Handoff refers to the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one base station to another as the user moves between different cells in a cellular network. There are two main types of handoff: horizontal handoff, which transfers between base stations using the same technology, and vertical handoff, which transfers between different wireless technologies like cellular and WiFi. Effective handoff mechanisms are important to maintain seamless connectivity as users move around.
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Handoff refers to the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one base station to another as the user moves between different cells in a cellular network. There are two main types of handoff: horizontal handoff, which transfers between base stations using the same technology, and vertical handoff, which transfers between different wireless technologies like cellular and WiFi. Effective handoff mechanisms are important to maintain seamless connectivity as users move around.
Handoff refers to the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one base station to another as the user moves between different cells in a cellular network. There are two main types of handoff: horizontal handoff, which transfers between base stations using the same technology, and vertical handoff, which transfers between different wireless technologies like cellular and WiFi. Effective handoff mechanisms are important to maintain seamless connectivity as users move around.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Handoff refers to the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one base station to another as the user moves between different cells in a cellular network. There are two main types of handoff: horizontal handoff, which transfers between base stations using the same technology, and vertical handoff, which transfers between different wireless technologies like cellular and WiFi. Effective handoff mechanisms are important to maintain seamless connectivity as users move around.
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WHAT IS HANDOFF?
In a cellular telephone network, handoff is the transition for any given user of signal transmission from one base station to a geographically adjacent base station as the user moves around. In an ideal cellular telephone network, each end user's telephone set or modem (the subscriber's hardware) is always within range of a base station. The region covered by each base station is known as its cell . The size and shape of each cell in a network depends on the nature of the terrain in the region, the number of base stations, and the transmit/receive range of each base station. In theory, the cells in a network overlap; for much of the time, a subscriber's hardware is within range of more than one base station. The network must decide, from moment to moment, which base station will handle the signals to and from each and every subscriber's hardware. Each time a mobile or portable cellular subscriber passes from one cell into another, the network automatically switches coverage responsibility from one base station to another. Each basestation transition, as well as the switching processor sequence itself, is called handoff. In a properly functioning network, handoff occurs smoothly, without gaps in communications and without confusion about which base station should be dealing with the subscriber. Subscribers to a network need not do anything to make handoff take place, nor should they have to think about the process or about which base station is dealing with the signals at any given moment. WHAT IS VERTICAL HANDOFF? Vertical handover or vertical handoff refers to a network node changing the type of connectivity it uses to access a supporting infrastructure, usually to support node mobility. For example, a suitably equipped laptop might be able to use both a high speed wireless LAN and a cellular technology for Internet access. Wireless LAN connections generally provide higher speeds, while cellular technologies generally provide more ubiquitous coverage. Thus the laptop user might want to use a wireless LAN connection whenever one is available, and to 'fall over' to a cellular connection when the wireless LAN is unavailable. Vertical handovers refer to the automatic fallover from one technology to another in order to maintain communication. This is different from a 'horizontal handover' between different wireless access points that use the same technology in that a vertical handover involves changing the data link layer technology used to access the network. WHAT IS HORIZONTAL HANDOFF? Horizontal handover is to maintain on-going service although the change of IP address due to the movement of a mobile node. Maintaining on-going service is done by hiding the change of IP address (e.g., Mobile IP) or dynamically updating the changed IP address (e.g., mSCTP). To hide the change of IP address during the movement of a mobile node, Mobile IP keeps two types of IP address; one permanent IP address (Home address) might be used above transport layer and one changeable IP address (Care-of address) might be used under transport layer. mSCTP could dynamically update the IP address during the on-going service. The majority of proposed
handover mechanism mights be included in horizontal handover because they focus on maintain on-going service even though only the IP address is changed.
** Integrated cellular and ad hoc relaying systems (iCAR) is a new wireless system architecture based on the integration of cellular and modern ad hoc relaying technologies. It addresses the congestion problem due to unbalanced traffic in a cellular system and provides interoperability for heterogeneous networks. The iCAR system can efficiently balance traffic loads between cells by using ad hoc relaying stations (ARS) to relay traffic from one cell to another dynamically. This not only increases the systems capacity cost effectively, but also reduces transmission power for mobile hosts and extends system coverage. ** Mobile-assisted data forwarding (MADF), an ad-hoc overlay is added to the fixed cellular infrastructure and special channelscalled forwarding channels are used to connect mobile units in a hot cell and its surrounding cold cells without going through the hot cells base station. Thus, mobile units in a hot cell can forward data to other cold cells to achieve load balancing. Most of the forwarding- channel management work in MADF is done by mobile units themselves in order to relieve the load from the CC. The traffic increase in a certain cell will not be upper bounded by the number of forwarding channels. It can be more if the users in hot cell are significantly far away from one another, and these users can use the same forwarding channels to forward data to different cold neighboring cells without interference. We find that, in a system using MADF, under a certain delay requirement, the throughput in a certain cell or for the whole network can be greatly improved. BLOCKING RATE:- Percent of calls offered that are not allowed into the system; generally % receiving busy, but may also include messages and forced disconnects.
