NETWORK ANALYSIS PRACTICAL VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS

LIST OF QUESTIONS: COMMON QUESTIONS:

1) What do you mean by distributed parameter? 2) What do you mean by lumped parameter? 3) What do you mean by linear element? 4) What do you mean by non-linear element? 5) What do you mean by unilateral element? 6) What do you mean by bilateral element? 7) What does deactivating a source means? 8) Why do we replace voltage source with a short circuit for calculating Rth? 9) What do you mean by load? 10) Which quantity is same in series circuit? 11) Which quantity is same in parallel circuit? 12) What do you mean by ideal voltage source? 13) What do you mean by ideal current source? 14) What do you mean by practical voltage source? 15) What do you mean by practical current source? 16) When the digital multimeter read voltage with negative sign, at that time the point at which red probe you have connected is at __________ potential? 17) What does it mean when the digital multimeter read voltage or current with negative sign? 18) Why do we connect ammeter in series? 19) Why do we connect voltmeter in parallel? 20) What do you mean by resistance? 21) What do you mean by impedance? 22) Which color wire is the positive terminal of multimeter? 23) Which color wire is the negative terminal of the multimeter? 24) Can we connect two ideal voltage sources of different values in parallel with each other? Justify your answer?

25) Can we connect two ideal current sources of different values in series with each other? Justify your answer? 26) What are the different types of dependent sources? Name them? 27) Name any one example of voltage controlled voltage source? 28) Name any one example of voltage controlled current source? 29) Name any one example of current controlled voltage source? 30) Name any one example of current controlled voltage source?

KIRCHHOFFS LAWS:

1) 2) 3) 4)

State Kirchhoffs voltage law? State Kirchhoffs current law? State Ohms law? Which law is required for applying Kirchhoffs voltage law to a closed path if we know only resistances and current flowing in that path? 5) Is Kirchhoff voltage law applicable to loop containing open in it? 6) Are Kirchhoffs laws applicable to A.C circuits? If yes what type of summation we have to take in ac circuits? 7) How can you find out voltage rise or voltage drop or positive and negative sign using multimeter? 8) How can you find out direction of current using multimeter? 9) If voltage rise is taken as positive then voltage drop is taken as________? 10) If incoming current is taken as negative then outgoing current is taken as ____________?

THEVENINS THEOREM:

1) Explain in brief how to Thevenize the given circuit? 2) Is Thevenins theorem applicable to A.C circuits? 3) Name the material used or equipments required for performing Thevenins theorem experiment? 4) How do we measure Rth practically? 5) How do we measure Vth practically? 6) How do we calculate Rth theoretically? 7) How do we calculate Vth theoretically? 8) What do you mean by Rth of a circuit? 9) State Thevenins theorem? 10) How do we find out Thevenins resistance of a network containing dependent sources? 11) Name any two example of practical voltage source? 12) How do you perform Thevenins theorem? 13) Is Thevenins theorem applicable to non-linear circuit? 14) How do you transform voltage source to current source? 15) Is Thevenins theorem applicable to circuit containing dependent sources? 16) What is the value of the source used in performing this experiment? 17) What is the application of this theorem? 18) While calculating Rth, all the current sources in the circuit are replaces by ___________. 19) While calculating Rth, all the voltage sources in the circuit are replaces by ___________.

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

1) How do you perform superposition theorem? 2) Is superposition theorem applicable to A.C circuits? 3) Name the material used or equipments required for performing superposition theorem experiment? 4) In superposition theorem when deactivate voltage source why we replace it with a short circuit? 5) In superposition theorem when deactivate current source why we replace it with an open circuit? 6) Superposition theorem is applicable to circuit containing any number of linear independent sources? True or false? 7) State superposition theorem? 8) What does deactivating a source means? 9) What do you mean by load? 10) Is superposition theorem applicable to non-linear circuit? 11) What are values of two sources used to perform this experiment? 12) Can the superposition theorem be applied tom determine power in an element of a circuit? 13) When superposition theorem is applied dependent source is always active? Why? 14) What is the condition for number of sources so that superposition theorem can be applied? 15) What do you mean by response? 16) While applying superposition theorem response is always current? True or false? 17) On which two principles superposition theorem is based? 18) An ideal voltage source should have ______________ source resistance. 19) An ideal voltage source should have ______________ source resistance. 20) An ideal current source should have ______________ source resistance.

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

1) How do you perform maximum power transfer theorem? 2) Is maximum power transfer theorem applicable to A.C circuits? 3) Name the material used or equipments required for performing maximum power transfer theorem experiment? 4) Under what condition maximum power is delivered to the load resistance in a circuit containing only resistances? 5) Under what condition maximum power is delivered to the load in ac circuit or circuit containing impedance? 6) Name any few applications of maximum power transfer theorem? 7) State maximum power transfer theorem? 8) What do you mean by load? 9) Why do we replace voltage source with a short circuit for calculating Rth? 10) What do you mean by resistance of a circuit? 11) What do you mean by impedance of a circuit? 12) Name any one practical application of maximum power transfer theorem? 13) What is the value of the source used in performing this experiment? 14) What is the application of this theorem? 15) What is the range of load resistance in this experiment? 16) Can we change the value of Vth in the trainer by changing value of any other element? 17) Can we change the value of Rth in the trainer by changing value of any other element? 18) Is this theorem applicable to AC circuits? 19) Is this theorem applicable to non-linear circuits? 20) Is this theorem applicable to bilateral circuits? 21) Is this theorem applicable to distributed elements circuits? 22) Is this theorem applicable to circuits containing dependent sources? 23) Is this theorem applicable to time variant circuits? 24) Under what condition maximum power is delivered to load in case of AC circuits?

RECIPROCITY THEOREM:

1) State reciprocity theorem? 2) Which color wire is the positive terminal of multimeter? 3) How do you perform reciprocity theorem? 4) Which color wire is the negative terminal of the multimeter? 5) Which quantity is same in series circuit? 6) Which quantity is same in parallel circuit? 7) What do you mean by ideal voltage source? 8) What do you mean by ideal current source? 9) What do you mean by practical voltage source? 10) Is reciprocity theorem applicable to AC circuits? 11) Is reciprocity theorem applicable to non-linear circuit? 12) Is reciprocity theorem applicable to circuit containing unilateral elements? 13) What do you mean by practical current source? 14) What does it mean when the meter read voltage or current with negative sign?

NORTONS THEOREM:

1) What does it mean when the meter read voltage or current with negative sign? 2) Why do we connect ammeter in series? 3) Why do we connect voltmeter in parallel? 4) Is Nortons theorem applicable to non-linear circuit? 5) Is Nortons theorem applicable to AC circuits? 6) Nortons equivalent is dual of _____________? 7) How do you transform current source to voltage source? 8) Why do we use network theorems? 9) Is Nortons theorem applicable to circuit containing dependent sources? 10) What is the value of the source used in performing this experiment? 11) What is the application of this theorem?

TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS:

1) Name any 2, two port network devices? 2) Do we analyze or look inside construction of two port network for practically

measuring two port parameters? 3) Define a port, in context with network analysis? 4) Which condition is to be satisfied for two terminals to become a port? 5) Why h-parameters are called hybrid parameters? 6) Name any 2 example of one port network? 7) Which network theorem equivalent can be considered as one-port network model? 8) What do you mean by balanced - network? 9) What do you mean by balanced T- network? 10) What do you mean by symmetrical - network? 11) What do you mean by symmetrical T- network? 12) What do you mean by unsymmetrical - network? 13) What do you mean by unsymmetrical T- network? 14) What do you mean by unbalanced - network? 15) What do you mean by unbalanced T- network? 16) z-parameters are also called ________? 17) y-parameters are also called ________? 18) h-parameters are also called ________? 19) ABCD -parameters are also called ________? 20) What are equations for z-parameters? 21) What are equations for y-parameters? 22) What are equations for ABCD-parameters? 23) What are equations for h-parameters? 24) The parameter z11 is also called? 25) The parameter z12 is also called? 26) The parameter z21 is also called? 27) The parameter z22 is also called? 28) The parameter y11 is also called? 29) The parameter y12 is also called?

30) The parameter y21 is also called? 31) The parameter y22 is also called? 32) The parameter h11 is also called? 33) The parameter h12 is also called? 34) The parameter h21 is also called? 35) The parameter h22 is also called? 36) What is the value of the source used at input side this experiment? 37) What is the value of the source used at output side this experiment? 38) What is the application of z-parameters? 39) What is the application of y-parameters? 40) What is the application of ABCD-parameters? 41) What is the application of h-parameters? 42) The parameter A is also called? 43) The parameter B is also called? 44) The parameter C is also called? 45) The parameter D is also called? 46) How do you measure parameter Z11? 47) How do you measure parameter Z12? 48) How do you measure parameter Z21? 49) How do you measure parameter Z22? 50) How do you measure parameter Y11? 51) How do you measure parameter Y12? 52) How do you measure parameter Y21? 53) How do you measure parameter Y22? 54) How do you measure parameter A? 55) How do you measure parameter B? 56) How do you measure parameter C? 57) How do you measure parameter D? 58) How do you measure parameter h11? 59) How do you measure parameter h12? 60) How do you measure parameter h21? 61) How do you measure parameter h22? 62) What is the condition for reciprocity for Z-parameters?

63) What is the condition for symmetry for Z-parameters? 64) What is the condition for reciprocity for Y-parameters? 65) What is the condition for symmetry for Y-parameters? 66) What is the condition for reciprocity for h-parameters? 67) What is the condition for symmetry for h-parameters? 68) What is the condition for reciprocity for ABCD-parameters? 69) What is the condition for symmetry for ABCD-parameters?

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

1) The digital multimeter can measure resistance from 1 ohm to up to 2 mega ohms, DC voltage from 1 milli volt to 600 volt, DC current from 1 micro ampere to up to 10 ampere, AC voltage from 1 volt to 600 volt and it cannot measure AC current. 2) While measuring voltage, when the multimeter displays magnitude without any sign on left to it, at that time the point in a circuit at which you have connected red wire of multimeter is at positive or higher potential with respect to the point in a circuit at which you have connected black wire. So mark positive sign in circuit diagram to the point at which red wire is connected and negative sign to the point at which black wire is connected.

3) While measuring voltage, when the multimeter displays magnitude with negative sign on left to it, at that time the point in a circuit at which you have connected red wire of multimeter is at negative or lower potential with respect to the point in a circuit at which you have connected black wire. So mark negative sign in circuit diagram to the point at which red wire is connected and positive sign to the point at which black wire is connected. 4) While measuring current, when the multimeter displays magnitude without any sign on left to it, at that time the current in a circuit in that branch flows from red wire of multimeter to black wire. So mark the direction of current in the circuit diagram from red to black.

5) While measuring current, when the multimeter displays magnitude with negative sign on left to it, at that time the current in a circuit in that branch flows from black wire of multimeter to red wire. So mark the direction of current in the circuit diagram from black to red.

6) While measuring any quantity, when the multimeter displays only H, on left corner, at that time press the grey color hold button, so that meter will come out of hold state and you will be able to measure any quantity.

7) While measuring any quantity, when the multimeter displays only I . , at that time the quantity you are measuring is out of range and hence extend the range by changing knob to higher range. 8) While measuring resistance of any element on trainer board always keep off the power to the trainer. 9) If you want to measure current beyond 200 mA then take out the red probe from right side and insert it into the left jack, doing this will increase the current range of the meter. 10) Whenever measuring any quantity, always start with the highest range available and then move to lower range till the meter displays reading. If meter shows out of range and move to one higher range.

TELLEGENS THEOREM:

1) 2) 3) 4)

State tellegens theorem? How do you perform tellegens theorem? Is tellegens applicable to AC circuits? Name the material used or equipments required for performing tellegens theorem experiment? 5) Is tellegens theorem applicable to all types of network containing lumped two terminal elements? 6) What is the application of tellegens theorem? 7) What is statement of tellegens theorem? 8) Tellegens theorem is based on which two basic laws? 9) When measuring current in any one branch in this experiment what care should be taken with all other branches? 10) What is the value of the source voltage used in performing this experiment? 11) Is this theorem applicable to AC circuits? 12) Is this theorem applicable to non-linear circuits? 13) Is this theorem applicable to bilateral circuits? 14) Is this theorem applicable to distributed elements circuits? 15) Is this theorem applicable to circuits containing dependent sources? 16) Is this theorem applicable to time variant circuits?

TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS:

1) What is time constant of series RC circuit? 2) What is time constant of series RL circuit? 3) What is time constant of parallel RC circuit? 4) What is time constant of parallel RL circuit? 5) What is time constant of series RLC circuit? 6) What is time constant of parallel RLC circuit? 7) Define time constant? 8) After how many time constant the circuit nearly reaches its steady state? 9) What type of response or what is the shape of response for source free RC circuit? 10) What type of response or what is the shape of response for source free RL circuit? 11) What do you mean by transient response? 12) What type of response or what is the shape of response for dc source driven RC circuit? 13) What type of response or what is the shape of response for source driven RC circuit?
14)

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM: SCOPE: Study and verification of Superposition Theorem. Network theorems are used to speed up the analysis of circuits. This theorem is very useful in the analysis of electric circuits containing more than one source. 1) 2mm Patch cords, 2) Digital Multimeter, 3) Superposition Theorem Kit.

APPRATUS:

THEORY: Statement: Superposition theorem states that "In any linear bilateral network containing two or more sources, the response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by individual sources acting alone, while the other sources are non-operative i.e., while considering the effect of individual sources, other ideal voltage sources and ideal current sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open circuit across their terminals. EXPLANATION: 1. Select only one source and replace all other sources by their internal resistances. (If the source is the ideal current source replace it by open circuit. if the source is the ideal voltage source replaces it by short circuit.) 2. Find the current and its direction through the desired branch. 3. Add all the branch currents according to their direction to obtain the actual branch current.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FOR BRANCH c-d:

FOR BRANCH e-f:

PROCEDURE: For branch c-d: 1) Connect the power supply cord of the kit in the socket. 2) Connect 12 V source in branch a-b i.e +12V at upper point and ground at the lower point in branch a-b with the help of 2mm patch cords. 3) Connect 5 V source in branch g-h i.e +5V at upper point and ground at the lower point in branch g-h with the help of 2mm patch cords. 4) Now short the open path in branch e-f with the help of patch cord. 5) Connect milliammeter in branch c-d. 6) Switch on the supply and note down the value and direction of the current in branch c-d. Mark this direction in the diagram. This current will be Icd 7) Now replace 12 V source with a short with patch cord and keep only 5 V source active. Again measure the value and note down direction of current in the branch c-d. this current will be Icd(5V). If the direction of current changes marks the direction same as before but note down reading with negative sign (draw another diagram for this condition). 8) Now connect 12 V source in the circuit replace 5 V source with a short. Again measure the value and note down direction of current in the branch c-d. this current will be Icd(12V). If the direction of current changes marks the direction same as before but note down reading with negative sign (draw another diagram for this condition). 9) Take the algebraic summation of Icd(5V) and Icd(12V) and compare it with Icd, both the values should come same. Do the calculation and verify superposition theorem.

For branch e-f: Repeat the procedure as written above for branch e-f. For this connect milliammeter in the branch e-f and short the branch c-d.

OBSERVATIONS:

Condition

Current flowing through branch c-d

Current flowing through branch e-f

When both the sources are acting

Icd = _______

Ief =_______

When only 5V source is acting

Icd(5V) =_______

Ief(5V) =_______

When only 12V source is acting

Icd(12V) =_______

Ief(12V) =_______

CALCULATIONS:

RESULTS/CONCLUSION: Hence we found that the algebraic summation of all the sources acting one at a time is approximately equal to the current when both the sources are acting simultaneously for both the branches CD and EF. Hence, superposition theorem is verified PRECAUTIONS:

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

Aim: Study and verification of the Nortons Theorem.

Equipments Needed :
1. Digital multimeter. 2. 2 mm patch cords.

Circuit Diagram:

Circuits used to study Nortons theorem is shown in figure above.

Theory: Nortons Theorem :

Norton Theorem is converse of Thevenins Theorem. It consists of equivalent current source instead of equivalent voltage source as we do in Thevenins theorem .The determination of internal resistance of the source network is identical in both the theorems. However, in final stage, i.e., in the Norton equivalent circuit, the current generator is placed in parallel to the internal resistance unlike to that in Thevenins theorem where the equivalent voltage source was placed in series with the internal resistance. Statement of Nortons Theorem :

A linear active network consists of independent and dependant voltage and current sources and linear bilateral network elements can be replaced by an equivalent circuit, consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistance. The current source being the short circuited current across the load terminal and the resistance being the internal resistance of the source network, looking through the open circuited load terminals.

Figure 1 The Nortons equivalent circuit provides equivalence at the terminals only the internal construction and characteristics of the original network and the Norton equivalent are usually quite different. This theorem achieves two important objectives: 1. Provide a way to find any particular voltage or current in a linear network with one, two, or any other number of sources. 2. We can concentrate on a specific portion of a network by replacing the remaining network with an equivalent circuit.

Procedure :
1. Connect a 2mm patch cord between +5V supply and terminal 1, and ground to Ground. 2. Measure current between terminals 2 and ground, for this, connect 2 and ground to + ve and ve terminals of the ammeter respectively provided on the board. It is the required practical value of Norton current IN. 3. Disconnect the 2 mm patch cord between terminals 1 and supply. 4. Connect terminals 1 and ground so as to replace source by its internal resistance (assuming it negligible). 5. Measure resistance between terminals 2 and ground using multimeter. It is the required practical value of Norton's equivalent resistance RN. 6. Now set the value of RL at one fixed value in both original and nortons equivalent network same and equal. 7. Connect a 2mm patch cord between terminals 1 and supply and Gnd to Gnd socket. 8. Connect an ammeter between terminals 2 and 3 to measure load current IL flowing through load resistance of original circuit. 9. Connect an ammeter between terminals 4 and 5 and examine the value. This current is same as IN of the Norton circuit.

10. Connect a 2 mm patch cord between terminals 4 and 5 and between terminals 8 and 9. 11. Connect an ammeter between terminals 6 and 7 to measure load current (IL) flowing through load resistance of Nortons equivalent circuit. 12. Compare load current (IL) flowing through both of the load resistances and also with the theoretical values of IL calculated.

OBSERVATIONS:
1) Practically measured value of RN = __________ 2) Practical measured value of IN = __________ 3) Value of RL set in original and nortons equivalent network = ________ 4) Practical value of IL measured from original network = ___________ 5) Practical value of IL measured from nortons equivalent network = ___________ 6) Theoretically calculated value of RN = ________ 7) Theoretical calculated value of IN = ________ 8) RL set (this same value should be used in theoretical calculations) = _______ 9) Theoretically calculated value of IL = ________

Equivalent circuit diagram:

Result :
1) Theoretical value of Nortons current IN = .. 2) Practical value of Nortons current IN =... 3) Theoretical value of Nortons equivalent resistance RN = 4) Practical value of Norton's equivalent resistance RN = . _________ (Yes/No), the value of current flowing through the load resistance in both of the cases is approximately equal. Hence Nortons theorem is verified.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2 Aim:

Verification of the Thevenins Theorem 1. Digital multimeter. 2. 2 mm patch cords.

Equipments Needed :

Circuit Diagram :

Theory :
Thevenins Theorem : This theorem is possibly the most extensively used network theorem. It is applicable where it is desired to determine the current through or voltage across any one element in a network without going through the rigorous method of solving a set of network equations. Statement of Thevenins Theorem : Any two-terminal bilateral linear DC circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source and a series resistor.

Figure 1 The Thevenins equivalent circuit provides equivalence at the terminals only - the internal construction and characteristics of the original network and the Thevenins equivalent are usually quite different. This theorem achieves two important objectives : Provide a way to find any particular voltage or current in a linear network with one, two, or any other number of sources. We can concentrate on a specific portion of a network by replacing the remaining network with an equivalent circuit.

Procedure :
1. Set the value of RL at one fixed value in both original and thevenins equivalent network same and equal. 2. Connect +12V, DC power supplies at their indicated position using patch cords. 3. Measure voltage between terminals 2 & 4 using voltmeter, for this connect terminal 2 to the + terminal of DC Voltmeter and 4 to ve terminal. It is the required practical value of Thevenin's equivalent voltage (VTH). 4. Disconnect the patch cord between terminals 1 to +12V and Gnd to Gnd. 5. Connect test point 1 & Gnd (of circuit) so as to replace source by its internal resistance (assuming it negligible). 6. Measure resistance between terminals 2 & 4 using multimeter. It is the required practical value of Thevenin's equivalent resistance RTH. 7. Connect a 2mm patch cord between terminals 1 and supply and Gnd to Gnd socket. 8. Connect an ammeter between terminals 2 and 3 to measure load current IL flowing through load resistance of original circuit. 9. Now connect 2 mm patch cords between +5v supply and terminal 5 of thevenins equivalent network and ground to ground. 10. connect milliammeter between terminals 6 and 7 of equivalent network and measure the load current IL flowing through load resistance RL of thevenins equivalent network. 11. Compare load current (IL) flowing through both of the load resistances and also with the theoretical values of IL calculated.

OBSERVATIONS:
1) Value of RL set in original and Thevenins equivalent network = ________ 2) Practical measured value of VTH = __________ 3) Practically measured value of RTH = __________ 4) Practical value of IL measured from original network = ___________ 5) Practical value of IL measured from Thevenins equivalent network = ___________ 6) Theoretically calculated value of RTH = ________ 7) Theoretical calculated value of VTH = ________ 8) RL set (this same value should be used in theoretical calculations) = _______ 9) Theoretically calculated value of IL = ________

Nortons Equivalent circuit diagram:

Result :
Theoretical value of Thevenins voltage VTH = .. Practical value of Thevenins voltage VTH =... Theoretical value of Thevenins equivalent resistance RTH = Practical value of Thevenins equivalent resistance RTH = . _________ (Yes/No), the value of current flowing through the load resistance in both of the cases is approximately equal. Hence Thevenins theorem is verified.

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM: SIGNIFICANCE: Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem. Network theorems are used to speed up the analysis of circuits. This is very important theorem for analyzing amplifier electronic circuits. 1) 2mm Patch cords, 2) Digital Multimeters, 3) Theorem Trainer Kit.

APPRATUS:

THEORY: DC Circuit: The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered from a source resistance to a load resistance when the load resistance is equal to the thevenins resistance as seen from load terminals. RTH = RL is the condition required for maximum power transfer. AC Circuit: a. The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered from a source impedance to load impedance when the load impedance is equal to the complex conjugate of the thevenins impedance as seen from load terminals. The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered from a source impedance to load resistance when the load resistance is equal to the magnitude of the thevenins resistance as seen from load terminals.

b.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1) 2)

3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

9)

Connect +12V, DC power supplies at their indicated position using patch cords. Measure voltage between terminals 2 & 4 using voltmeter, for this connect terminal 2 to the + terminal of DC Voltmeter and 4 to ve terminal. It is the required value of Thevenin's equivalent voltage (VTH). Disconnect the patch cord between terminals 1 to +12V and Gnd to Gnd. Connect test point 1 & Gnd (of circuit) so as to replace source by its internal resistance (assuming it negligible). Measure resistance between terminals 2 & 4 using multimeter. It is the required value of Thevenin's equivalent resistance RTH. Switch off the kit and set the value of RL less than RTH by connecting ohmmeter (multimeter) between terminals 2 and 3. Now connect ammeter (multimeter) between terminals 2 and 3, voltmeter between terminals 3 and 4 and measure value of IL and VL. Also calculate RL and power for this reading. Now increase RL such that it should become more than what we calculated in step 7 but less than RTH, this is going to be second reading. Once again read values of VL and IL from multimeter and calculate RL and power. Now set RL = RTH with the help of multimeter. And measure value of VL and IL and also calculate power for this reading.

10) Increase RL now it will become greater than RTH, note down reading of VL and IL and calculate RL and power for this reading. 11) Further Increase RL, note down reading of VL and IL and calculate RL and power for this reading. 12) Find out value of RL at which maximum power is getting transferred to load. OBSERVATIONS:

S.N

Voltage across load VL (V)

Current through load IL (mA)

Load resistance

Power PL (mW)

RL = VL / IL
(k )

PL = IL RL

1 RL < RTH 2 3 4 RL > RTH 5 RL = RTH

CALCULATIONS:

1) RL = VL / IL 2) PL = IL RL

GRAPH:

Plot the graph between RL versus PL, RL on x-axis and PL on y-axis.

RESULT: Hence, we found that in case of dc circuit maximum power is transferred to load when load resistance becomes equal to the thevenins resistance as seen from the two load terminals. And the value of maximum power in this case is ___________.

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
AIM: Study and Verification of the Reciprocity Theorem. 1) 2mm Patch cords, 2) Digital Multimeters, 3) Network Theorem Trainer Kit.

APPRATUS:

THEORY: According to this theorem, if some input (from either a current source or a Voltage source) is applied to a circuit which consist of Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors and Transformers including coupled circuits, the ratio of input to the response (output) in any element is constant, even when the position of input and output are interchanged, this is called the reciprocity theorem. Consider the network shown in figure1. (a-b) denotes the input terminal and (c-d) denotes the output terminal.

The application of voltage V across a-b produces current I at c-d. Now if the position of the source (input) and response (output) are interchanged by connecting voltage source across c-d, the resultant current I will be at terminal a-b. According to reciprocity theorem the ratio of input to the response is same in both the cases this theorem is also valid for network containing single current source. Following steps are used to verify this theorem. This theorem states that if a voltage V is applied to the input terminal a-b, a current I measured by milliammeter (mA) will be produced in another mesh, interchanging source V and miliammeter (mA) will produce same current I flow through milliammeter. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect + 5V DC power supply and Gnd using patch cords to terminals 1 and 8 respectively. 2) Connect 2 mm patch cords between terminal 2 and 7, 3 and 6. 3) Connect ammeter between terminal 4 and 5 to measure current flowing through branch GH in the presence of + 5V supply. 4) Switch On the power supply.

5) Measure the value of current flowing through branch GH in the presence of single voltage source of + 5V in branch AB. 5) Interchange the position of supply and ammeter i.e., remove 2 mm patch cord between terminal 1 and supply, 8 and Gnd, and ammeter from terminals 4 and 5 and connect 2 mm patch cords between terminals supply and 4, Gnd and 5, 2 and 7, 3 and 6. 6) Connect an ammeter between terminals 1 and 8 to measure current flowing through branch AB in presence of + 5V supply in branch GH. 7) Measure the value of current flowing through branch AB in presence of single voltage source of + 5V in branch GH. 8) Repeat above steps for the measurement of current flowing through any branch in the presence of voltage source of +12V in other branch also measure the current flow after interchanging position of supply and ammeter, as done above. 9) Compare the amount of current flowing in first branch, when the source is in second branch with the amount of current flow in second branch when the source is in first branch. NOTE: Take care of current direction and supply polarity while interchanging one by other. OBSERVATIONS: A) For 5 volt source: 1) Current through branch GH when 5V source is connected in branch AB, Igh = __________ After interchanging position of excitation and response i.e., now 2) Current through branch AB when 5V source is connected in branch GH, Iab = __________ B) For 12 volt source: 1) Current through branch GH when 12V source is connected in branch AB = __________ After interchanging position of excitation and response i.e., now 2) Current through branch AB when 12V source is connected in branch GH = __________ CALCULATIONS: A) For 5 volt source: 1) Ratio of 5V/Igh = _________ 2) Ratio of 5V/Iab = _________ B) For 12 volt source: 3) Ratio of 12V/Igh = _________ 4) Ratio of 12V/Iab = _________ RESULT: Hence we found that the amount of current flowing in branch one, when the source is in the second branch is equal to the current flowing in second branch, when the source and ammeter are interchanged. Also the ratio of excitation to response

EXPERIMENT NO.
Aim: Study and verification of Tellegens Theorem. Scope: Useful in analysis of electrical and electronic circuits. Equipments required:
Digital multimeter, 2 mm patch cords.

Theory:

Aim: Study and measurement of Z-Parameters of a Passive Two Port Network. Equipments Needed : 1) Digital Multimeters (DMM) 2) 2 mm patch chords.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure :

1. To measure Z11 and Z21 parameters, let the output port of the network i.e. terminals 3 and 4 remain open. This will make I2 = 0. 2. Calculating Z11 : a. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12 V and Gnd. c. Measurement of I1: Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 2. Now connect ammeter (DMM) between terminal named as +12 V and terminal 1, to measure I1. d. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. e. Calculate Z11 by the formula

3. Calculating Z21 : a. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 i.e., connect terminal named as +12 V to terminal 1 and terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2. b. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. c. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4. d. Measurement of I1: Remove DC Supply connections between +12 V terminal and terminal 1. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between +12 V terminal and terminal 1, to measure I1. e. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. f. Calculate Z21 by the formula

4. To measure Z12 and Z22 parameters, let the input port of the network i.e.terminals 1 and 2 remain open. This will make I1 = 0 . 5. Calculating Z : a. Connect +5 V DC Supply to port 2 i.e. terminal named as +5 V to terminal 3 and terminal named as Gnd to terminal 4. b. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. c. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal 1 and terminal 2. d. Measurement of I2: Remove DC Supply connections between +5 V terminal and terminal 3. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between +5 V terminal and terminal 3 to measure I2. e. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. f. Calculate Z12 by the formula

6. Calculating Z22 : a. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. b. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +5 V and Gnd. c. Measurement of I2: Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 4. Now connect ammeter (DMM) between terminal named as +5 V and terminal 3, to measure I2. d. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. e. Calculate Z22 by the formula.,

Result : The values of the Z-parameters are Z11 = Z12 = Z21 = . Z22 = Aim: Study and measurement of Y-Parameters of a Passive Two Port Network Equipments Needed : Circuit Diagram: 1) Digital Multimeter (DMM) 2) 2mm patch chords.

Procedure :

1. To measure Y11 and Y21 parameters, the output port of the network i.e., terminals 3 and 4 are shorted with the help of patch chord. This will make V2 = 0. 2. Calculating Y11 : b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12 V and Gnd. c. Measurement of I1: Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 2. Now connect ammeter (DMM) between terminal named as +12 V and terminal 1, to measure I1. d. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. e. Calculate Y11 by the formula

3. Calculating Y21 : a. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12V and Gnd. c. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 i.e., connect terminal named as +12 V to terminal 1 and terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2. d. Measurement of I2: Remove shorted connections of output port i.e., disconnect terminal 3 and terminal 4 from each other. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4 to measure I2. e. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. f. Calculate Y21 by the formula .

4. To measure Y12 and Y22 parameters, the input port of the network i.e. terminals 1 and 2 are shorted with the help of patch chord. This will make V1 = 0. 5. Calculating Y12 : a. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. b. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +5 V and Gnd. c. Connect +5 V DC Supply to port 2 i.e., connect terminal named as +5 V to terminal 3 and terminal named as Gnd to terminal 4. d. Measurement of I1: Remove shorted connections of input port i.e., disconnect terminal 1 and terminal 2 from each other. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal 1 and terminal 2 to measure I1. e. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer.

f. Calculate Y12 by the formula.

6. Calculating Y22 : a. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. b. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +5 V and Gnd. c. Measurement of I2: Connect terminals 1 and 2 to make V1 = 0 as given in step 4. Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 4. Now connect ammeter (DMM) between terminal named as +5 V and terminal 3 to measure I2. d. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. e. Calculate Y22 by the formula . Result : The values of the Y-parameters are Y11 = Y12 = Y21 = . Y22 = Aim: Study and measurement of ABCD-Parameters of a Passive Two Port Network Equipments Needed : Circuit Diagram: 1) Digital Multimeter (DMM) 2) 2mm patch chords.

Procedure :

1. To measure A and C parameters, let the output port of the network i.e. terminals 3 and 4 remain open. This will make I2 = 0. 2. Calculating A : a. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12 V and Gnd. c. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 i.e., connect terminal named as +12V to terminal 1 and terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2. d. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) at the output port of the network i.e., between the terminal 3 and terminal 4. e. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. f. Calculate A by the formula 3. Calculating C : a. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 i.e., connect terminal named as +12 V to terminal 1 and terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2. b. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. c. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4. d. Measurement of I1: Remove DC Supply connections between +12 V terminal and terminal 1. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between +12 V terminal and terminal 1 to measure I1. e. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. f. Calculate C by the formula 4. To measure B and D parameters, the output port of the network i.e. terminals 3 and 4 are shorted with the help of patch chord. This will make V2 = 0. 5. Calculating B : a. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal named as +12 V and terminal named as Gnd. c. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 of the network i.e. connect terminal named as +12 V to terminal 1 and terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2. g. Measurement of I2: Remove shorted connection of output port i.e. disconnect terminal 3 and terminal 4 from each other. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4 to measure I2. d. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. e. Calculate B by the formula

6. Calculating D : a. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. b. Measurement of I1: Connect terminal 3 and terminal 4 to short the output port of the network. Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 2. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal named as +12 V and terminal 1 to measure I1. c. Measurement of I2: Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 of the network i.e. connect terminal named as +12 V to terminal 1 and terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2. Remove shorted connections of output port i.e. disconnect terminal 3 and terminal 4 from each other. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4 to measure I2. d. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. e. Calculate D by the formula Result : The values of the ABCD-Parameters are A = B = C = . D = Aim: Study and measurement of h-Parameters of a Passive Two Port Network. Equipments Needed : 1) Digital Multimeters (DMM) 2) 2 mm patch chords.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure :

1. To measure h11 and h21 parameters, let the output port of the network i.e., terminals 3 and 4 are shorted with the help of patch chord. This will make V2 = 0. 2. Calculating h11 : a. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12 V and Gnd. c. Measurement of I1: Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 2. Now connect ammeter (DMM) between terminal named as +12 V and terminal 1, to measure I1. e. Calculate h11 by the formula

3. Calculating h21 : a. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. b. Measurement of I1: Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 2. Now connect ammeter (DMM) between terminal named as +12 V and terminal 1, to measure I1. c. Measurement of I2: Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4 to measure I2. d. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. e. Calculate h21 by the formula

4. To measure h12 and h22 parameters, let the input port of the network i.e.terminals 1 and 2 remain open. This will make I1 = 0 . 5. Calculating h12 : a. Connect +5 V DC Supply to port 2 i.e. terminal named as +5 V to terminal 3 and terminal named as Gnd to terminal 4. b. Switch On the power switch of the trainer. c. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal 1 and terminal 2. d. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4. e. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. f. Calculate h12 by the formula

6. Calculating h22 : a. Switch On the power switch of the trainer.

c. Measurement of I2: Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 4. Now connect ammeter (DMM) between terminal named as +5 V and terminal 3, to measure I2. d. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4. d. Switch Off the power switch of the trainer. e. Calculate h22 by the formula

Result : The values of the h-parameters are h11 = h12 = h21 = . h22 =