IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI)

Vol. 14, No. 3, June 2025, pp. 1900~1909

ISSN: 2252-8938, DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v14.i3.pp1900-1909  1900

Optimizing real-time data preprocessing in IoT-based fog

computing using machine learning algorithms

Nandini Gowda Puttaswamy1, Anitha Narasimha Murthy2

1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BNM Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: In the era of the internet of things (IoT), managing the massive influx of data
with minimal latency is crucial, particularly within fog computing
Received Apr 30, 2024 environments that process data close to its origin. Traditional methods have
Revised Feb 13, 2025 been inadequate, struggling with the high variability and volume of IoT data,
Accepted Mar 15, 2025 which often leads to processing inefficiencies and poor resource allocation.
To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel machine learning-
driven approach named real-time data preprocessing in IoT-based fog
Keywords: computing using machine learning algorithms (IoT-FCML). This method
dynamically adapts to the changing characteristics of data and system
Data privacy demands. The implementation of IoT-FCML has led to significant
Dynamic adaptability performance enhancements: it reduces latency by approximately 0.26%,
IoT fog computing increases throughput by up to 0.3%, improves resource efficiency by 0.20%,
Latency reduction and decreases data privacy overhead by 0.64%. These improvements are
Machine learning algorithms achieved through the integration of smart algorithms that prioritize data
Real-time data preprocessing privacy and efficient resource use, allowing the IoT-FCML method to
Resource efficiency surpass traditional preprocessing techniques. Collectively, the enhancements
in processing speed, adaptability, and data security represent a substantial
advancement in developing more responsive and efficient IoT-based fog
computing infrastructures, marking a pivotal progression in the field.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Nandini Gowda Puttaswamy
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sapthagiri College of Engineering
Bengaluru, India
Email: nandini.educator1@[Link]

1. INTRODUCTION
The internet of things (IoT) has dramatically transformed how we interact with the physical world,
integrating intelligence into everyday objects and enabling them to communicate and make decisions.
This widespread adoption of IoT has led to the generation of massive amounts of data at the edge of the
network, necessitating innovative approaches to data processing and management. Fog computing, which
extends cloud computing to the edge of the network, has emerged as a pivotal technology in this context.
It aims to reduce latency, improve bandwidth utilization, and enhance the overall efficiency of IoT systems
by processing data closer to its source [1], [2].
Figure 1 shows a security architecture involving three entities such as the user, a cloud server, and a
trusted third party. The working principal centers around mutual authentication, a security mechanism
ensuring that both the user and the cloud server verify each other's identities before initiating any
communication. Here, the trusted third party plays a crucial role, possibly as a certificate authority or
authentication server, that both the user and the cloud server trust. This entity could facilitate the exchange of
credentials or cryptographic keys that enable mutual authentication [3]. Upon successful authentication,

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  1901

a secure channel is established between the user and the cloud server, allowing for safe data exchange,
service requests, and transactions, all under the supervision of the trusted third party to prevent unauthorized
access and ensure data integrity and confidentiality. This framework is fundamental to preserving security in
cloud computing, where data and resources are accessed over potentially insecure networks [4], [5].

Figure 1. Fundamental architecture of fog computing network

Recent trends in IoT and fog computing highlight a shift towards more autonomous, intelligent
systems capable of real-time decision-making. However, the sheer volume and velocity of data generated by
IoT devices present significant challenges in real-time data preprocessing. Traditional cloud-centric models
often fail to meet the requirements of latency-sensitive applications, leading to a research gap in developing
more efficient, adaptive, and scalable real-time data preprocessing methods within the fog computing
paradigm [6].
The application of machine learning algorithms in optimizing these preprocessing tasks holds
promise in bridging this gap. By leveraging machine learning, systems can dynamically adapt to changing
data patterns and network conditions, ensuring efficient data processing and resource utilization. However,
despite its potential, the integration of machine learning into fog computing for IoT systems is still in its
nascent stages, with several challenges to overcome. These include ensuring data privacy, managing resource
constraints, and maintaining system adaptability in highly dynamic environments [7]–[10].
The convergence of IoT, fog computing, and machine learning opens up new avenues for research
and development. By addressing the current limitations and harnessing the strengths of these technologies,
we can pave the way for more responsive, efficient, and intelligent IoT systems. Such advancements have
profound implications across various sectors, including healthcare, smart cities, and industrial automation,
where real-time data processing and decision-making are crucial.
In exploring the landscape of real-time data preprocessing in IoT-based fog computing
environments, several noteworthy contributions have been made in recent years. The integration of machine
learning algorithms for enhancing efficiency and adaptability has been a focal point of research. However,
while these studies have laid a solid foundation, they also highlight various challenges and limitations that
warrant further investigation. Varun et al. [11] presented a framework leveraging convolutional neural
networks (CNNs) for data preprocessing in fog computing nodes. Their method significantly improved data
processing speeds by automatically filtering irrelevant data before it reached the cloud. However, a notable
drawback is the study acknowledged the high computational overhead of CNNs, making it less viable for
devices with limited processing capabilities. Gowrishankar et al. [12] introduced an adaptive algorithm based
on reinforcement learning that dynamically allocates resources in fog computing environments to optimize
data preprocessing tasks. Their approach demonstrated improved system adaptability and resource efficiency.
However, a drawback of the study is that the complexity of the algorithm led to difficulties in real-time
implementation, especially in highly volatile IoT environments. Marković et al. [13] proposed a novel data
anonymization technique within the fog layer to address privacy concerns during the preprocessing of
sensitive information. While their method effectively enhanced data privacy, a drawback was that found to
introduce latency, particularly with large datasets, which could compromise the real-time processing
requirements of IoT applications.
Khan et al. [14] explored the use of edge-based machine learning models to preprocess data locally,
reducing the need for data transmission to the cloud. Their work showed promising results in decreasing
latency and bandwidth usage. However, a drawback highlighted in the study was the challenge of

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maintaining model accuracy over time without regular updates, which could require significant data transfers,
thus negating some of the benefits. Saravanan et al. [15] developed a distributed ledger technology (DLT)-
based approach for secure data preprocessing in fog computing, aiming to improve both transparency and
security. While their solution effectively addressed trust issues, a drawback was that it introduced substantial
computational and storage overhead, questioning its scalability in larger IoT deployments. These studies
illustrate the dynamic and evolving nature of research in real-time data preprocessing within IoT-based fog
computing environments. They underscore the critical balance between enhancing processing efficiency,
ensuring privacy and security, and maintaining system adaptability and scalability. As such, they highlight
the need for innovative solutions that can address these multifaceted challenges in a holistic manner.

2. PROPOSED METHOD
Figure 2 shows the proposed methodology, to establish a multi-tiered IoT-based fog computing
model. Data collection commences with harvesting raw inputs from IoT devices, simulating a high-velocity
data stream. The preprocessing phase involves algorithmic noise filtering, feature extraction, and
normalization to prepare datasets for machine learning application [16], [17]. We select machine learning
algorithms suited to real-time analytics, emphasizing decision efficiency and computational lightness.
Supervised learning models are trained on a partitioned dataset, employing cross-validation to mitigate
overfitting while optimizing performance parameters [18]–[20].

Figure 2. The proposed methodology of real-time data preprocessing in IoT-based fog computing using
machine learning algorithms (IoT-FCML)

Post-training, machine learning models are embedded within fog nodes. Their performance is
assessed through key metrics: latency, throughput, and resource allocation. These are benchmarked against
conventional preprocessing paradigms to evaluate the efficacy and improvements our machine learning-
driven method offers. Security protocols are integral, ensuring data integrity and confidentiality. The system
undergoes iterative optimization, responsive to empirical data and user-centric feedback, striving for
enhanced operational excellence within the fog computing sphere [21]–[23].

2.1. Proposed IoT-FCML

Figure 3 shows the presents a hierarchical structure that integrates the IoT, fog computing, and
cloud computing to optimize data preprocessing. IoT devices at the bottom layer generate data, which is first
transmitted to the fog layer, specifically to micro data centers. These centers are equipped with an IoT-FCML
model, designed to preprocess the data efficiently in real-time. The preprocessing includes noise reduction,
normalization, and feature extraction to prepare data for analysis.
Once preprocessed, the data is passed through an optimization algorithm within the fog layer,
ensuring the preprocessing is tuned for the best performance regarding speed and accuracy. This step is
crucial for adapting to the variable nature of IoT-generated data and system demands [24], [25]. After the

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Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  1903

optimization, the processed data can be sent to the cloud data center for further analysis or long-term storage.
The cloud layer offers more extensive computational resources and storage capacity, suitable for complex
analytics and historical data analysis that the fog layer cannot perform due to resource constraints.
Finally, the performance analysis phase evaluates the efficiency and effectiveness of the
preprocessing and optimization steps. This analysis considers factors like latency, throughput, and resource
utilization, ensuring that the system meets the real-time processing requirements of IoT applications. The
proposed method leverages the strengths of fog computing-proximity to data sources and reduced latency,
with the extensive processing power of cloud computing, providing a balanced and optimized approach to
data management in IoT networks.

Figure 3. Proposed IoT-FCML

2.2. Proposed mathematical equations

The proposed models analyze the most critical parameters of system demand, latency, processing
capacity, data privacy, and resource utilization in real-time fog computing-based IoT. Such models support
dynamic resource sharing, reduce delay, and process data efficiently with the help of optimization through
machine learning. A common objective function combines the above parameters to achieve adaptable, secure,
and scalable preprocessing of the data of the IoT.

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2.2.1. System demand model

The system demand model calculates the total data demand from all IoT devices at a given time,
enabling dynamic resource allocation in the fog computing layer to address real-time processing needs
efficiently. The system demand model as given in (1).

𝐷(𝑡) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑑𝑖 (𝑡) (1)

Where 𝐷(𝑡) is the total system demand at time 𝑡, and 𝑑𝑖 (𝑡) is the demand of the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ IoT device at time 𝑡.

2.2.2. Latency model

The latency model breaks down total system latency into components attributed to fog computing,
network transmission, and cloud processing. Minimizing this latency is vital for real-time applications,
ensuring swift data processing and timely decision-making within the IoT infrastructure. The latency of
proposed model is calculated by using (2).

𝐿 = 𝐿𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝐿𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 + 𝐿𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑑 (2)

Where 𝐿 is the total latency, 𝐿𝑓𝑜𝑔 is the processing latency in the fog layer, 𝐿𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 is the network latency,
and 𝐿𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑑 is the processing latency in the cloud layer. The goal is to minimize L, especially 𝐿𝑓𝑜𝑔 as it's the
first processing layer for real-time data.

2.2.3. Throughput model

The throughput model assesses the volume of data processed per unit of time and resource, providing
a measure of the system’s efficiency. Enhancing throughput is key to handling the vast streams of IoT data
swiftly and effectively in fog computing environments. The throughput of proposed model is given in (3).
1 𝑅
𝑇= ×𝑉 (3)
𝐿

Where 𝑇 is the throughput, 𝑉 is the volume of processed data, and 𝑅 is the available resources. Maximizing 𝑇
indicates improved system performance.

2.2.4. Data privacy model

The data privacy model ensures the confidentiality of IoT data by applying encryption algorithms
before processing or transmission. This step is essential for maintaining user trust and complying with data
protection regulations within the fog computing framework. Data privacy model as given in (4).

𝑃(𝑑𝑖 ) = 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑝𝑡(𝑑𝑖 , 𝑘) (4)

Where 𝑃(𝑑𝑖 ) is the privacy-preserving function for data 𝑑𝑖 from the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ IoT device, and 𝑘 is the encryption
key. This equation doesn't directly reduce latency or improve throughput but is essential for ensuring data
confidentiality.

2.2.5. Resource efficiency model

The resource efficiency model evaluates how effectively the fog computing resources are utilized in
relation to their full capacity. It aims to maximize the processing output while avoiding resource overuse,
ensuring a sustainable and balanced workload distribution, the resources efficiency is calculated using (5).
𝑈
𝐸= (5)
𝑅

Where 𝐸 is the efficiency, 𝑈 is the utilization of resources, and 𝑅 is the total available resources. 𝐸 should be
maximized under the constraint that 𝑈 ≤ 𝑅, ensuring no resource is over-utilized.

2.2.6. Optimization function

The optimization function is a mathematical formulation aimed at minimizing latency and maximizing
throughput and resource efficiency. It serves as the guiding principle for the proposed system's resource
management and operational adjustments in real-time, the proposed optimization function is given in (6).
Objective: minimize 𝐿 and maximize 𝑇 and E subject to 𝐷(𝑡) and 𝑃.

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𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒(𝛼𝐿 − 𝛽𝑇 − 𝛾𝐸) (6)

Where 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are weighting factors indicating the importance of each objective (latency, throughput, and
efficiency).

2.3. Proposed optimizing real-time data preprocessing in IoT-based fog computing using machine
learning algorithms
Creating an overarching mathematical equation that encapsulates the optimization of IoT real-time
data preprocessing using machine learning, while taking into account factors such as system demand, latency,
throughput, data privacy, and resource efficiency, involves synthesizing the individual objectives into a
singular objective function. This unified equation aims to balance these multiple aspects through weighted
parameters, reflecting their relative importance to the system's overall performance and objectives. Optimize
proposed algorithm as calculated using (7).

1
Optimize(𝑂) = 𝑤1 × (∑𝑛 ) + 𝑤2 ∑𝑛𝑖=0 𝑇𝑖 + 𝑤3 ∑𝑛𝑖=0 𝐸𝑖 − 𝑤4 ∑𝑛𝑖=0 𝐷𝑖 (𝑡) − 𝑤5 ∑𝑛𝑖=0 𝐶(𝑃𝑖 ) (7)
𝑖=0 𝐿𝑖

𝐿𝑖 , 𝑇𝑖 , 𝐸𝑖 , 𝐷𝑖 and 𝐶(𝑃𝑖 ) now represent the latency, throughput, resource efficiency, system demand, and cost
of privacy for the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ IoT device, respectively. The sums ∑𝑛𝑖=0. aggregate the contributions of each device
from the 0th to the nth, offering a comprehensive view of the entire IoT ecosystem. The optimization
objective (𝑂) now directly accounts for the performance and demands of each individual device, ensuring
that the optimization strategy is effective across the entire network of IoT devices.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 presents the simulation parameters essential for evaluating the proposed optimization
method in IoT-based fog computing. It specifies the number of IoT devices, their data generation rates,
latency targets, resource capacities of fog nodes, and privacy constraints through encryption overheads.
These parameters are pivotal for assessing the method's impact on system performance, including processing
efficiency and data security.

Table 1. Simulation parameter for evaluation of proposed optimization method

SI. No Description Values
1 Number of IoT devices 150
2 Data generation rate (KB/s/device) 100 KB/s
3 Latency requirements (ms) 100 ms
4 Resource limits 2 GHz CPU, 4 GB RAM per fog node
5 Privacy constraints (Encryption overhead ms) 5-20 ms

Table 2 demonstrates that the proposed optimization method surpasses the conventional methods
across all evaluated performance metrics. It emphasizes the effectiveness of the proposed method in lowering
latency, boosting throughput, improving resource efficiency, and reducing the overhead involved in securing
data privacy. Figure 4 presents a performance comparison of the proposed method with conventional
methods in relation to system demand.

Table 2. Performance analysis comparing system demand handling

Performance metric Proposed optimization Static resource Basic machine learning Traditional fog
method allocation optimization computing
Latency (ms) 75 95 100 110
Throughput (KB/s) 1,500 1,150 1,200 1,000
Resource efficiency (%) 90 80 75 70
Data privacy overhead (ms) 9 15 20 25

Table 3 encompasses a broader set of performance metrics beyond efficiency, including latency,
throughput, data privacy overhead, resource utilization, scalability, and reliability. It provides a clear
comparison between the proposed optimization method and the other conventional methods. Figure 5
presents a performance comparison of the proposed method with conventional methods in relation to
efficiency.
Optimizing real-time data preprocessing in IoT-based fog computing using … (Nandini Gowda Puttaswamy)
1906  ISSN: 2252-8938

Figure 4. The performance analysis of the proposed method compared to conventional methods in relation to
system demand

Table 3. Comparative performance analysis

Performance metric Proposed optimization Static resource Basic machine learning Traditional fog
method allocation optimization computing
Latency (ms) 75 95 100 110
Throughput (KB/s) 1,500 1,150 1,200 1,000
Efficiency (%) 90 80 75 70
Data privacy overhead (ms) 9 15 20 25
Resource utilization (%) 85 75 70 65
Scalability (Number of devices) 500 300 400 200
Reliability (%) 99 95 96 93

Figure 5. The performance analysis of the proposed method compared to conventional methods in relation to
efficiency

Table 4 provides a comparison of various data privacy-related performance metrics across the
proposed optimization method and the three conventional methods. The metrics include the overheads for
data encryption and anonymization, compliance with privacy policies, overhead for secure data transmission,
and latency due to data access controls. Figure 6 presents a performance comparison of the proposed method
with conventional methods in relation to data privacy.

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Table 4. Data privacy performance analysis

Performance metric Proposed Static resource Basic machine Traditional fog
optimization method allocation learning optimization computing
Data encryption overhead (ms) 9 15 20 25
Data anonymization overhead (ms) 7 12 18 22
Privacy policy compliance (%) 98 90 85 80
Secure data transmission overhead (ms) 8 14 19 24
Data access control latency (ms) 10 20 25 30

Figure 6. The performance analysis of the proposed method compared to conventional methods in relation to
data privacy

4. CONCLUSION
The paper presented a IoT-FCML for real-time data preprocessing in IoT-based fog computing,
showing marked improvements over traditional approaches. Specifically, the proposed method enhanced
latency by approximately 0.26%, increased throughput by up to 0.32%, improved resource efficiency by
0.20%, and reduced data privacy overhead by 0.64%, reflecting significant advancements in both
performance and security. These enhancements signify a substantial step forward in developing adaptive,
efficient IoT systems, particularly in dynamic and resource-constrained fog computing environments.
The integration of machine learning algorithms has proven to be a pivotal factor in the system's ability to
dynamically adjust to varying data streams and operational demands, ultimately leading to smarter, more
responsive IoT infrastructures. With these results, the paper sets a precedent for future research to expand
upon, indicating a bright horizon for the intersection of IoT, fog computing, and intelligent data processing
techniques. This research promises advancements in machine learning algorithms tailored for IoT scalability,
sophisticated privacy preservation techniques, enhanced resource allocation strategies, and the exploration of
edge computing integration. These developments aim to bolster the IoT ecosystem, enabling it to handle
growing data volumes and complexity with greater efficiency and security.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank East Point College of Engineering and Technology, Sapthagiri
College of Engineering, BNM Institute of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU),
Belagavi, for all the support and encouragement provided by them to take up this research work and publish
this paper.

FUNDING INFORMATION
Authors state no funding involved.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS STATEMENT

This journal uses the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) to recognize individual author
contributions, reduce authorship disputes, and facilitate collaboration.
Optimizing real-time data preprocessing in IoT-based fog computing using … (Nandini Gowda Puttaswamy)
1908  ISSN: 2252-8938

Name of Author C M So Va Fo I R D O E Vi Su P Fu
Nandini Gowda Puttaswamy ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Anitha Narasimha Murthy ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

C : Conceptualization I : Investigation Vi : Visualization

M : Methodology R : Resources Su : Supervision
So : Software D : Data Curation P : Project administration
Va : Validation O : Writing - Original Draft Fu : Funding acquisition
Fo : Formal analysis E : Writing - Review & Editing

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Authors state no conflict of interest.

INFORMED CONSENT
We have obtained informed consent from all individuals included in this study.

ETHICAL APPROVAL
The research related to human use has been conducted in compliance with all relevant national
regulations and institutional policies, in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been
approved by the authors' institutional review board.

DATA AVAILABILITY
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article
and its supplementary materials.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Mrs. Nandini Gowda Puttaswamy currently working as Assistant Professor in

information science and engineering, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore. She
completed her B.E. in CSE from Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), [Link]. in
software engineering from VTU and pursuing Ph.D. from VTU. She has published around
4 papers on national conference and her area of research interest are cloud computing, fog
computing, edge computing and IoT, AI, ML, and big data analytics. She can be contacted at
email: [Link]@[Link].

Dr. Anitha Narasimha Murthy currently working as Professor in computer

science and engineering, BNM Institute of Technology, Bangalore. She completed her B.E. in
CSE from Bangalore University, [Link]. in information technology from Bangalore
University and Ph.D. from Visvesvaraya Technological University. She has published around
30 research papers and her area of research interest are AI, ML, big data analytics, and data
mining. She can be contacted at email: [Link]@[Link].

Optimizing real-time data preprocessing in IoT-based fog computing using … (Nandini Gowda Puttaswamy)