Complete the sentences with one [Link]'t use if.

Supposing we can't find a taxi, how will we get home?

(1) My father has agreed to lend me the money ________ pay it back by the end of the year.
(2) ____________if I had played my best, I still wouldn't have beaten him.
(3) I'll tell you what happened to the car, as_________as you promise not to be cross with
me.
(4) _________the rebels not surrendered, there would have been a lot more casualties.
(5) The company will only employ me __________ condition that I sign a two-year contract.
(6) We've decided we're going to go ahead with the event ________we sell all the tickets or
not.
(7) Amy will only get back together with her boyfriend on ______that he apologizes.
(8) _________we do buy a dog, who's going to take it for walks?
(9) I can meet you for lunch on Friday provided _________I don't have any meetings.
(10) ________the plane not caught fire, there would have been more survivors.

1 provided / providing 2 Even 3 long 4 Had 5 on 6 whether 7 condition 8 Supposing /

Suppose 9 that 10 Had
Complete the sentences using the bold word.
Don't get angry with the doctor. That won't help. point
There's no point getting angry with the doctor.
We haven't got much time so we can't do any more shopping. enough
We don’t have enough time to do any more shopping.
I hate it when someone wakes me up [Link]
I hate being woken up suddenly.
Are you sorry you didn't study harder at school? regret
Do you regret not studying harder at school?
I love it when people help me in the kitchen even when I don't ask them. without
I love it when people help me in the kitchen without being asked them.
I really wish I'd been able to go to your birthday party. love
I would have to have gone to your birthday party.
The children look as if they're having a good time, don’t you think? seem
The children seem to be having a good time, don’t you think?
I'm hoping to have the operation as soon as possible. hope
My hope is to have as soon as possible.

32.2
Rewrite the sentences using nouns instead of the verbs in bold and beginning as shown.
1. Harkov contends that continued population growth will be a more serious problem than
global warming, but this is not accepted by many scientists. (Harkov's ...)
2. 'Global symmetry' states that the laws of physics take the same form when expressed in
terms of distinct variables. ('Global symmetry' is .)
3. The report implies that no individual government will ever be able to control the internet.
(The report makes ...)
4. Dudas demonstrates how dangerous genetic modification might be. (Dudas provides ...)
5. Groot emphasises the role of schools in preventing teenage drug abuse. (Groot puts ...)
6. Lenard observes that women use expressions such as 'you know' in English more than
men but this was later proved to be inaccurate. (Lenard's ...)
7. Plana explained the possible origins of the pyramids in Guelcoga but this has been
disputed by Ruiz. (Plana's ...)
8. Wilson describes the ancient alphabet of the Guelcoga people. (Wilson gives .)
9. Wu argues that daylight-saving time should be extended throughout the year. (Wu
puts ...)
10. The President asserts that he cares about fighting poverty. (The President makes ...)

40.2
Rewrite these sentences by changing the words in bold so they are less formal. Remember
that both formal and informal styles may be correct, but that it may not always be
appropriate to be informal.
1. We need to consider family income too, but I'll return to that later.
2. So, to proceed to the next point, I'll omit item 4 on the handout and instead talk about
number 5 in greater detail.
3. I'll try to finish by 3.30, but don't feel you need to ask permission to leave if you have a
class or other appointment to go to.
4. There is a handout being distributed and I have some further copies too if anyone wants
them.
5. I'll finish there as my time has come to an end.
6. We didn't want to make people uncomfortable by having a camera in the room.
Nevertheless, we did want to video as many of the sessions as possible.
7. I'd like to return to a point I made earlier about river management.
8. So, I believe our experiments have been successful. I shall end there. Thank you.
9. To return to the problem of large class sizes, I'd like to look at a study carried out in
Australia in 2002.
10. I'll try not to exceed my time, so I'll speak for 30 minutes, to allow time for questions at
the end.
32.2
1. Harkov's contention that continued population growth will be a more serious problem
than global warming is not accepted by many scientists.
2. 'Global symmetry' is a statement that the laws of physics take the same form when
expressed in terms of distinct variables.
3. The report makes the implication that no individual government will ever be able to
control the internet.
4. Dudas provides a demonstration of / as to how dangerous genetic modification might
be.
5. Groot puts an emphasis on the role of schools in preventing teenage drug abuse.
6. Lenard's observation that women use expressions such as 'you know' in English more
than men was later proved to be inaccurate.
7. Plana's explanation of the possible origins of the pyramids in Guelcoga has been
disputed by Ruiz.
8. Wilson gives a description of the ancient alphabet of the Guelcoga people.
9. Wu puts (forward) the argument that daylight-saving time should be extended
throughout the year.
10. The President makes the assertion that he cares about fighting poverty.
40.2
1. We need to consider family income too, but I'll come back to that later.
2. So, moving on, I'll skip item 4 on the handout and instead talk about number 5 in
more detail.
3. I'll try to finish by 3.30, but feel free to leave if you have a class or other appointment
to go to.
4. There is a handout going round and I have some extra/spare copies too if anyone
wants them.
5. I'll finish there as my time has run out.
6. We didn't want to make people uncomfortable by having a camera in the room.
Having said that, we did want to video as many of the sessions as possible.
7. I'd like to go back to a point I made earlier about river management.
8. So, I believe our experiments have been successful. That's all I have to say. Thank
you.
9. Going back to / To go back to / Getting back to the problem of large class sizes, I'd
like to look at a study done in Australia in 2002.
10. I'll try not to go over time, so I'll speak for 30 minutes, to leave time for questions at
the end.
Purpose
This report is submitted in support of our request for a loan to allow "Veggies and Stuff"
vegetarian catering company to expand into a more competitive market. The information below
contains details of why we believe that expansion is necessary and how the loan will be put to
use in order to achieve our goals.
Reasons for Expansion
"Veggies and Stuff" is currently a home-based business which prepares vegetarian dishes
for small private functions. Recently, however, we have received requests to cater for larger
functions that we have had to refuse due to inadequate working space, lack of equipment and
insufficient staff. It has also come to our attention that there are no other exclusively vegetarian
catering companies in the area, which suggests there is a gap in the market that needs to be filled.
New Premises
As previously mentioned, the premises that the company is occupying at present simply
are not adequate to cater for anything larger than a dinner party. For this reason, £50,000 of the
loan will be spent on the down payment for the purchase of an old bakery which will be
transformed into a large kitchen. This sum will also cover the acquisition of new kitchen
equipment.
Vehicles
A further problem which the company is currently facing is that of transportation.
Presently, "Veggies and Stuff' has only one car and, as a result, several journeys are usually
required to take all the food to a function. We believe that £40,000 should cover the cost of
purchas- ing two refridgerated vans which will be used to transport the food. Finally, in order to
cope with the anticipated increase in demand, "Veggies and Stuff" will need to increase the
number of kitchen staff from two to five and delivery staff from one to two. The sum of £15,000
will sufficiently cover the wages of these new company members until "Veggies and Stuff" starts
making a
Conclusion
I hope that the plans outlined in this report are clear and meet with your approval. The
company has consulted an accountant who agrees that "Veggies and Stuff' should begin to make
a profit by January of next year and be able to start repaying the loan by next July at the latest.
 The human brain
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It produces our every thought,
action, memory, feeling and experience of the world. This jelly-like mass of tissue, weighing
around 1.4 kilograms, contains a staggering one hundred billion nerve cells, or neurons. Each
neuron can make contact with tens of thousands of others, via tiny structures called synapses.
Our brains form a million new connections for every second of our lives. The pattern and
strength of the connections is constantly changing and no two brains are alike. It is in these
changing connections that memories are stored, habits learned and personalities shaped, by
reinforcing certain patterns of brain activity, and losing [Link] people often speak of their
'grey matter', the brain also contains white matter. The grey matter is the cell bodies of the
neurons, while the white matter is the branching network of thread-like tendrils called dendrites
and axons - that spread out from the cell bodies to connect to other neurons. The brain also has
another, more numerous type of cell, called glial cells. These outnumber neurons ten times over.
Once thought to be support cells, they are now known to amplify neural signals and to be as
important as neurons in mental calculations. There are many different types of neuron, only one
of which is unique to humans and the other great apes, the so-called spindle cells. Brain structure
is formed partially by genes, but largely by experience. Only relatively recently it was discovered
that new brain cells are being born throughout our lives - a process called neurogenesis. The
brain has bursts of growth and then periods of consolidation, when excess connections are
pruned. The most notable bursts are in the first two or three years of life, during puberty, and
also a final burst in young adulthood. How a brain ages also depends on genes and lifestyle too.
Exercising the brain and giving it the right diet can be just as important as it is for the rest of the
body. The neurons in our brains communicate in a variety of ways. Signals pass between them
by the release and capture of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator chemicals. Some
neurochemicals work in the synapse, passing specific messages from release sites to collection
sites, called receptors. Others also spread their influence more widely, like a radio signal, making
whole brain regions more or less sensitive.
Choose the correct word to complete each sentence. Look for words that the underlined
words combine with in the article.
1. The skin is the largest organ in the ______body.
2. Psychologists disagree as to how exactly memories are ______ in the brain.
3. Humans share almost all of their genes with the other ____apes such as gorillas.
4. As children become young adults they have _______ of growth.
5. It is important that animals in captivity are given the ______ diet.
6. People have approached the problem in a variety of _______.
2 Find words in the text which have an opposite meaning:
1 simple (para 1) 4 are fewer than (para 2) 7 initial (para 3)
2 converge (para 2) 5 diminish (para 2) 8 general (para 4)
3 scarce (para 2) 6 wholly (para 3) 9 restrict (para 4)

Reading and vocabulary 4

1 The skin is the largest organ in the human body.
2 Psychologists disagree as to how exactly memories are stored in the brain.
3 Humans share almost all of their genes with the other great apes such as gorillas
4 As children become young adults they have bursts of growth
5 It is important that animals in captivity are given the right diet.
6 People have approached the problem in a variety of ways.

2 1 complex 4
outnumber
2 spread out
amplify
3 numerous
6 partially
7 final
8 specific
9 spread