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ECE334 Lab3

This document describes experiments performed on rectifier and voltage doubler circuits. Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers were tested using diodes and capacitors to convert alternating current to pulsating direct current. The full-wave rectifier was able to utilize the entire input signal in both half cycles, while the half-wave rectifier only used half. A voltage doubler circuit was also tested, which outputs a direct current voltage equal to twice the peak input voltage through the use of diodes and capacitors. The results of measuring voltage levels supported the theoretical expectations for each circuit.

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109 views

ECE334 Lab3

This document describes experiments performed on rectifier and voltage doubler circuits. Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers were tested using diodes and capacitors to convert alternating current to pulsating direct current. The full-wave rectifier was able to utilize the entire input signal in both half cycles, while the half-wave rectifier only used half. A voltage doubler circuit was also tested, which outputs a direct current voltage equal to twice the peak input voltage through the use of diodes and capacitors. The results of measuring voltage levels supported the theoretical expectations for each circuit.

Uploaded by

star8969
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rectifiers and Voltage Doublers

Sayed Taher Zewari ECE 334- 201 Lab No. 3 02/14/01

Rectifiers and Voltage Doublers


I. Introduction
The purpose of this part of the lab is to investigate the characteristics of a circuit using superposition principle with both dependent and independent voltage sources

II. Background Information


Rectification: The conversion of alternating current to direct current is called rectification. Ratification can be accomplished in different ways, but most commonly depends on the usage of diodes or commutators. Diodes are generally used for electronic-circuit rectification; commutators are used in motors and generators when direct current is needed. The diode conducts current in only one direction. Therefore, when a diode is placed in a circuit where alternating current flows, the output is pulsating direct current. A rectifier is a two terminal junction diode that converts alternating current into direct current. As a class rectifiers are considered to be capable of conducting 1 A or more of current of dissipating 1 W or more of power. Most semiconductor rectifiers today are made from silicon. The Voltage Doubler makes it possible to use a transformer with a lower step up ratio than would be need if an ordinary full wave supply were used. Voltage doublers are sometime used in radio-frequencyactuated circuits to obtain the control voltage. Voltage doubler circuits are not generally sued when excellent regulation is needed, or when the current drain is high.

III. Materials Used


The following materials were used in this lab: resistors of 10 k, 100 k resistance, function generator, capacitor of value 100 F, 10 F, 1 F, oscilloscope, and the bread board on the Heathkit Trainer.

IV. Procedure
A. Half Wave Rectifier 1. Setup the following circuit with the capacitor value of 100 F:
D1 1
V

1N5814

VOFF = 0 VAMPL = 10V FREQ = 500Hz

V1

R1 10k

C1 100u

The circuit is also simulated with 10uF and 1uF capacitors

3 2. Connect the input to the function generator and supply a voltage of 10 Vpp and frequency of 500 Hz. 3. Connect the input of the circuit to the oscilloscope (ch1). 4. On the oscilloscope observe and measure the input waveform. The input should be 10 Vpp. 5. Connect the second channel (ch2) of the oscilloscope to the Vo . 6. On the oscilloscope change the switch (AC GND DC) to AC. 7. Again on the oscilloscope (ch 2) observe and measure the waveform that is the ripple voltage and is in the shape of sawtooth waveform. 8. Repeat the process with capacitor values of 10 F and 1 F. B. Full Wave Rectifier 1. Setup the following circuit:
V

D1 2 1 R2 100k 1 D3 1 2 1N5814 1N5814

2 D2 1N5814
V

V1 VOFF = 0 VAMPL = 10V FREQ = 500Hz

D4 1N5814

2. Connect the input to the function generator and supply a voltage of 10 Vpp and frequency of 500 Hz. 3. Connect the input of the circuit to the oscilloscope (ch1). 4. On the oscilloscope observe and measure the input waveform. The input should be 10 Vpp. 5. Using probe connected to second channel (ch2) of the oscilloscope measure the voltage of the marked points with respect to the signal generator and ground.

C. Voltage doubler 1. Setup the following circuit:


C2 10u D2 2 1 1N5814

V1 VOFF = 0 VAMPL = 10V FREQ = 500Hz 1 D1 2 1N5814 C1 10u

2. Connect the input to the function generator and supply a voltage of 10 Vpp and frequency of 500 Hz. 3. Connect the input of the circuit to the oscilloscope (ch1). 4. On the oscilloscope observe and measure the input waveform. The input should be 10 Vpp. 5. Using probe connected to second channel (ch2) of the oscilloscope measure the voltage of the marked points with respect to the signal generator and ground.

V. Results
A. Half Wave Rectifier Frequency (Hz) Vin (Vpp) Resistance (K ) Capacitance (F) Ripple Voltage (V) 0.0065 0.08 0.8 Ripple factor 0.0013 0.016 0.16

500 10 10 100 F 500 10 10 10 F 500 10 10 1 F The ripple factor above is calculated using the following formula: Ripple factor = (Ripple voltage) / (peak input voltage )

B. Full Wave Rectifier Frequency (Hz) Vin (Vpp) 500 10 500 10 500 10 500 10

Resistance (K ) 100 100 100 100

Position 1, 2, 5 4, 7 3 6

Voltage (V) 10 0 5 5

C. Voltage doubler Frequency (Hz) Vin (Vpp) 500 10

Vout (Vpp)

VI. Conclusion and Observations


A. Half Wave Rectifier As was expected the half wave rectifier utilizes only half of the input signal. A look at the experimental data and graphs as well as the PSpice simulations will show that the theoretical and experimental values are in very good agreement. In both experimental and simulation we can observe that the ripple voltage decreases with increase in capacitance or vice versa. This is expected because the addition of the capacitor in the circuit serves to stabilize and reduce the ripple voltage. The higher the capacitance the lower the ripple voltage. The more the ripple voltage is reduced a better constant signal will be obtained. Whenever input voltage is higher than the capacitor voltage, the diode conducts and the capacitor charges. When voltage drops below the capacitor voltage, the capacitor tries to discharge through the diode, but is unable to do so. The diode becomes an open circuit and the capacitor discharges through the load resistor until the input voltage again becomes higher than the capacitor voltage. The difference between the maximum and minimum voltages across the load is called the ripple voltage.

B. Full Wave Rectifier It can be clearly seen that in the half- wave rectifier, we lost half of the signal. To take advantage of the entire input signal we use the full-wave rectifier. The full-wave rectifier uses four diodes to ensure that current always flows the same way through a resistor. Unlike the half-wave rectifier (which cuts the current for half the cycle), the full-wave rectifier allows current flow for both positive and negative source voltages. It can be observed that when the input voltage is in its positive cycle, the two diodes, D1 and D4, are on while the other two diodes, D2 and D3, are off and current flows in the direction through the resistor as indicated by the arrow in the figure 2. When the input voltage is in its negative cycle, D2 and D3 are on while D1 and D4 are off, and current flows in the same direction through the resistor as indicated by the arrow in the figure 2. So, during both halves of the cycle current flows through the load resistor in the same direction, and the entire signal is used. C. Voltage doubler As it can be observed in both experimental and PSpice simulation, the circuit of figure 3 acts as a voltage doubler. It has an AC input voltage but puts out a DC voltage equal to twice the peak value of its input. Once the diode D1 is on, the voltage across the capacitor C1 is just a constant DC voltage. In the same time when the input voltage is doubled the current is also reduces and there will b a time when no current flows.

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