+3 and the HLLC procedure goes through.
    22

    Wave-Speed Estimates for HLLC


    We need estimates Find estimates for

    rarefaction shock

    23

    Pressure-velocity estimates. Primitive-Variable Riemann Solver


    Linearize the non-conservative system:

    by freezing coefficient matrix at a state Standard linear theory gives the explicit solution:

    24

    HLLC--summary

    25

    HLL versus HLLC

    26

    Extensions and Applications of HLLC


    Shallow water equations (Toro, 2001)
    MHD (K F Gurski, SIAM J Sc Comput., 2004) MHD ( Shengtai Li, JCP) Relativistic MHD: Mignone, Massaglia and Bodo High-order extensions via: the WAF method (Toro, 1989) ADER method (Toro et al. 2001 and others) WENO methods (Titarev and Toro) Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Methods (van der Vegt, 2002) 2D multiphase flows (Toro, 1992) Implicit version for compressible turbulent flows (Batten et al. 1997) Multiphase, multi-dimensional flows (Toro 1992, Saurel, 2002) . and many more, including packages and comercial software. http://vulcan-cfd.larc.nasa.gov/index.html
    27

    Futher reading on the HLLC Riemann solver


    Toro E F, Spruce M and Spears W. Restoration of the contact surface in the HLL Riemann solver. Shock Waves, Vol. 4, pp: 25-34, 1994. (Also as Cranfield University Technical Report, 1992) Toro E F and Chakraborty. Development of an approximate Riemann solver for the steady supersonic Euler equations. The Aeronautical Journal, Vol. 98, pp: 325-339, 1994. Batten P, Leschziner M and Goldberg U C. Average sate jacobians and implicit methods for viscous and turbulen flows. J. Comput. Phys. Vol. 137, pp: 38-78, 1997. Toro E F. Riemann solvers and numerical methods for fluid dynamics. Springer, Third edition, 2010. Chapter 10.
    28

    The Rusanov Riemann solver (1961) and The Lax-Friedrichs flux (1960)

    29

    HLLC applied to the shallow water equations

    Augmented 1D problem normal to interface

    30

    The HLLC Riemann solver


    The HLLC is a modification of the HLL Riemann solver; C stands for Contact. Contact and shear waves, missing in HLL, are included in the structure the solution of the Riemann problem Now the Star Region has two sub-regions (for a 3 by 3 system)

    31

    are wave speed estimates Then the star states are

    and the HLLC intercell flux is

    32

    Wave speed estimates for HLL and HLLC


    We need estimates We could use the eigenvalues:

    This is NOT recommended.


    We could use information from other Riemann solvers. For example, we could use the Roe average eigenvalues As recommended by Einfeldt (1988). This works well.
    33

    Wave speed estimates based on depth and particle velocity in the STAR region
    Then we set:

    Rarefaction Shock
    This choice of speed is in a sense exact. Exact wave relations have been used Use Depth-positive values for example
    34

    The Depth-Positive Riemann Solver

    This approximate Riemann solver has the same depth-positivity condition as the exact solver. For details see E F Toro. Shock-capturing methods for free-surface shallow flows, John Wiley and Sons, 2003, chapter 10.

    35

    HLLC applied to the Baer-Nunziato equations


    SA Tokareva and E F Toro. HLLC-type Riemann Solver for the Baer-Nunziato Equations of Compressible Two-Phase Flow. Journal of Computational Physics. (to appear, 2010)

    36

    The Baer-Nunziato equations

    Solid phase

    Gas phase
    37

    First published comprehensive mathematical analysis of the equations due to: Embid P and Baer M. Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Vol. 4 (1992), pp 279-312 Analysis and INDIRECT Riemann solver due to: Andrianov N and Warnecke G. The Riemann problem for the BaerNunziato Two-Phase Flow Model. Journal of Computational Physics, Vol 195, pp 434-464, 2004.

    First published DIRECT Riemann solver due to: Schwendemann D W, Wahle C W and Kapila A K. Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 212, pp 490-526, 2006.
    38

    The Riemanntproblem
    Solid contact on the left of gas contact

    SL

    SL QL QL QL

    L Q

    0 Q

    R Q

    SR SR QR QR x

    R Q

    x=0
    Across solid contact

    39

    The Riemann problem

    SL

    S L Q

    0 Q

    S R Q

    SR SR QR QR x

    SL QL QL QL

    R Q

    x=0
    Solid contact on the right of gas contact

    40

    Use HLLC approach to connect data states to star states


    SL S L Q t 0 Q S R Q SR

    SL QL QL QL

    SR QR QR QR x

    x=0

    41

    From HLLC equations for the solid phase

    42

    From HLLC equations for the gas phase

    43

    Thin-layer theory, case 1: solid contact on the left


    SL S L Q t 0 Q S R Q SR

    SL QL QL QL

    SR QR QR QR x

    x=0

    44

    Thin-layer theory, case 2: t solid contact on the right S S 0 SL Q SR L R Q Q SL SR QL QR QR QL QL QR x x=0

    45

    Thin-layer theory, case 1: tsolid contact on the left


    SL S L Q 0 Q S R Q SR

    SL QL QL QL

    SR QR QR QR x

    x=0

    Non-linear system for 3 unknowns

    46

    Thin-layer theory, case 2: solid contact on the right t


    SL S L Q 0 Q S R Q SR

    SL QL QL QL

    SR QR QR QR x

    x=0

    Non-linear system for 3 unknowns

    47

    Non-linear algebraic system to solve. It is enough to perform one iteration Predictor-corrector scheme This HLLC-type solver is complete, also for the 3D case. It accounts for all characteristic fields (11) Solver used for 3 classes of schemes: finite volumes, DG finite elements and a new version of path conservative
    SA Tokareva and E F Toro. HLLC-type Riemann Solver for the Baer-Nunziato Equations of Compressible Two-Phase Flow. Journal of Computational Physics. (to appear, 2010) 48

    A simple test problem: numerical results (FV method)

    HLL

    HLLC

    49

    Summary and concluding remarks


    HLLC Riemann solver relies on a suitable wave model. Here we have described the method as applied to: 3D Euler equations 2D shallo water equations 3D Baer-Nunziato equations of compressible two-phase flow

    Further reading: chapter 10 of Toro E F. Riemann solvers and numerical methods for fluid dynamics. Springer, Third Edition, 2010. Chapter 10+ REFERENCES THEREIN.

    50

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