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Engineering Drawing and Design 6th Edition David A.
Madsen Digital Instant Download
Author(s):
David A. Madsen
ISBN(s):
9781305659728, 1305659724
Edition:
6
File Details:
PDF, 91.24 MB
Year:
2016
Language:
english
formats, and a variety of appropriate drawing settings and
tion with the instructor. The engineer divides the project into
cess a drafter goes through when converting an engineer-
Drawing Washers .............................................................. 373
on the Student Companion Website.
TITLE
.X
ChAPTer LeNgTh
EXISTING 4X10 RS
projects. Advanced problems are given for challenging applica-
sion numerals clearly.
scribed throughout this Preface.
Design ............................................................................... 893
Learning Objectives .......................................................... 109
ing on the purpose of the drawings and the type of product. For
Runout Geometric Tolerance ........................................ 475
FAX:
Product Development, where he leads the firmware develop-
Learning Objectives ...............................................................2
computers, peripherals, and software. Compare programs
the steel is quenched, which means it is cooled suddenly by
Math Applications: Using the Pythagorean
famous blackboards. What was new, though, was that the
■ ■Identify topics related to copyrights, patents, and trademarks.
a specific application is handled. Become familiar with the
Math Applications: Working with Powers
■ ■Tap Drill Sizes
EXISTING 4X10 BM
brad Dotson, b&D Consulting
hard to minimize errors, but some errors may still exist. In an
ects. Industries, disciplines, engineering firms, and educa-
shown in Figure 1.10 and military equipment such as the giant
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in
text and in the complete glossary.
(a)
Professional Perspective ............................................ 108
cludes road layout, cuts and fills, and plan and profile drawings.
cludes proper representation of sectioned features that should
Chapter. Answer the questions with short, complete statements,
CEDAR RAILING
([Link])
R.064X
faces, one of which can be moved away from or toward the other by
(.300)
tural floor plans shown in Figure 1.13 used to construct a home.
content.
includes projects that can be produced without permanent
Directors, and was honored by the ADDA with Director Emeritus
ters that explains how to apply the skills and knowledge dis-
1. PURCHASE STANDARD 10-32 UNF - 2A X 1 LG HEX SOC SET SCREW,
ware as often as annually. The school program should be
others.
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in
.650
directly related to each chapter content and examples. You can
threads, thread cutting, thread forms, thread representations
cal devices spans medical, industrial, automotive, and military
Website.
connection with such instructions. The publisher makes no representations or
■ ■Content related to production practices that eliminate waste
Learning Objectives .......................................................... 387
energy. Figure 20.39 shows a small-scale wind generator.
Tony Whitus, Tennessee Technology Center
CADD Applications 3-D: CADD Welding
a building or manufacture a product. Craft workers viewed the
DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES (IN)
corresponds exactly to the content of each chapter in the
and has considerable curriculum, and program coordination
related Appendixes
prototyping.
neer and a colleague from the drafting department met for
Drawing a Removed Auxiliary View ........................... 264
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in
toric drawings and paintings, known as pictograms , and carv -
lems range in difficulty from basic through advanced providing a
TITLE
needed. Confirm the preferred submittal process with your
Chapter Test—To access the chapter tests, go to the
with written descriptions that helped workers understand the
Structural Drafting Related
4X10 RS BM
FIGURE 1.1 An engineer sketching a design idea on a napkin. The
plied to specific engineering projects or general design and
best textbook available in this discipline.
The same ASME Print Reading or Drawing Exercises found on
mension numerals so they are easier to read.
into the twentieth century. An example is Henry Ford and his
this chapter can be introduced here or earlier in your education,
niques have common characteristics based on the depth of
5 Maxwell Drive
Solid-Modeling Techniques ............................................. 94
manner that is similar to industry. Chapter problems conclude
Professional Perspective ............................................ 255
Conventional Revolutions .............................................. 395
You can observe the design of a product from engineering
layout, road cuts and fills, plan and profile drawings, site plan,
Robert Page, application engineer, provided a surface model im-
chapter.
Chapter 22, Structural Drafting. The method of presentation de-
general reviews
SOFTWARE CONTROLLER
(2) 4X14 RS GIRDERS
Dimensioning a radius and a controlled radius
provides you with the most comprehensive coverage available on
generally should be divided into logical teaching segments, pro-
SECTION A-A
entury Tool Company
Website. The material is presented with numerous examples
DRAWN
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learn
The Engineering Design Application .................. 162
ASME or other discipline-related industry practices and
applications.
ing to be crowded on as small of a sheet as possible. However,
engineering problems where the direction of lines and planes
match. Final team assignments and members are determined
Math Applications
problems should be solved in accordance with recommended
xxxvi
neering drafting applications.
You will see how all aspects of the design process fit together.
FIgUrE 1.14 Craft workers also followed architectural details such as
The Engineering Design Application .................. 669
often in the lower-left corner or above the title block when
■ ■Mechanical Drafting
Dimensioning angular surfaces and flat taper symbol
machine tool. G-code is a computer code used to establish
and discipline-related standards.
Screw Thread Fasteners .................................................. 348
TITLE
include standard sheet sizes and formats, and a variety of
applications.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Design 11
FINISH
larry bell and bruce Dalton, Enercon Technologies
2
sketches, or drawings as needed. Confirm the preferred submittal
Paralleling the general design process information in Chapter 25
Dimensioning Components ........................................... 286
appear at the end of the slide show. Some slides include
■ ■Spur and Helical Gear Data
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in
Auxiliary Views .................................................................. 259
Each chapter has the following special features.
Chapter 4 manufacturIng
1
Chapter 6 lInEs and lEttErIng 181
throughout this textbook. CADD topics include:
artist and were not in the form of engineering drawings used to-
responsible for directing the executive committee in the daily
■ ■Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD)
orize everything in this textbook, but after considerable use
is to coordinate the dimensioning system with the move-
David has more than 29 years of experience in metal fabri-
.700
■ ■Updated American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
sion line and substation construction manager, estimator, and
Processes, and structural detail drawings are described in
xxxii aCknowledgments
Chapter 3 introduces computer-aided design and drafting (CADD)
hundredths of a percent (0.20% carbon). The letters L or B
THIS MATERIAL IS CONSIDERED PROPRIETARY AND MUST NOT BE COPIED OR
ity, reduction of production costs, and manufacturing
symbols available. Symbols speed up the drafting pro-
■ ■Pattern Development
tools and equipment provided in the Supplemental Material for
■ ■Professional Perspectives.
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in
for inspiration when developing your own templates. The
2X4 BOTTOM PLATE
men rock engraving petroglyphs of animals and symbols at Twyfelontain
have influenced the history of engineering drawing. Major
8 SeCtION 1 Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Design
vi Contents
to manufacture the part. Consider how difficult it would be to
architectural and commercial projects. Terry is an ADDA-certi-
chapter.
3
drafting principles established by ASME. David is the supervi-
perience in mechanical drafting, architectural design and draft -
ing aids.
in contact with a solid, liquid, or gas material consisting of car-
to explore design performance under load. A special thanks is
systematically determine a desired solution. There are chal-
The Engineering Design Application .................. 601
Other documents randomly have
different content
Introduction 5
mitted to a set of oddly specific examples and habits of thought
that gradually—if only through insistent repetition—take on
increasingly general force. In Coleridge's writings, the wide-
spread ambivalence toward personification acquires at once its
most precise and most abstract expression. Allegory, to Cole-
ridge, was both a cause of and an antidote to what he, like Kant,
perceived as an attractive but disturbing violence in the relation
between ideal agency and empirical consciousness. But Cole-
ridge tended to reject the oscillation between literal and fig-
urative effects, calling instead for a reconciling "medium between
Literal and Metaphorical"—not only in poetry but in all areas
of thought.5
Partly because of its Coleridgean orientation, then, this book
has at least one of the characteristics that have irritated readers
of Coleridge himself: a mixture of extreme specificity (in the
concentration on a narrow strand of one literary tradition) and
grandiose philosophical speculation (in the claims that this tra-
dition exemplifies a broader problem in the period's conception
of literature and of the self)- The only defense of such a com-
bination is a plea that the literary tradition cannot be understood
in a more specifically literary way, while the philosophical issues
are uniquely sharpened through their transposition into these
particular literary terms. In any event, this combination of in-
terests helps to account for the book's unorthodox structure.
In defiance of chronology, I have placed Coleridge first; I could
see no alternative to confronting the reader with the full net-
work of interrelated concerns right at the start. The subsequent
chapters attempt to unravel this Coleridgean tangle and to pur-
sue a few of its separate threads to their historically distinct
origins.
Chapter 2 analyzes the eighteenth-century critical contro-
versy over Milton's Sin and Death. But I postpone an account
of Milton's allegorical practice until after Chapters 3 and 4,
which explore the theoretical and practical relations between
personification and the sublime. Only after the eighteenth-cen-
tury and Romantic interest in sublime personification is under-
stood does it make sense to return to Paradise Lost, this time
to determine whether anything in Milton's own attitude toward
6 Personification and the Sublime
personification corresponds to the ambivalence his allegory oc-
casioned in later readers. The answer is largely negative. Milton
seems not to have shared his successors' interest in the thematic
significance of figurative agency as such. This discovery raises
a further question, which only a broader study than the present
one could attempt to answer: what accounts for the emergence,
at the end of the Renaissance, of an interest in figurative lan-
guage—indeed of poetic fiction in general—as intrinsically
meaningful? Readers familiar with the intellectual history of this
period will think, appropriately, of Bacon, Locke, and the Royal
Society—of the general rise of empiricism and the concomitant
ambivalence toward deviations from plain speech. Without chal-
lenging this scholarly consensus, I conclude with a brief indi-
cation of how it might be modified by a fuller investigation of
the problems of belief and agency introduced in this essay.
A few words are in order about the topics and writers this
study deliberately ignores. Nothing is said here about the in-
triguing use of personifications in eighteenth-century descrip-
tions, such as James Thomson's, of natural processes and
landscapes; or about the rhetorical value of the semipersonified
metaphors that energize Johnson's verse and prose. These modes
of personification have been surveyed before, and I have no
reason to think that my investigations of sublime personification
illuminate them further.6 At the other end of the scale, I have
avoided the fully animated mythic figures of Shelley and Blake.
There is some reason to question whether Blake's Zoas or Shel-
ley's pantheon in Prometheus Unbound are genuinely allegorical
in the eighteenth-century sense. A student of Romantic myth-
making like Northrop Frye may or may not be right to insist
that "we must not expect to find in Blake any kind of person-
ification, or attempt to give life to an abstraction."7 But there
is another reason that mythopoeic works lie outside the con-
cerns of this book. Much of the interest of the issue of person-
ification—apart from its value as a stylistic device—depends on
an overt distinction between allegorical and literal agents. In
the partly figurative and partly literal characters of Romantic
myth-making, the contrast between these separate kinds of agency
disappears. I have focused instead on examples in which the
shock of encountering embodied metaphors is clearly felt.
The moment we indulge our affections, the earth is metamorphosed:
all its tragedies and ennuis vanish, all duties even; nothing remains to
fill eternity but two or three persons. But then a person is a cause. What
is Luther but Protestantism? or Columbus but Columbia? And were I
assured of meeting Ellen tomorrow, would it be less than a world, a
personal world? Death has no bitterness in the light of that thought.
Emerson, Journals, December 14, 1834
1 Coleridge on Allegory
and Violence
In a lecture on Romeo and Juliet given to the London Philo-
sophical Society on December 9, 1811, Coleridge offers a two-
part defense of "what have often been censured as Shakespeare's
conceits."1 His first justification is conventional, even classical:
Shakespeare's extravagant figures are usually appropriate to their
dramatic speakers; they belong "to the state, age, or feeling of
the individual." Coleridge's second argument merely adds his-
torical to dramatic propriety.2 When the figures "cannot be
vindicated" by referring to Shakespeare's characters, "they may
well be excused by the taste of his own and of the preceding
age." And Coleridge gives an example, ostensibly to illustrate
the second principle:
Here's much to do with hate, but more with love:—
Why then, O brawling love! O loving hate!
O anything, of nothing first created!
O heavy lightness! serious vanity!
Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!
Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health!
Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!3
8 Personification and the Sublime
In his commentary on the example, Coleridge shifts ground
from history to psychology. What now matters in Romeo's speech
is not the exemplification of Elizabethan taste, but its expression
of contradiction and ambivalence. In fact, the example triggers
a startling digression, away from Shakespeare, the issue of de-
corum, and Romeo's metaphysical wit, and into the alien ter-
ritory of Milton, allegory, and the aesthetics of the sublime.
The following remarks, as transcribed by John Payne Collier,
come directly after the example from Romeo:
I dare not pronounce such passages as these to be absolutely
unnatural, not merely because I consider the author a much
better judge than I can be, but because I can understand and
allow for an effort of the mind, when it would describe what it
cannot satisfy itself with the description of, to reconcile opposites
and qualify contradictions, leaving a middle state of mind more
strictly appropriate to the imagination than any other, when it
is, as it were, hovering between images. As soon as it is fixed
on one image, it becomes understanding; but while it is unfixed
and wavering between them, attaching itself permanently to none,
it is imagination. Such is the fine description of Death in Mil-
ton:—
"The other shape,
If shape it might be call'd, that shape had none
Distinguishable in member, joint, or limb,
Or substance might be call'd, that shadow seem'd,
For each seem'd either: black it stood as night;
Fierce as ten furies, terrible as hell,
And shook a dreadful dart: what seem'd his head
The likeness of a kingly crown had on."
Paradise Lost, Book II [666—673].
The grandest efforts of poetry are where the imagination is
called forth, not to produce a distinct form, but a strong working
of the mind, still offering what is still repelled, and again creating
what is again rejected; the result being what the poet wishes to
impress, namely, the substitution of a sublime feeling of the
unimaginable for a mere image.
Coleridge goes on to criticize painters who "have attempted
pictures of the meeting between Satan and Death at the gates
Sue MacLaine
shhhhhhh
[an ongoing struggle with language, with meaning, with the (im)possibility
of representation, with the necessity of communicating clearly to you, who
are reading, you, who haven’t seen, you, who are piecing together a picture
of an artist from]
shhhhhhh
[an intensifying struggle with speaking, with writing, with raising my voice,
with wanting to be heard, wanting to be seen, wanting to communicate and
to be understood, but not wanting to compromise: rejecting concession,
rejecting convention, reaching beyond explanation, to a place in which –
possibly – nothing makes sense]
shhhhhhh
[nothing makes sense in patriarchy, in capitalism, in white supremacy, the
order of those words doesn’t make sense, in that it implies a hierarchy,
invokes a hierarchy, betrays the ways in which I encounter the world, and so
encounter theatre, which represents the world, shapes meaning, but also
recreates it, recreates its hierarchies, the hierarchies of patriarchy, of
capitalism, of white supremacy, not necessarily in that order]
shhhhhhh
As a prime minister of the United Kingdom said, in the House of Commons,
to a female MP fi ve years his senior: Calm down, dear.
Women of a certain age are not meant to speak. Women of any age are not
meant to speak. Women are not meant to engage in public life: they are
meant to stay at home and cook the meals and wash the dishes so that men
can shape the institutions within which public life is performed and the
language in which it is enacted and then recorded for posterity. Woman as
vessel of male desire: to command, to control. Women who do otherwise
88
FRACTURES AND HOW TO MEND THEM 89
can expect to receive threats of rape, death, bullets in the head, a knife to the
heart. Just ask MP Diane Abbott. Just ask MP Jo Cox.
[shhhhhhh]
Sue MacLaine’s Vessel took as its starting point the practice of the anchoress:
a woman who would seal herself away from the world of men to live in
solitary contemplation. Her cell was ‘a site of intellectual exchange, spiritual
progression and growth’. Much like the theatre space, in its ideal state: a
vessel for human encounter, connection, transformation. Theatre as (quoting
Vessel again):
fortifi ed space
contradictory space
counter space
space to congregate for community
congregate for respite
congregate for shelter
Four women sit in a row. Windows high above, silhouettes of plants. The
curving wall and fl oor of the set glows ochre, their soft dresses turquoise,
olive, aquamarine. On each lap a book. The older white woman speaks from
it fi rst. ‘Let’s talk about who has the privilege of speaking fi rst – about who
is privileged to speak fi rst.’ Already Vessel is knowing.
One by one the others begin to speak, their voices overlapping, echoing,
reinforcing, occluding, musicality attending to meaning, shifting the mode
of attention. They speak less in unison than in difference, attending to the
structures of the world: to ‘patterns and purposeful language that sustains
positions of power’. The words are written in the book and also projected
on the walls behind them, enclosing them as they speak ‘about enclosure and
consolidation of holdings to establish absolute right of ownership’, attending
to the ways in which ownership of language means ownership of personhood
and who is excluded from this and how, from that exclusion, that difference,
it might be possible to start again.
They ask: is this just about the patriarchy?
[there is the privilege of speaking fi rst and then the privilege of recording the
words, of enclosing them in a book, and in that act creating knowledge. Sue
MacLaine as a vessel for my voice]
They ask: what commands large-scale attention, what drifts by without so
much as a glance?
PERFORMANCE IN AN AGE OF PRECARITY90
[the review of Vessel that described it as ‘wilfully obscure’ ‘and also pretty
hard work’; the review that found it so ‘profoundly frustrating’ ‘that after a
while you begin to wonder why Vessel is actually a play’; the review that
dismissed it as ‘desperately tedious virtue-signalling with no passion or
indeed content whatsoever’]
They ask: can my pleasure be independent of yours?
[shhhhhhh]
Sue MacLaine’s Can I Start Again Please is one of the most diffi cult works
I’ve ever watched. Not ‘diffi cult’ in the common application of the word to
any theatre – like Vessel – that refuses to be enclosed by character, plot,
narrative conventions, that plays in a different way, with gesture and the
language of the body, with tone and the geometries of speech, that fi nds its
pleasure in thought, intellect, the political fusion of what is being said to
how it’s being communicated, which might not involve speech at all. Can I
Start Again Please is diffi cult because of a growing sense of tension that
penetrates deeper and deeper until the eventual revelation that the trauma
being described begins with an act of sexual assault, a father penetrating his
child, aged six, a father commanding silence: ‘He said quiet. He said quiet
and continued until I was no longer a daughter.’
The work thinks about silence, words, translation, interpretation, how a
single word can mean (mean) more than one thing. It is performed by one
person speaking English (when I saw it, Sue herself), and another – Deaf –
using British Sign Language (alongside Sue, Nadia Nadarajah), the two
bodies connected by a single scroll that unfurls between them, but also
separated by languages that generate another tension, that of (not) listening
and (not) speaking and using words in a wholly different way. British Sign
Language shatters English into shards, rearranges its grammar for directness
and clarity. In the published text, ‘What do I have to say to make you listen
to me?’ becomes ‘[WANT+YOU] [LISTEN+ME] [HOW ?]’. Or, ‘We no
longer have the right to remain silent’ becomes ‘[ME+ SECRET] (shake
head) [MUST+INFORM] (keep still)’.
In Vessel – where the use of projected text, or creative captioning, is another
invitation to d/Deaf audiences – the four women themselves are the shards:
the shards that fl y from a shattering not only of grammar but of ‘social
norms which masquerade as natural or the natural’, a shattering that comes
with ‘knowing exactly what has been hidden buried submerged silenced’, a
shattering that represents ‘a project for liberation’ in which ‘everything is
political’. They take the
shhhhhhh
of shattering, the
shhhhhhh
FRACTURES AND HOW TO MEND THEM 91
of shimmering, the
shhhhhhh
of shards, above all the
shhhhhhh
of shouting, shouting, shouting, but with this
shhhhhhh
they are never actually shouting: they speak calmly, with resolution, with
authority, directly in challenge to ‘who has authority’, understanding the
connection between authority and command of language, ‘language as an
essential preliminary to the imaginative exploration of person and of
universe’, understanding the ways in which it is necessary to start again.
Let’s start again.
Language was once mutable, land was once owned in common, and I’m sure
it’s not coincidence that the fi rst single-language English dictionary ever,
Robert Cawdrey’s Table Alphabeticall , was published in 1604, the same
year that (according to the UK Parliament website) the fi rst offi cial act of
land enclosure was passed. A reckoning is needed, many overlapping
reckonings are needed: with the damage infl icted by a father abusing his
daughter; the damage infl icted by a society that refuses to acknowledge the
needs of Deaf people; the damage infl icted by a dictionary researched and
written by just one man (Samuel Johnson, 1755) that, for instance, equated
being a woman with being ‘pliant’ and the colour black (in Johnson’s fourth
meaning) with being ‘horrible; wicked; atrocious’; the damage infl icted by
pale-skinned humans when they chose to describe dark-skinned humans not
as brown (Johnson: ‘the name of a colour’) but black.
Let’s start again.
[with clarity, with purpose, with authority, with confi dence]
Let’s start again.
[without breaking to do the dishes – I’ve ignored the dishes! – the entire
section of Vessel , repeated by each of the women, about the dishes, the
mundane, ‘so much to do before the task can even be started’, the task of
‘attempting to activate solidarity’]
Let’s start again.
[with Audre Lorde: ‘My silences had not protected me. Your silence will not
protect you. But for every real word spoken, for every attempt I had ever
made to speak those truths for which I am still seeking, I had made contact
with other women while we examined the words to fi t a world in which we
all believed, bridging our differences.’]
March 14, 2022 10:28 Renormalized Perturbation Theory ... - 9in x 6in b4644-ch05 page 88
88 Renormalized Perturbation Theory and Its Optimization
depend upon k. The series (5.5) displays quite good apparent
convergence at the optimal Ω value.
ForanyfixedΩtheperturbationseriesitselfdiverges,butwhenΩis
chosenineachorderaccordingtothe“minimalsensitivity”criterion—
so that it gradually increases with order — one finds the successive
results converging quite nicely. These points are illustrated below.
Figure 5.2 shows orders up tok = 5. One sees the three regions,
with the flat region expanding, but also moving out to larger Ω. It
moves faster than it grows. Thus, for any fixed Ω one gets typical
divergent-asymptotic-series behaviour. For example, with Ω/λ1/3 =
2.1 the initial result is poor, but the results improve steadily for the
next few orders, appearing to converge to a good answer — and then,
quite abruptly, there are wilder and wilder oscillations from one order
to the next; see Fig. 5.3. Choosing Ω a bit smaller would give better
results at first order, but the divergent behaviour would set in almost
immediately. (Choosing Ω too small puts one in the diverging region
right away.) Choosing Ω to be larger one stays in the overdamped
region for a longer time, with worse results at low orders and a more
gradual approach towards settling down — though now to a more
precise value — before the divergent behaviour finally sets in.
Fig. 5.2. Results for E0 to kth order in the CK expansion, as a function of the
extraneous variable Ω, in units ofλ1/3. The flat region grows, but it moves faster
than it grows. For any fixed Ω the results diverge, but if we follow the flat region,
finding the PMS optimal Ω in each order, the results converge nicely.
March 14, 2022 10:28 Renormalized Perturbation Theory ... - 9in x 6in b4644-ch05 page 89
Induced Convergence 89
Fig. 5.3. An illustration of the asymptotic-series behaviour at fixed Ω. Results
for E0 at kth order fork =1t o8a tΩ=2 .1.
With PMS optimization we ensure that a suitable Ω is used at
each order, starting with Ω/λ1/3 =6 1/3 =1 .82 atk = 1 and steadily
increasing withk, so that we “surf” along with the flat region as it
moves outwards. In fact, we want to “surf the scary edge” of the flat
region, close to the boundary with the diverging region. This point is
illustrated in Fig. 5.4, which shows results for 23rd order. Here, when
we examine the flat region in detail, we find three stationary points.
All give a good approximation, but by far the best approximation
comes from the one closest to the diverging region — which is also
the “flattest” in that it has the smallest second derivative. Ask is
increased, each individual stationary point moves off to the right
and new stationary points are born at the “scary edge.” When being
born these new stationary points may appear in embryo as points of
inflexion.
For the proof of convergence we refer the reader to references in
the bibliography. The proof applies also to aφ4 field theory in 1+1
dimensions and shows that the convergence is exponentially fast.
Theshrinkageoftheeffective coupling λ/Ω3 withincreasing order
is readily understandable intuitively through an extension of the
argument in Sec. 4.5 and Fig. 4.4. Quantum mechanical perturbation
theory forEn atkth order involves excursions to various intermediate
states |ni⟩, producing a product of matrix elements
⟨n|Hint |n2⟩⟨n2 |···| nk⟩⟨nk|Hint |n⟩, (5.6)
March 14, 2022 10:28 Renormalized Perturbation Theory ... - 9in x 6in b4644-ch05 page 90
90 Renormalized Perturbation Theory and Its Optimization
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 5.4. Results for E0 at 23rd order in the CK expansion, as a function of Ω:
(a) shows all three regions; diverging, flat, and overdamped, (b) shows the flat
region on a fine scale, and (c) shows a very fine-scale close up of the front of the
flat region. The vertical ranges are, respectively, (a) 0.667 to 0.670, (b) 0.66796
to 0.668025, (c) 0.6679861 to 0.6679865. The exact result, shown as a dotted line,
is 0.66798626. Of the three stationary points in the flat region the one closest to
the onset of the divergent region is the most accurate.
each with its corresponding energy denominator En − En′ .I n
very high orders most of these matrix elements involve high-lying
eigenstates — and for such states, if the unperturbed states and
energies are to mimic the actual ones, the appropriate Ω is large.
Thus, we can expect the optimal Ω to steadily increase with order.
The same intuitive argument applies to the QFT case (provided
we consider only perturbatively calculable, infrared-safe quantities).
If we were to use “old-fashioned perturbation theory” then, again,
the high orders would involve the physics of short-lived, high-energy
intermediate states. In covariant Feynman perturbation theory
the corresponding statement is that the high orders will involve
highly virtual particles. In QCD, of course, the effective couplant
March 14, 2022 10:28 Renormalized Perturbation Theory ... - 9in x 6in b4644-ch05 page 91
Induced Convergence 91
shrinks only logarithmically with energy scale, rather than theλ/Ω3
behaviour of the oscillator problem.
5.3. A Toy Model Framework
For the remainder of this chapter we consider a toy model. It is a bit
artificial, but has the virtue that the induced convergence property
can be proved relatively easily.
Given a series
R = a0(1+ r1(0)a0 +r2(0)a2
0 +··· ), (5.7)
let us make the substitution
a ≡ a(τ)= a0
1+ τa0
, (5.8)
where τ is some real-valued parameter, and consider the resulting
re-expansions
R = a(1+ r1a+r2a2 +··· ). (5.9)
The coefficients are easily determined to be
rj ≡ rj(τ)=
j∑
i=0
(j
i
)
τirj−i(0), (5.10)
where
(j
i
)
= j!
i!(j −i)!, (5.11)
are the binomial coefficients. This simple mathematical system
mimics, to some extent, the RS dependence problem. Both the
expansion parametera and the coefficientsrj in Eq. (5.9) depend on
the extraneous variableτ, which plays the role of the RS. Obviously,
R itself does not depend onτ,a n dt h eτ dependences of a and the
rj must cancel in Eq. (5.9). However, this cancellation is spoiled if
the series is truncated.
For the analogy with RS dependence to hold good it is important
that all the expansion parameters should be on an equal footing.
Equation (5.8) is the simplest example of a substitution which
Laws’ Empire: Roman Universalism and Legal Practice 91
their imperial magistrates (as well as other legal offi cials operating from
within the imperial bureaucracy).88
What is most visible in the late Roman legal evidence is, naturally, the
product of the ‘central’ imperial government (imperial constitutions and
law codes), and the imperially-sponsored institutional Christian church
(especially with respect to the development of a specifi c ius ecclesiasticum and
the early beginnings of a ‘canon law’).89 Moving from the principate to the
dominate, we seem to shift from a legal world of ‘citizens’ to one of ‘citizens
and subjects’: ‘As the Roman Empire expanded, the state became ever more
intrusive in seeking to resolve the disputes of its citizens . . . The judge under
the Empire in the provinces was an extension of state power and a symptom
of the expanded role of the state in the lives of its citizens and subjects’.90 This
is a trend that appears to culminate in the sixth-century emperor Justinian’s
insistence that he alone is the sole interpreter of the law and the source of
both Roman and ecclesiastical jurisprudence, alongside his confi rmation of
the canons of the Christian church themselves as civil laws.91 However, even
if, for the sake of the argument, we were to equate all late Roman law with
imperial law, a ‘legal anthropological’ perspective is still essential to under-
standing how that law functioned in practice. As Chris Wickham has argued
with reference to courts and confl ict in medieval Tuscany:
Even if we restricted our interest to the impact of Roman law, we would have
to recognize that its nature and extent depended on the choices of the members
of different local communities (whether litigants, lawyers or judges) as to how
to approach law, and what law (if any) to use [. . .] These were cultural choices,
whether conscious or unconscious, made inside locally specifi c realities; the social
processes that generated them must be studied before anything else. There was
everywhere, furthermore, a constant dialectic between local practices and organ-
ized legal knowledge: each affected the other. What we need to study in order to
understand this dialectic is how people approached courts and arbitrations, with
what expectations, and which strategies they used to get their way.92
88 On late Roman out-of-court negotiation and formal arbitration, see Gagos and Van Minnen
(1995); Harries (2003); and Harries (2007), pp. 28–42. Studies for the post-Roman West
are, of course, more numerous, for example: Davies and Fouracre (1986); Wormald (1998);
Rosenwein (1999); Brown (2001); Brown and Gorecki (2004); Karras, Kaye, and Matter
(2008); and Rio (2009).
89 See Gaudemet (1985); Gaudemet (1983); Gaudemet (1979); Crogiez-Pétrequin, Jaillette and
Huck (2009); and Aubert and Blanchard (2009).
90 Harries (2003), p. 71. Garnsey (2004), pp. 140–50 rightly stresses that citizenship and its
various gradations still functioned as important legal mechanisms in the later Roman empire.
91 C.1.14.12, Justinian to Demosthenes PP (529 CE); Digest, Const. Deo Auctore , 6; Justinian,
Institutes pr.; Justinian , Novel 9pr (535 CE) and Justinian , Nov.131.1 (545 CE). Compare
C.1.14.11 (474 CE). On Roman and Canon law in the age of Justinian, see the introductory
chapter to Van der Wal and Stolte (1994).
92 Wickham (2003), p. 4.
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92 New Frontiers
This kind of legal anthropological approach foregrounds individual parties,
their perceptions of action and the choices that they make within any given
socio-cultural situation, whilst still taking account of law codes, ‘state’ insti-
tutions and legal offi cials where relevant. It thus contrasts with what the legal
sociologist Marc Galanter characterised as a legal-centralist perspective: ‘The
view that the justice to which we seek access is a product that is produced –
or at least distributed – exclusively by the state [. . .]’.93 If we set to one side
a (nineteenth- and early twentieth-century) state-based theory of law that
puts offi cial law codes, formal legal institutions and the state at the core of all
social order, then the idea of legal universalism under the Later Empire has
the potential to look quite different.
What is at stake in developing a legal anthropological approach, rather
than adopting a legal-centralist perspective, can be demonstrated via a brief
analysis of the concept of ‘legal practice’ itself. If we adopt a legal-centralist
starting point, then exploring legal practice inevitably involves some kind
of questioning as to how far the ‘law-in-the-books’, or indeed unwritten
customary law, relates to the law-in-action.94 Exploring legal practice thus
becomes an exercise in ‘gap analysis’: does the law on the ground match the
offi cial law as promulgated, or at least as transmitted, in the books? If not,
how big are the gaps and why might they exist?95 Late Roman historians, for
example, tend to ask to what extent late Roman imperial constitutions – or
even the canons of church councils – were applied in practice, and whether
they were used correctly or not; in other words, we go to the ‘legal’ texts,
then we look at law in practice, we inevitably fi nd gaps, and try to account
for them.96 A ‘legal anthropological’ approach, on the other hand – where
we try to understand legal processes as socio-cultural processes – does not
neglect the ‘law-in-the-books’ (whether imperial codes, juristic writings),
but seeks rather to contextualise that ‘state’ law in terms of a much broader
understanding of legal practice. From a legal anthropological perspective,
for example: ‘The principal contribution of courts to dispute resolution is
providing a background of norms and procedures against which negotia-
tions and regulation in both private and governmental settings take place’.97
Individuals bargain and strategise ‘in the shadow of the law’, hence, in the
words of Galanter: ‘The courts (and the law they apply) may thus be said
to confer on the parties what Mnookin and Kornhauser call a “bargaining
endowment,” i.e., a set of “counters” to be used in bargaining between
disputants.’98 All of this activity, moreover, takes place in the context of
93 Galanter (1981), p. 1.
94 On the concept of ‘customary law’ as ‘unwritten law’, see Schulze (1992), pp. 13–14.
95 On ‘gap analysis’, see Hartog (1985), p. 925 with fn.94 and Galanter (1981), p. 5.
96 This was the methodology that I (unconsciously) followed in Humfress (2005) and Humfress
(2006b). Compare Arjava (2003–4) and Stolte (2009).
97 Galanter (1981), p. 6.
98 Galanter (1981), p. 6. The reference is to Mnookin and Kornhauser (1979).
DU PLESSIS [Link] 92DU PLESSIS [Link] 92 19/12/2012 16:4919/12/2012 16:49
Laws’ Empire: Roman Universalism and Legal Practice 93
what Galanter terms ‘indigenous ordering’ or ‘indigenous law’, a ‘social
ordering that is indigenous – i.e., familiar to and applied by the participants
in the everyday activity that is being regulated’.99 For the later Roman
Empire we might think of a particular Christian community within the city
of Constantinople, or a specifi c trade association at Carthage, and so on. In
order to explore ‘law in practice’, we fi rst have to take account of who is
using the formal/offi cial law, in the context of what ‘indigenous order’ or
‘indigenous law’ and to what ends. As Galanter concludes:
I am not trying to turn legal centralism upside down and place indigenous law in
the position of primacy. Instead I suggest that the relation of offi cial and indig-
enous law is variable and problematic. Nor do I mean to idealize indigenous law
as either more virtuous or more effi cient than offi cial law. Although by defi ni-
tion indigenous law may have the virtues of being familiar, understandable, and
independent of professionals, it is not always the expression of harmonious
egalitarianism. It often refl ects narrow and parochial concerns; it is often based
on relations of domination; its coerciveness may be harsh and indiscriminate;
protections that are available in public forums may be absent.100
A legal anthropological approach, then, acknowledges that rule-systems
and their measures of enforcement were effectively spread throughout Late
Roman society. Its starting point would be an attempt to reconstruct the
fi eld of late Roman legal practice from the perspective of individual actors,
groups or communities, given their respective ‘horizons of the possible’:
who they were, where they were and what kinds of indigenous ordering
structured their lives – as well as their access to different types of formal legal
‘knowledge’ and imperial institutional structures.
4. CONCLUSION
Offi cial Roman (or Graeco-Roman) sources envisage a world ruled by the
universal law of Rome and its emperors. However, the central government
of Rome, whether in the early or the late empire, before or after the edict
of Caracalla, did not control the lives of all its subjects in the sphere of
law, and did not attempt to do so. It is more profi table to look at the issue
of law and legal practice from the bottom up, and to ask whether, how and
why Rome’s subjects, as individuals or as groups, availed themselves of
the Roman legal system – given that from the third century CE, the sphere
of Roman law had expanded, and that the bulk of the inhabitants of the
empire (most of those who were free) had rights, as Roman citizens, to
access it. Such an enquiry takes us well beyond the imperial law codes into
papyri, inscriptions and diverse literary texts (including the works of the
99 Galanter (1981), p. 17.
100 Galanter (1981), p. 25.
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94 New Frontiers
Church Fathers, a rich source of evidence for legal or extra-legal behaviour
at the local level); and it leads us to explore the ways in which Roman law
and legal knowledge were used and adapted to local conditions and needs,
or simply bypassed, as diverse other strategies were employed for settling
disputes and securing order. A legal anthropological approach is an essen-
tial complement to and corrective of the legal-centralist perspective that is
dominant in late Roman legal studies. ‘The main point may be, that law
never was one and that, however sublime justice may be, law is a complex
of systems of social control among other complexes of systems of social
control’.101
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to the Roman Empire (2006), p. 177.
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ZPE, 126 (1999), p. 202.
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(2003–4), p. 7.
Arjava, A., Buchholz, M. and Gagos, T. (eds), The Petra Papyri, vol. III (2007).
Aubert, J.-J., and Blanchard, P. (eds), Droit, religion et société dans le Code Théodosien
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eignty’, Quaderni di Relazioni Internazionali, 8 (2007), p. 54.
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Contrebiensis’, JRS, 74 (1984), p. 45.
Bispham, E., From Asculum to Actium (2007).
Bowman, A. K., The Town Councils of Roman Egypt (1971).
Brélaz, C., ‘Maintaining order and exercising justice in the Roman provinces of Asia
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101 Van den Bergh (1969), p. 350.
DU PLESSIS [Link] 94DU PLESSIS [Link] 94 19/12/2012 16:4919/12/2012 16:49
85Elmar-Raimund Ruben
if i said “no,” only the first part of it would be true, that i did not be-
lieve in our army’s victory. i was caught either way. But then it was his
turn to make a mistake. He asked what i would do next, once i got to
that place where there was no soviet power. i replied, “ i would be -
come a partisan.” i cannot describe his disappointment. His face fell;
he stood up, turned his back to me, and i heard the words, “You can
go now. Get out of here!” they forgot to tell me not to tell anyone
about that meeting. of course, what they wrote in their report may be
another thing altogether.
the next ordeal followed a few weeks later. it was announced that
the rifle regiments’ heavy minethrower batteries were to participate in
the battles to liberate novosokolnik. We were to support our attack-
ing infantry. one night, while our men were resting and drying their
clothes, they called for immediate fire in one location. the men rushed
to the mine throwers, some even barefoot and in their underwear (the
others brought them their felt boots and greatcoats). the mines were
sent on their way. it was just our luck that the battery had been sent
to that location just a little while earlier and we had been able to pre-
pare the fire correction data for our defense line. We fired some volleys.
Later the situation got clearer. a small russian unit of 11 men was in a
defensive position on a hill. in the twilight an enemy attack squad ap-
proached them in six trucks, and by later calculation this was over 100
men. the odds were uneven and it was quite likely that the attackers
would have broken through and done a good deal of damage behind
our front lines, where the commando and surveillance posts were, as
well as some communication lines. the fire from our battery hit the
enemy right in front of the defenders. the attack failed. in the morning
they went out to inspect the battlefield. they counted two transport
trucks, one heavy mine thrower, and over 60 dead.
Polkovnik aru, the head of the novosokolnik group of the Esto -
nian Division’s artillery proposed that i be awarded the order of the
red flag, as the commander of the battery that had fired in that bat-
tle. that was only the beginning of the game. in those days not even
the regiment commander had gotten an order of the red flag. i was
a newcomer, who had been sent away from the artillery regiment for
suspicious reasons, who had had to prove his loyalty to a representa-
tive of the special forces. i was not even a Party member. How could
someone like me be given such high honors? at first everything was
wonderful. after we got back from novosokolnik there was a parade,
i3 [Link] 85 7/17/09 [Link] AM
86 Estonian LifE storiEs
with speeches and high praise, and a reception was organized for the
officers, hosted by the regiment staff. then i was given to understand
that it would be a good thing if i received the order as a member of
the Party, and that this would be a great honor to everyone—myself,
the regiment, and the Party. i asked for some time to think it over. ap-
parently i took too long about it. then i was told that instead of the
order of the red flag, i would be awarded the order of the Great Pa-
triotic War. since i was still “thinking it over,” talk of awards subsided
almost completely. in early spring the squad commander and i were
summoned to regimental headquarters. our orders of the red flag
had arrived there, addressed to us personally by the commander of the
division of those 11 men that had been on the defense on the hill near
novosokolnik. added to those were ten medals “ for Bravery” to be
distributed to those sergeants and soldiers who had demonstrated ex-
traordinary service during the firing. a commander of a different divi -
sion than our own rewarded us—comrades in arms who had helped his
men, within the limits of his power; his own men were sorry and jeal-
ous, and demanded additional sanctions.
We fired our next volleys from the other side of the narva riv-
er. as we passed through Estonia, not a volley was fired all the way
to Virtsu. there was no need. it was as if we were on an excursion
through our home territory
We spent half of a month in Virtsu. the regiment was in saare-
maa, but we had not received orders to cross over. then the regiment
was devastated by the 200th rifle Corps’ unsuccessful landing on the
sõrve peninsula. 13 travelling orders were relayed to me: i had two
weeks to find two of the transport vehicles we had left behind, some-
where around avinurme and Venevere. i got to tallinn by car. Walking
along tatari street i unexpectedly met up with the driver of one of
the vehicles we had left behind. Both of the cars were in tallinn in the
company auto mechanics’ shop. repairs would take another ten days.
i decided to go home to nigula to see my father and my mother. When
i stepped through the gate, i heard the familiar sound of the threshing
machine. “Much strength to you, father!” “Elmar!” a second later we
were hugging each other. at the sound of voices, Mother opened the
kitchen door and she and my aunt fell to their knees. their first reac-
tion had been: a russian soldier is attacking father. only when father
13 the battles on the sõrve peninsula—november 1944.
i3 [Link] 86 7/17/09 [Link] AM
87Elmar-Raimund Ruben
called out, “it’s Elmar!” did they realize what was happening. Every-
body was happy beyond belief. i was home for 10 days or so, and then
it was time to leave again.
in the middle of february 1945 it was time to go to war again,
this time to Courland. 14 there we buried many of our men in foreign
soil. But i was among those who returned. on the evening of 8 May
1945 we were ordered to halt before reaching our destination. as usu-
al, i slept on a bunk in the covered van. in my sleep i heard shots
being fired, and shouting. My first thought was, the enemy has bro-
ken through! i adjusted the pistol on my belt and opened the door to
the covered van. there stood the battery leader, who saluted and said:
“Comrade Captain, the war is over.” the men were talking all at once,
clapping each other on the back and hugging one another; from time to
time someone would lift a carabiner or automatic rifle toward the sky
and fire off a round of shots. finally it dawned on me what was hap-
pening: we had been waiting for this and fighting for it the whole time.
But now the war was finally over.
after being showered with flowers in Latvia, our march through
Estonia took us finally to tallinn and from there to a temporary stop-
ping place in Klooga. We waited to be discharged from the army. they
did, in fact, begin sending men home, starting with the older ones and
those considered to be specialists of importance to the national econ-
omy. i was not among them. then came those officers whose relation-
ship with alcohol did not fit within peacetime parameters. i was not in
this category either. i waited for my turn, but meanwhile, i had to say
goodbye to my battery. i was reassigned to be chief of staff of the train-
ing division. i got used to my new job. once a brigade headquarters
clerk i knew called me into his office. He closed the door, locked it
from the inside, went to a cabinet, rummaged around there, and took
out a file. after paging through it he handed it to me. What was written
there was “harbors some obsolete bourgeois-nationalist tendencies.”
i looked at the name on the cover of the file. it was mine. the clerk
closed the file, put it back in the cabinet, unlocked the door to the
room, brandished his fist at me, and said “Damned nationalist!” Both
of us laughed, but it made me do some serious thinking. What would
be the consequences of that “honorary title”?
14 Battles in Courland, february 1945.
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88 Estonian LifE storiEs
We had conquered one enemy. now it was time to find another
one. and they had found one. it was me. i began waiting for the con-
sequences. for the time being i did not see any changes. it seemed
that there was not enough “nationalism” to warrant me being sent to
siberia. they didn’t fire me, either. Gradually i began to experience
what the entry in my file meant. i was not promoted, even though the
allotted time had passed. a while later i was dismissed from my job as
chief of staff and reassigned to a lower position. i was a battery com -
mander once again. Why did they not fire me? Without boasting i can
say i was damned good in correcting artillery fire. i enjoyed playing
with the shells, and aiming them quickly and precisely. in the artillery
unit, i had become what in the air force is called a test pilot. i was giv-
en the most complicated assignments in directing fire. i directed it with
the help of a pilot-observer; i carried out ricochet and brisant fire; i was
positioned hundreds of meters up in the air in an aerostat, and directed
the battery fire from there; i was given new artillery and mine thrower
systems (models) to test, among other things. Most of the time i had
great success. since there seemed to be no more “career” trajectory for
me, i tried to make serving in the military as comfortable as possible
for myself. once i had placed rather high in an officers’ shooting com-
petition, and decided to try out my skills in this area. the result was
that for nine years i belonged to the joint division team in handgun
shooting. this meant four months of training camp each year, a month
at military district spartakiades,15 one month of special vacation in re -
turn for good performance, a total of more than seven months away
from the everyday life of my unit. i wouldn’t say this was always a bed
of roses. it was more like carrying a double load. sometimes, such as
during inspectors’ visits twice a year, one had to stand up for the inter-
ests of one’s unit. in return for serving two masters—or rather for serv-
ing one of them, i was Leningrad district champion twice in a row: in
rapid pistol firing, as a member of a team of five, and in directing mine
thrower fire.
i had to serve both masters so that both would be satisfied. Most of
the time this worked out, but my success was eclipsed by my colleagues
who were members of the Party. the party organizer started working
me over. Knowing how much i enjoyed spending time outdoors, he
used it to his advantage. We went on walks together in the woods. it
15 Spartakiade, mass athletic competition.
i3 [Link] 88 7/17/09 [Link] AM
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