Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 61 views

    Cellular Phone Systems: Li-Hsing Yen National University of Kaohsiung

    Uploaded by

    Victor Arkaprava Dhar
    This document summarizes key aspects of cellular phone systems including: 1) It describes the components of a cellular system including the HLR, MSC, VLR, BSC, and BTS. 2) It discusses mobility management which allows networks to locate users and maintain connections as users move between cells. 3) It provides details on location management, registration procedures, and call delivery in cellular networks. 4) It covers handoff management including types of handoffs, who initiates handoffs, and technical terms like call drop rate.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Cellular Phone Systems: Li-Hsing Yen National University of Kaohsiung

    Uploaded by

    Victor Arkaprava Dhar
    61 views22 pages
    This document summarizes key aspects of cellular phone systems including: 1) It describes the components of a cellular system including the HLR, MSC, VLR, BSC, and BTS. 2) It discusses mobility management which allows networks to locate users and maintain connections as users move between cells. 3) It provides details on location management, registration procedures, and call delivery in cellular networks. 4) It covers handoff management including types of handoffs, who initiates handoffs, and technical terms like call drop rate.

    Original Title

    Cellular

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document summarizes key aspects of cellular phone systems including: 1) It describes the components of a cellular system including the HLR, MSC, VLR, BSC, and BTS. 2) It discusses mobility management which allows networks to locate users and maintain connections as users move between cells. 3) It provides details on location management, registration procedures, and call delivery in cellular networks. 4) It covers handoff management including types of handoffs, who initiates handoffs, and technical terms like call drop rate.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    61 views22 pages

    Cellular Phone Systems: Li-Hsing Yen National University of Kaohsiung

    Uploaded by

    Victor Arkaprava Dhar
    This document summarizes key aspects of cellular phone systems including: 1) It describes the components of a cellular system including the HLR, MSC, VLR, BSC, and BTS. 2) It discusses mobility management which allows networks to locate users and maintain connections as users move between cells. 3) It provides details on location management, registration procedures, and call delivery in cellular networks. 4) It covers handoff management including types of handoffs, who initiates handoffs, and technical terms like call drop rate.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    Cellular Phone Systems

    Li-Hsing Yen National University of Kaohsiung

    Cellular System
    HLR MSC VLR PSTN MSC BSC

    BSC BSC

    BTS BTS

    BTS BTS

    BTS BTS BTS

    BTS

    Why Cellular Mobile Telephone Systems?


    Operational limitations of conventional mobile telephone systems
    limited service capability poor service performance inefficient frequency spectrum utilization

    Mobility Management
    Mobility management enables telecommunications networks to
    locate roaming mobile terminals (MTs) for call delivery (location management) maintain connections with MTs that change their point of attachment (handoff/handover management)

    Location Management
    MT periodically performs location registration (i.e., location update)
    explicitly notify the network of its new access point and store changes to its user location profile

    when incoming calls arrive, the network performs call delivery


    querying the user profile to deliver the calls to the current cell location of the MT

    GSM Registration Procedure


    1: old TMSI + old VLR id 2: TMSIIMSI 3: location update 4: new TMSI 5: registration cancellation
    HLR

    5
    VLR

    3
    VLR

    2 1 4

    Call Delivery for Mobile Terminated Call


    1 2 request roaming number 1 2 allocate MSRN

    dial MSISDN 1 1

    GMSC (INTX) 3

    HLR

    VLR MSC

    other switches

    routing

    other switches

    paging

    MS

    Registration Area Planning


    Registration/Location Area (RA/LA)
    consists of one or more cells the basic unit of registration/paging
    Cost Total
    cell RA VLR PLMN GSM

    Paging

    Location update

    Size of RA

    Hand-off (Hand-over)
    Switches and Processor

    Hand-off (Hand-over): switches cells

    Cell #1

    Cell #2

    Handoff Management
    Ongoing calls are modified under two conditions: signal strength deterioration and user mobility intra-cell and inter-cell handoffs
    within and between cells

    soft handoff and hard handoff


    without and with interruptions in radio links

    Who Initiates the Handoff?


    NCHO (Network-controlled handoff) or MAHO (Mobile-assisted Handoff)
    the networks generates a new connection, finding new resources for the handoff and performing any additional routing operations

    MCHO (Mobile-controlled handoff)


    the MT finds the new resources and the network approves

    Three Classes of Handoffs in GSM


    MSC BSC BTS MS BTS MS MS MS MS MS BSC BTS BSC BTS 1. different BTS, same BSC 2. different BSC, same MSC 3. different MSC, same PLMN (old MSC=anchor MSC new MSC=relay MSC) MSC

    Technical Terms
    Call drop rate
    The probability that an ongoing call is dropped due to handoff

    Call blocking rate


    The probability that a new call is denied due to lack of available channel

    Usually call drop rate is more important than call blocking rate

    Handoff Management: Channel Reservation Scheme


    Reserve some channels for handoff calls Trade call blocking rate for call drop rate

    Channel Assignment Problem


    Allocate channels to cells should consider
    QoS (Quality of Service)
    co-channel interference adjacent channel interference

    spectrum utilization

    Goalmaximize both QoS and spectrum utilization

    Co-Channel and AdjacentChannel Interference


    Co-channel interference
    Radio signals assigned to the same channel will interfere with each other

    Adjacent channel interference


    Two frequencies of wavelength close to each other will interfere with each other and should not be assigned to neighboring cells

    Co-channel interference
    A channel assigned to A should not be assigned to B nor C at the same time However, it can be assigned to D without co-channel interference

    B C A D

    Adjacent channel interference

    Classification of Channel Assignment Schemes


    Fixed Channel Assignment
    Each cell is assigned a fixed subset of frequencies low response time with low utilization

    Dynamic Channel Assignment


    Does not give any frequency to any cell a priori high response time with high utilization

    A Typical Fixed Channel Assignment Scheme


    All channels are divided into 7 disjoint sets

    7 2 6 1 3 5 4

    7 2 6 1 3 7 2 7 2 5 4 6 1 3 6 1 3 7 2 5 4 5 4 6 1 3 7 2 7 2 5 4 6 1 3 6 1 3 7 2 5 4 5 4 6 1 3 5 4

    10

    Generations of Cellular Systems


    The first generation
    AMPS Analog system, circuit-switched service

    The second generation


    GSM, IS-136, PDC, IS-95 Digital system, circuit-switched service

    2.5 G
    GPRS Digital system, packet-switched service

    3 G
    IMT-2000 Digital system, multimedia service

    Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)


    Analog cellular system (1983) Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 50 channels per cell
    PSTN LE MTSO

    BS MS

    11

    AMPS (1/2)
    The first cellular system Developed during 1970s in Bell Lab. 10 years to generate the AMPS specification 19741978 field trial in Chicago Commercial service has been available since 1983 FDMA (Frequency Division multiple Access) / FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

    technology

    AMPS (2/2)
    Channel spacing: 30 KHz Frequency bands
    Forward link (BS MS): 869 MHz 894 MHz Reverse link (MS BS): 824 MHz 849 MHz Total 832 full-duplex channels

    Roaming management standard: EIA/TIA IS-41 Service area: North America, Taiwan

    12

    Digital Cellular Phone Systems


    Standard Frequency band Multiple access Duplex method

    GSM 900

    GSM1800

    IS-54/-136

    IS-95
    down 869-894 up 824-849 CDMA/FDMA

    down 935-960 down 1805-1880 down 869-894 up 880-915 up 1710-1785 up 824-849 TDMA/FDMA TDMA/FDMA TDMA/FDMA

    FDD
    124

    FDD
    374

    FDD
    832

    FDD
    20

    No. of channels 8 users/channel 8 users/channel 3 users/channel 798 users/channel


    Channel spacing

    200 kHz GMSK 270.83 kb/s

    200 kHz GMSK 270.83 kb/s

    30 kHz p/4 DQPSK 48.6 kb/s

    1250 kHz
    QPSK/DQPSK

    Modulation Channel bit rate

    1.2288 Mb/s

    Digital Cellular Phone Systems (Cont.)


    System IS-54 Portable txmit power 600 mW/ Max/avg. 200mW Speech coding VSELP Speech rate (Kbps) 7.95 Ch. coding 1/2 rate conv. Frame (ms) 40 IS-95(DS) 600 mW/ 600 mW QCELP 8 (var.) 1/2 rate fwd 1/3 rate rev. 20 GSM900/1800 1W/ 125 mW RPE-L TP 13 1/2 rate conv. 4.615

    13

    IS-136 DAMPS (1/2)


    Also referred to as digital AMPS (DAMPS), American Digital Cellular (ADC), North American TDMA (NA-TDMA), or even TDMA. The successor of IS-54 (IS-54c == IS-136) About four months to create the IS-54 specifications. The same frequency spectrum as AMPS. Also defined for 1850 1990 PCS spectrum.

    IS-136 DAMPS (2/2)


    FDMA TDMA (Time Division multiple Access) / FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) technology Carrier spacing = 30kHz. 3 channels (time slots) per frequency carrier Speech coding rate: 7.95 kbps Capacity: about 3 times that of AMPS Roaming management standard: EIA/TIA IS-41 Service area: North America

    14

    IS-95 cdmaOne (1/2)


    Developed by Qualcomm Operating in US and Korea since 1996. DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence Code Division multiple Access) / FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) technology About two years to create the IS-95 specifications. Frequency bands
    AMPS (824 894 MHz) PCS (1850 1990 MHz)

    IS-95 cdmaOne (2/2)


    Carrier Spacing: 1.25 MHz Capacity: 3 6 times than that of TDMA, 10 times than that of AMPS. (4 5 times than that of GSM, 8 10 times than that of AMPS). Speech coding rate: 13 or 8 kbps Roaming management standard: EIA/TIA IS-41 Service area: North America, South Korea, China

    15

    Cordless Phone Systems


    System CT2 CT2+ Duplexing TDD Frequency band 864-868 (MHz) 944-948 Carrier spacing 100 (KHz) Number of 40 carriers Bearer channel 1 /carrier Channel bit rate 72 (kbps) Modulation GFSK Speech coding 32 kbps Average handset 5 TX power (mW) Peak handset 10 TX power (mW) Frame duration 2 (ms) DECT TDD 18801900 1728 10 12 1152 GFSK 32 kbps 10 250 10 PHS TDD 18951918 300 77 4 384 /4 QPSK 32 kbps 10 80 5 PACS FDD 1850-1910/ 1930-1990 300/300 16 pairs/ 10 MHz 8/pair 384 /4 QPSK 32 kbps 25 200 2.5

    CT2
    Developed in Europe Available since 1989 FDMA / TDD (Time Division Duplexing) technology Speech coding rate: 32kbps Data rate: 2.4 4.8 kbps Max Tx power: 10mW. Do not support handoff Do not support call-delivery (call-termination) CT2+ supports call-delivery

    16

    DECT (1/2)
    DECT specifications were published in 1992 Pico-cell design Digital system; TDMA/TDD technology 12 frequency channels/frequency carrier Sleep mode is employed to conserve the power of MSs. Time slot transfer: DECT may move a conversation from one time slot to another to avoid interference

    DECT (2/2)
    Supports seamless handoff Speech coding rate: 32 kbps Supports dynamic channel allocation Typically implemented as a wirelessPBX connected to the PSTN Can interwork with GSM to allow users mobility, where the GSM handsets provide DECT connection capability.

    17

    PHS (1/2)
    Developed by the Research and Development Center for Radio System (RCR) in Japan Digital system Offer services for homes, offices (1895 1906.1 MHz), and outdoor (1906.11918.1 MHz) environments TDMA / TDD technology Carrier spacing: 300 kHz 4 time slots/frequency carrier

    PHS (2/2)
    Supports sleep mode Supports dynamic channel allocation PHS utilizes dedicated control channels to carry system and signaling information Speech coding rate: 32 kbps User mobility: up to 100 km/hr Data rate
    Current stage: up to 64 kbps (Taiwan) Future: 128 kbsp 512 kbps 3G

    18

    PACS
    Developed at Telcordia (formerly Bellcore) Designed for Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and PCS TDMA/FDD or TDMA/TDD technology 8 voice channels/frequency carrier Speech coding rate: 32 kbps Mobile-controlled handoff (MCHO) Roaming management: IS-41-like protocol Supports both circuit-based and packet-based access protocol User mobility: up to 38 miles/hr

    Data Services in DECT


    DECT data link layer is designed for circuit and packer mode services
    in the packet mode, it is possible to allocate multiple time slots to SUs

    19

    Mobile Data Systems


    DataTAC/Ardis: IBM, Motorola -1983 MobiTex/RAM: Ericsson, Bellsouth 1989 CDPD: Open System (IBM, AT&T) 1993 GPRS: ETSI

    Mobile Data Systems (cont.)


    System Freq. Band (MHz) Channel spacing (KHz) Protocol Data rate (Kbps) Throughput (Kbps) Specification DataTAC 800 12.5/25 RD-LAP 4.8/19.2 2.2/12.0 Closed MobiTex 900, 400 12.5/25 MPAKS 8/16 4-5 Closed CDPD 800 30 TCP/IP 19.2 9.6-14.4 Open

    20

    GPRS (1/2)
    GSM data services
    Short Message Services (SMS) Bearer Services: 9.6 kbps (14.4 kbps for Phase 2+, 1996) circuit-switched data High Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD): 9.6 - 115.2 kbps (Phase 2+, 1997) GPRS

    GSM Phase 2+ for GPRS was completed in 1998. Provides best-effort packet-switched service External Network: X.25, Internet (TCP/IP)

    GPRS (2/2)
    Up to 8 time slots can be assigned to a single user Coding schemes:
    CS-1: 9.06 kbps CS-2: 13.4 kbps CS-3: 13.6 kbps CS-4: 21.4 kbps (no channel coding)

    Data rate: (9.06, 13.4, 15.6, 21.4, depends on channel coding) x (1 to 8) ==> 171.2 kbps (max) Additional equipments are introduced in GPRS
    Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Packet Control Unit (PCU)

    21

    GPRS Architecture
    VLR BTS BTS BSC MSC HLR MH SGSN IP Network X.25 Network PSTN

    BTS

    GGSN

    MH BTS BSC

    Mobile Host Base Transceiver Station Base Station Controller

    MSC VLR HLR


    PSTN

    Mobile Switching Center Visitor Location Register Home Location Register/GPRS Registry Public Switched Telephone Network

    SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node


    GGSN

    Gateway GPRS Support Node

    22

    You might also like