Alcatel-Lucent W-CDMA UMTS Radio Principles: Training Manual

Alcatel-Lucent W-CDMA UMTS Radio Principles
3FL12543ABAAWBZZA Edition 1
TRAINING MANUAL
Alcatel-Lucent W-CDMA - UMTS Radio Principles

All rights reserved 2007, Alcatel-Lucent
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Table of Contents
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Switch to notes view!

2. WCDMA for UMTS
1. UMTS System Description
Module 1. 3JK10655AAAAWBZZA UMTS System Descritption Module 1. 3JK10656AAAAWBZZA WCDMA for UMTS
3. UTRAN scenarios Module 1. 3JK10657AAAAWBZZA UTRAN scenarios 4. HSDPA Description Module 1. 3JK10658AAAAWBZZA HSDPA Introduction Module 2. 3JK10659AAAAWBZZA HSDPA Key Concepts Module 3. 3JK10660AAAAWBZZA HSDPA Channels Module 4. 3JK10661AAAAWBZZA H-ARQ for Fast Retransmission Module 5. 3JK10662AAAAWBZZA HSDPA Scheduling Mechanism Module 6. 3JK10663AAAAWBZZA Adaptative Modulation and Coding with 16-QAM Module 7. 3JK10664AAAAWBZZA MAC-hs in UTRAN Protocols Module 8. 3JK10665AAAAWBZZA HSDPA Scenarios Module 9. 3JK10666AAAAWBZZA HSDPA A-L implementation 5. HSUPA Description Module 1. 3JK10667AAAAWBZZA HSUPA Key Concepts
Alcatel-Lucent W-CDMA Module UMTS Radio Principles
2. 3JK10668AAAAWBZZA HSUPA Channels All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007
Module 3. 3JK10669AAAAWBZZA HSUPA Scheduling Mechanism Module 4. 3JK10670AAAAWBZZA H-ARQ for HSUPA Module 5. 3JK10672AAAAWBZZA MAC-e in UTRAN Protocols Module 6. 3JK10673AAAAWBZZA HSUPA Scenarios Module 7. 3JK10674AAAAWBZZA HSUPA A-L implementation 6. APPENDIX Module 1. 3JK10675AAAAWBZZA Appendix
Table of Contents [cont.]

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All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007
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Course Objectives
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Welcome to UMTS Radio Principles
After successful completion of this course, you should understand :
Draw the UTRAN architecture with the protocol stack (radio and Iu) of each network element and to define the channels generated by these protocols Define a Radio Resource in 3G. Build the map of the channels (logical, transport, physical) from a white paper Describe the HSDPA principles. Describe the HSUPA principles.
Course Objectives [cont.]

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About this Student Guide

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Conventions used in this guide Switch to notes view!

Note
Provides you with additional information about the topic being discussed. Although this information is not required knowledge, you might find it useful or interesting.
Technical Reference
(1) 24.348.98 Points you to the exact section of Alcatel-Lucent Technical Practices where you can find more information on the topic being discussed.
Warning
Alerts you to instances where non-compliance could result in equipment damage or personal injury.
Where you can get further information
If you want further information you can refer to the following: Technical Practices for the specific product Technical support page on the Alcatel website: http://www.alcatel-lucent.com
About this Student Guide [cont.]

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Self-Assessment of Objectives
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Contract number : Course title :
At the end of each section you will be asked to fill this questionnaire Please, return this sheet to the trainer at the end of the training to notes view!
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Instructional objectives 1 To be able to XXX
Comments
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Self-Assessment of Objectives [cont.]

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Instructional objectives Yes (or Globally yes) No (or globally no) Comments
Other comments
Thank you for your answers to this questionnaire
Do not delete this graphic elements in here:
Section 1 UMTS System Description

3JK10655AAAAWBZZA Edition 1

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UMTS System Description 1
Document History Edition 03 Date 2007-06-21 Author Scholle, Martin Remarks Conversion into Alcatel-Lucent template
Objectives
To be able to draw the UTRAN architecture with the protocol stack (radio and Iu) of each network element and to define the channels generated by these protocols.
Objectives [cont.]
Table of Contents
Page Common Transport Channels Dedicated Transport Channels UTRAN Situation & Core Network in 1 Logical R4 7 Mapping Logical / Transport Channels 3GPP Architecture 1.1 UTRAN Situation & Core Network in 3GPP R4 8 Physical Channels UTRAN Logical Architecture 1.2 UTRAN Logical Architecture 9 Physical Channel List Interfaces 1.3 Interfaces 10 Downlink Network Element Function Uplink 1.4 Network Element 11 Network Protocols Function Physical Channels: Structure 2 Network Protocols 13 Protocols in UTRAN 2.1 Protocols in UTRAN Interfaces UTRAN Radio Protocols 14 Protocol Stack on the 2.2 Protocol Stack on the Interfaces 15 Radio protocol stack General model 2.3 General model Radio Resource Control (RRC) 16 Iub protocols PDCP and BMC Protocols 17 2.4 Iub protocols Iur Protocols Radio Link Control (RLC) 18 2.5 Iur Protocols Radio Channels Medium Access Control (MAC) 3 Radio Channels 20 Global Situation The Physical Layer 3.1 Global Situation 21 RAB Presentation Exercises 3.2 RAB Channels, Protocols & Presentation 22 Radio 3.3 Radio Channels, Protocols & Network Elements MAC protocol 23 Network Elements 3.4 Radio Bearers 24 Radio Bearers 3.5 Logical Channels 25 Logical Channels 3.6 Why TransportChannels? Channels? 27 Why Transport 3.7 Structure of aTransport Channel 28 Structure of a Transport Channel 3.8 Transport Channels: Example Example 30 Transport Channels: 3.9 Transport Channels 31 Transport Channels 3.10 Common Transport Channels 32 3.11 Dedicated Transport Channels 35 3.12 Mapping Logical / Transport Channels 36 Alcatel-Lucent Physical Channels 3.13 W-CDMA 38 All rights reserved 2007, Alcatel-Lucent UMTS Radio Principles 3.14 Physical Channel List 39 3.15 Downlink 40 3.16 Uplink 41 3.17 Physical Channels: Structure 42 4 UTRAN Radio Protocols 43 4.1 Radio protocol stack 44 4.2 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 45 4.3 PDCP and BMC Protocols 46 4.4 Radio Link Control (RLC) 47 4.5 Medium Access Control (MAC) 48 4.6 The Physical Layer 49 5 Exercises 50 5.1 MAC protocol 51
Logical Architecture

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UMTS System Description
1 Logical Architecture
1.1 UTRAN Situation & Core Network in 3GPP R4

Access Network
UTRAN RNC
MSC Server
Core Network CS-CN

MGW GMSC
CS Links PS Links
External Networks
Iu-CS
PSTN
HLR Node B
IN network
Backbone
Iu-PS SGSN
iGGS N
GSM BSS
BTS
BSC Gb
PCU
PDN
PS-CN
A Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) is composed of 2 main parts: The Access Network (AN) provides the radio interface and radio resource management for mobile communications toward the Core Network (CN). The Core network is in charge of User Equipment (UE) Mobility (MM) and Session (SM) management. It also deals with the external networks for voice call establishment or data session establishment. The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) is the UMTS Access Network; its composed of Node Bs and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs). An ATM switch interfaces the UTRAN and the CN: Iu-CS interface for the Circuit Switched Core Network (CSCN). Iu-PS interface for the Packet Switched Core Network (PSCN). The PLMN connects specifically to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) for voice or to the Packet Data Network (PDN) for data. The CN includes the Intelligent Network (IN) for value-added services. Example of services: For voice: Voice Call Prepaid Service
SMS service
Call Waiting
1.2 UTRAN Logical Architecture

Core Network
CS-CN Iu-CS RNC Iub Iur Iu-PS
PS-CN
RNC Iub
UTRAN
RNS Node B
Uu Interface
Node B
UE
UEs
CN 2 separated domains: Circuit Switched (CS) and Packet Switched (PS) which reuse the infrastructure of GSM and GPRS respectively. UTRAN new radio interface: CDMA new transmission technology: ATM CN independent of AN The specificity of the access network due to mobile system should be transparent to the core network, which may potentially use any access technique. Radio specificity of the access network is hidden to the core network. UE radio mobility is fully controlled by UTRAN. Some correspondences with GSM: CN UTRAN RNC Node-B UE NSS BSS BSC BTS MS Uu Iub Iur Iu-CS Iu-PS Um A-bis no equivalent A Gb
1.3 Interfaces
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Open Interfaces: The function of the Network Elements have been clearly specified by the 3GPP. Their internal implementation issues are open for the manufacturer All the interfaces have been defined in such a detailed level that the equipment at the endpoints can be from different manufacturers. Open Interfaces aim at motivating competition between manufacturers. Physical implementation of Iu interfaces Each Iu Interface may be implemented on any physical connection using any transport technology, mainly on E1 (cable), STM1 (Optic fiber) and micro-waves. ATM will be provided in the 3GPP R4 release and IP is foreseen for the 3GPP R6
A manufacturer can produce only the Node-B (and not the RNC). This is not possible in GSM (A-bis is a proprietary interface) The Iur physical connection can go through the CN using common physical links with Iu-CS and Iu-PS. However there is a direct logical connection between the 2 RNCs: the Iur information is not handled by the CN.
1.4 Network Element Function

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RNC
RNC
Iub
Iur RNS
Node B
Iub
Node B
RNC: Radio Network Controller It is the intelligent part of the UTRAN: - Radio resource management (code allocation, Power Control, congestion control, admission control) - Call management for the users - Connection to CS and PS Core Network - Radio mobility management
An RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) contains one RNC (Radio Network Controller) and at least one Node-B. The RNC takes a more important place in UTRAN than the BSC in the GSM BSS. Indeed RNC can perform soft HO, while in GSM there is no connection between BSCs and only hard HO can be applied.
1.4 Network Element Function [cont.]

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RNC
ATM Transport Technology
Iub
Node B
Node-B A Node-B can be considered, as first approximation, like a transcoder between the data received by antennas and the data in the ATM cell on the Iub. - Radio transmission and reception handling - Involved in the mobility management - Involved in the power control
An RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) contains one RNC (Radio Network Controller) and at least one Node-B. A Node-B is also more complex than the GSM BTS, because it handles softer HO. Controlling RNC (CRNC): a role an RNC can take with respect to a specific set of Node-Bs (ie those NodeBs belonging to the same RNS). There is only one CRNC for any Node-B. The CRNC has the overall control of the logical resources of its Node-Bs
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2 Network Protocols
2 Network Protocols
2.1 Protocols in UTRAN

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The Iu protocols
Core Network Iu
Used to exchange data (traffic and signaling) between RNCs, Node Bs and the Core Network.
Iu Protocols
The Radio protocols

RNC Iur Iub RNC
Used to process the data sent on the air and for the signaling between UTRAN and the UEs
Radio Protocols
Node B
Uu Interface
NAS Signaling
Signaling between a UE and the Core Network. Typically, the Authentification and the Location
NAS Signaling
Iu Protocols : RANAP: Radio Access Network Application Protocol, RNSAP: Radio Network Sub-system Application Protocol, NBAP: Node B Application Protocol, ALCAP is a generic name for the signalling protocols of the Transport Network Control Plane used to establish/release Data Bearers. It makes establishment/release of Data Bearers on request of the Application Protocol. Radio Protocols : RRC: Radio Resource Control RLC: Radio Link Control MAC: Medium Access Control NAS refers to higher layers (3 to 7). Entities of this part will exchange tele-services and bearer services
2 Network Protocols
2.2 Protocol Stack on the Interfaces

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Control plane
User plane
Radio Sig
RANAP Voice Data Iub FP AAL5 RNC Iu- CS
Voice Iu UP AAL2
NBAP AAL5
AAL2 ATM
ATM
CS-CN
Radio Sig
Node B
Iub RNSAP Iub AAL5
Voice Data Iur FP AAL2
ATM Iur RANAP AAL5 Node B
Data Iu UP AAL5
ATM Node B Iub RNC

PS-CN
Iu- PS
AAL5 has been designed to adapt non real time, connectionless oriented data at variable bit rate (eg, web browsing) to ATM. AAL2 has been designed to adapt real time, connection oriented data at variable bit rate (eg, voice in AMR) to ATM.
2 Network Protocols
2.3 General model

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The same general protocol model is applied for all Iu interfaces:

Radio Network Layer
Control Plane User Plane
Application Protocol
Transport Network User Plane Transport Network Control Plane
Data Stream(s)
Transport Network User Plane
Transport Network Layer
ALCAP Signaling Bearer(s) Signaling Bearer(s) Physical Layer Data Bearer(s)
1. What is the purpose of the separation between the Radio Network Layer and the Transport Network Layer? 2. Why is ALCAP protocol necessary?
Application Protocols:
- NBAP for Iub interface - RNSAP for Iur interface - RANAP for Iu-CS and Iu-PS interfaces
The Iu protocols are responsible for exchanges of signalling and user data between two endpoints of an Iu interface (e.g. Node-B and RNC over the Iub interface) . The ALCAP protocol is used to establish the AAL2 connections for the the data stream (user data & user signaling) of the Radio Network Layer.
2 Network Protocols
2.4 Iub protocols

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Radio Link Establishment
RABs*
RRC Connection Establishment* NAS signalling*
Radio Network Layer
Control Plane
User Plane
NBAP
Frame Protocols (IubFP)

ALCAP AAL5 AAL5 ATM Physical Layer AAL2
Note: AAL2 and AAL5 are sub-layers of ATM which provide some adaptation between the application (voice, data, signalling) and the ATM layer. NBAP is used to carry signalling (e.g Radio Link Establishment) Examples of actions of NBAP during Radio Link Establishment: signalling exchanges over Iub, which permits the RNC to reserve radio resources of Node-B for the Radio Link signalling transaction with ALCAP, which will setup a Iub data bearer (on AAL2) to carry the Radio Link Frame Protocols At this stage Data Streams (carrying RABs, NAS signalling, SMS Cell Broadcast service, RRC connection establishment) have been mapped on transport channels The Frame Protocols (FP) define the structures of the frame and the basic in-band control procedures for every type of transport channels. ALCAP is used to set up AAL2 connections for Data Streams. Bearers Data Streams are carried on AAL2, which enables better bandwidth efficiency for user packets but requires its own signalling (ALCAP signalling is used to set up AAL2 connections for Data Streams). NBAP and ALCAP messages are carried on AAL5.
2 Network Protocols
2.5 Iur Protocols

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Establishment of an additional radio link to an UE (for soft HO) Radio Network Layer
Control Plane
RABs*
RRC Connection Establishment* NAS signalling*
User Plane
RNSAP
Frame Protocols (Iur FP)

... AAL5
ALCAP AAL5 ATM Physical Layer AAL2
Note: AAL2 and AAL5 are sub-layers of ATM which provide some adaptation between the application (voice, data, signalling) and the ATM layer. RNSAP It is used to carry signalling (e.g Radio Link Establishment) e.g. actions of RNSAP during Radio Link Establishment: signalling exchanges over Iur: the SRNC request the DRNC to reserve radio resources for the Radio Link (the DRNC will afterwards reserve these radio resources in the suitable Node-B) signalling transaction with ALCAP, which will setup a Iur data bearer to carry the Radio Link Frame Protocols At this stage Data Streams (carrying RABs, NAS signalling, SMS Cell Broadcast service, RRC connection establishment) have been mapped on transport channels The Frame Protocols (FP) define the structures of the frame and the basic in-band control procedures for every type of transport channels. ALCAP It is used to set up AAL2 connections for Data Streams. Bearers Data Streams are carried on AAL2, which enables better bandwidth efficiency for user packets but requires its own signalling (ALCAP signalling is used to set up AAL2 connections for Data Streams). RNSAP and ALCAP messages are carried on AAL5.
QUIZ!
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A. Put the correct words in the spaces on the figure below ... CS networks (PSTN, ISDN) ...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
PS networks (internet) ...
...
...
...
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3 Radio Channels
3 Radio Channels
3.1 Global Situation

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UE
UTRAN
SGSN Teleservice
GGSN
PDN Internet
UMTS Bearer Service Radio Access Bearer Service (RAB) Radio Bearer Service Logical Channel Transport Channel Physical Channel Uu
External Bearer Service CN Bearer Service
Iu Bearer Service
Backbone Bearer Service
Iu
A Radio Bearer is the service provided by a protocol entity (i.e. RLC protocol) for transfer of data between UE and UTRAN. Radio bearers are the highest level of bearer services exchanged between UTRAN and UE. Radio bearers are mapped successively on logical channels, transport channels and physical channels (Radio Physical Bearer Service on the figure)
3 Radio Channels
3.2 RAB Presentation

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UMTS Bearers
RAB RAB
CN-CS
UTRAN
UE UMTS bearer services
RAB RAB
UMTS Bearer UMTS Bearer

CN-PS
Radio Bearers
Iu Bearers
RABs (mapped on Radio & Iu Bearers) The RAB provides confidential transport of signaling and user data between UE and CN with the appropriate QoS.
Example of available RAB in R4 Conversational (CS) Streaming (CS)

AMR 12.2/12.2, 64/64
14.4/14.4
Interactive (PS)
R2: 64/128, 64/384 64/144, 128/384, 144/384, 32/32, 64/64, 128/128, 144/144
Background (PS)
R2: 64/128, 64/384 64/144, 128/384, 144/384, 32/32, 64/64, 128/128, 144/144
3 Radio Channels
3.3 Radio Channels, Protocols & Network Elements

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NAS Signaling
Voice
Web SMS Cell Browsing Broadcast
RRC
RRC Sig.
PDCP BMC
Radio Bearers
MAC
Physical Channels Transport Channels Uu Interface
RLC
Control Logical Ch. Traffic Logical Ch.
MAC
RNC
Transport Channels
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
Node B
UE
The radio protocols are responsible for exchanges of signalling and user data between the UE and the UTRAN over the Uu interface: User plane protocols These are the protocols implementing the actual Radio Access Bearer (RAB) service, i.e. carrying user data through the access stratum (EXAMPLES 1,2 and 4). Control plane protocols These are the protocols for controlling the radio access bearers and the connection between the UE and the network from different aspects including requesting the service EXAMPLE 5), controlling different transmission resources, handover & streamlining etc... Also a mechanism for transparent transfer of Non Access Stratum (NAS) messages is included). Some principles: The Radio Protocols are independent of the applied transport layer technology (ATM in R99): that may be changed in the future while the Radio Protocols remain intact. The main part of radio protocols are located in the RNC (and in the UE). The Node-B is mainly a relay between UE and RNC.
3 Radio Channels
3.4 Radio Bearers

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Signaling Radio Bearers (SRB) SRBs can carry: - layer 3 signaling (e.g. RRC connection establishment) - NAS signaling (e.g location update) There can be up to 4 SRBs per RRC connection (one UE has one RRC connection when connected to the UTRAN). User Plane Radio Bearers RABs are mapped on user plane RBs. One RAB can be divided on RAB sub-flows and each sub-flow is mapped on one user plane RB. e.g the AMR codec encodes/decodes speech into/from three sub-flows; each sub-flow can have its own channel coding.
Please note that RAB (Radio Access Bearer) are only provided in the user plane. What is a RRC connection? When the UE needs to exchange any information with the network, it must first establish a signalling link with the UTRAN: it is made through a procedure with the RRC protocol and it is called RRC connection establishment. During this procedure the UE will send an initial access request on CCCH to establish a signalling link which will be carried on a DCCH. A given UE can have either zero or one RRC connection.
3 Radio Channels
3.5 Logical Channels

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UTRAN
Logical Channels
Control Channels (CCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Paging Control Channel (PCCH) Common Control Channel (CCCH) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
UE
Traffic Channels (TCH)

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
The logical channels are divided into: Control channels for the transfer of control plane information Traffic channels for the transfer of user plane information
3 Radio Channels
3.5 Logical Channels [cont.]

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UL ( ) / DL ( ) BCCH PCCH
What type of information? System control information e.g cell identity, uplink interference level P aging information e.g CN originated call when the network does not know the location cell of the UE Control information e.g initial access (RRC connection request), cell update Control information (but the UE must have a RRC connection) e.g radio bearer setup, measurement reports, HO T raffic information dedicated to one UE e.g speech, fax, web browsing T raffic information to all or a group of UEs e.g SMS-Cell Broadcast
CCCH DCCH DTCH CTCH
3 Radio Channels
3.6 Why Transport Channels?

27
Traffic Time
Time Interval Transport Channel
A transport channel offers a flexible pattern to arrange information on any service-specific rate, delay or coding before mapping it on a physical channel: it provides flexibility in traffic variation it enables multiplexing of transport channels on the same physical channel Transport channels provide an efficient and fast flexibility in radio resource management.
The transport channels provides a flexible pattern to exchange data between UTRAN and the UE at a variable bit rate for the multimedia services. The logical channels are mapped on the transport channels by the MAC protocols. By this way the data are processed according to the QoS required before sending them to the Node B by the Iub.
3 Radio Channels
3.7 Structure of a Transport Channel

28
Transport Block: basic unit exchanged over transport channels.
Transport Format (TF): it may be changed every TTI. Each TF must belong to the Transport Format Set (TFS) of the transport channel
168 168 bits 168 20 ms 168 168 20 ms 168 168 20 ms 168 168 20 ms
Time Transmission Interval (TTI): periodicity at which a Transport Block Set is transferred by the physical layer on the radio interface
>> The system delivers one Transport Block Set to the physical layer every TTI: what is the delivery bit rate of the TTI: transport blocks to the physical layer during the first TTI?
A transport channel is defined by a Transport Format (TF) which may change every Time Transmission Interval (TTI). The TF is made of a Transport Block Set. The Transport Block size and the number of Transport Block inside the set are dynamical parameters. The TTI is a static parameter and is set typically at 10, 20 or 40 ms. For example, For a video-call (CS service at 64 kbps) TTI = 20 ms TFS = (640* 0,2) Turbo coding (coding rate=1/3) 16 CRC bits For a PS 64 kbps service TTI=20 ms TFS = (336* 0,1,2,3,4) Turbo coding (coding rate=1/3) 16 CRC bits
3 Radio Channels
3.7 Structure of a Transport Channel [cont.]

29
Transport Format (TF) Semi-static part (can be changed, but long process) Transmission Time Interval (TTI), Coding scheme... Dynamic part (may be changed easily) Size of transport block, Number of transport blocks per TTI Transport Format Set (TFS) It is the set of allowed Transport Formats for a transport channel, which is assigned by RRC protocol entity to MAC protocol entity. MAC chooses TF among TFS. MAC may choose another TF every TTI without interchanging with RRC protocol (fast radio resource control).
What is TTI (Transmission Time Interval)? it is equal to the periodicity at which a Transport Block Set is transferred by the physical layer on the radio interface it is always a multiple of the minimum interleaving period (e.g. 10ms, the length of one Radio Frame) MAC delivers one Transport Block Set to the physical layer every TTI. What does the TFS provide ? The selection at each TTI of a number of transport block among the allowed list provides the required flexibility for the variable traffic and allows to manages the priority.
3 Radio Channels
3.8 Transport Channels: Example

30
576 bits 576 576 576 40 ms 576 576 576 576 576
Sta tic Pa rt TTI Coding scheme CRC Dyna mic Pa rt Transport Block Size Transport Block Size Set
? T urbo coding, coding rate= 1/ 3 16 bits
1. Complete the table 2. What is the delivery bit rate of the transport blocks to the physical layer during the first TTI?
? 576*B (B= 0,1,2,3,4)
3. How many Transport Format(s) may be chosen for this transport channel? 4. Can you imagine why the transfer has been interrupted during the third TTI?
3 Radio Channels
3.9 Transport Channels

31
UTRAN
Transport Channels
Common Channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH) Paging Channel (PCH) Forward Access Channel (FACH) Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) Random Access Channel (RACH) Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
UE
Dedicated Channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
The transport channels are divided into: Common channels: they are divided between all or a group of UEs in a cell. They require in-band identification of the UEs when addressing particular UEs. Dedicated channels: it is reserved for a single UE only. In-band identification is not necessary, a given UE is identified by the physical channel (code and frequency in FDD mode)
3 Radio Channels
3.10 Common Transport Channels

32
BCH:
Broadcast Channel
A downlink transport channel that is used to carry BCCH. The BCH is always transmitted with high power over the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate. >> The BCH is the only transport channel with a single transport format (no flexibility). Can you explain why?
PCH:
Paging Channel
A downlink transport channel that is used to carry PCCH. It is always transmitted over the entire cell. >> Is it possible to carry all types of information on the PCH?
BCH high power to reach all the user and low fixed bit rate so that all terminals can decode the data rate whatever its ability: only one Transport Format because there is no need for flexibility (fixed bit rate) PCH only two transport channels can NOT carry user information: BCH and PCH.
3 Radio Channels
3.10 Common Transport Channels [cont.]

33
FACH: Forward Access Channel A downlink transport channel that is used to carry control information. It may also carry short users packets. The FACH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a part of the cell using beam-forming antennas. The FACH uses open loop power control (slow power control). >> In which case is it interesting to use beam-forming antennas? would it also be beamrelevant to implement this feature for PCH? RACH: Random Access Channel An uplink transport channel that is used to carry control information from the mobile especially at the initial access. It may also carry short user packets. The RACH is always received from the entire cell and is characterized by a limited size data field, a collision risk and by the use of open loop power control (slow power control). >> Why is it interesting to carry short user packets on RACH in spite of limited data field and collision risk (instead of using a dedicated channel)?
Note: Beam-forming is also called Inherent addressing of users: it is the possibility of transmission to a certain part of the cell. RACH and FACH are mainly used to carry signalling (e.g at the initial access), but they can also carry small amounts of data. When a UE sends information on the RACH, it will receive information on FACH.
3 Radio Channels
3.10 Common Transport Channels [cont.]

34
DSCH: Downlink Shared Channel A downlink transport channel shared by several UEs to carry dedicated control or user information. When a UE is using the DSCH, it always has an associated DCH, which provides power control. CPCH: Common Packet Channel An uplink transport channel that is used to carry long user data packets and control packets. It is a contention based random access channel. It is always associated with a dedicated channel on the downlink, which provides power control.
Transfer of signalling and traffic on a shared basis
DSCH and CCPH seem to be symmetrical, but: DSCH is on the DL, so that different user data are synchronised with each other (the information on whether the UE should receive the DSCH or not is conveyed on the associated DCH) CPCH is on the UL, so that different user data can NOT be synchronised (the mobile phones are not synchronised). It may cause big problem of collisions!
3 Radio Channels
3.11 Dedicated Transport Channels

35
DCH:
Dedicated Channel
A downlink or uplink transport channel that is used to carry user or control information. It is characterized by features such as fast rate change (on a frame-by-frame basis), fast power control, use of beam-forming and support of soft HO.
DCH It is different from GSM where TCH carries user data (e.g speech frames) and ACCH carries higher layer signalling (e.g HO commands)
User data and signalling are therefore treated in the same way from the physical layer (although set of parameters may be different between data and signalling) wide range of Transport Format Set permits to be very flexible concerning the bit rate, the interleaving... Fast Power Control and soft HO are only applied on this transport channel.
3 Radio Channels
3.12 Mapping Logical / Transport Channels

36
Control Logical Channels BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH
Traffic Logical Channels DTCH CTCH
BCH
PCH
RACH
FACH
DSCH
CPCH
DCH Dedicated Transport Channels
Common Transport Channels
3 Radio Channels
3.12 Mapping Logical / Transport Channels [cont.]

37
Control Logical Channels BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH
Traffic Logical Channels DTCH CTCH
BCH
PCH
RACH
FACH
DSCH
CPCH
DCH Dedicated Transport Channels
Common Transport Channels
According to the slide above and the previous one, we can say state that : Except BCH and PCH, each type of transport channel can be used for the transfer of either control or traffic logical channels.
3 Radio Channels
3.13 Physical Channels

38
For the UE point of view, the network is just the physical channels. RNC Transport Channels Iub There are several kinds of physical channels. Channel associated with transport channel UTRAN Signaling (mobility management) Core Network Signaling (authentication) Node B User Traffic (voice) There are common and dedicated channels Channels not associated with transport channel, the physical signaling. Cell Search Selection System Information Collection Connection Request and Paging Surveillance These channels and resources allowing the UE to share these channels with other users are the radio resources We will see later how data from transport channel are processed to be mapped on the physical channels and how a UE uses these channels.
On a cell, all the physical channels are send on the same frequency and on the same time. It is due to the radio technology, the WCDMA, really different than the one used with the GSM. Here the physical channels are separated by codes. We will see this point on the next chapter.
3 Radio Channels
3.14 Physical Channel List

39
Not associated with transport channels CPICH: Common Pilot Channel PICH: Page Indicator Channel P-SCH & S-SCH: Primary & Secondary Synchronization Channel AICH: Acquisition Indicator Channel Dedicated Physical Channels, associated with transport channels DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel Common Physical Channels, associated with transport channels P-CCPCH & S-CCPCH: Primary & Secondary Common Control Channel PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel PCPCH: Physical Common Packet Channel
3 Radio Channels
3.15 Downlink
40
DTCH, DCCH
CCCH, CTCH
PCCH
BCCH
Logical Ch Transport Ch DCH DSCH

Not implemented yet in Alactel-Lucent Solution
FACH
PCH
BCH
Physical Ch
DPDCH and DPCCH multiplexed by time
DPDCH + DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Ch
PDSCH
S-CCPCH
Common Physical Ch
P-CCPCH
Not associated with transport channels

AICH
PICH
CPICH
P-SCH
S-SCH
Some common transport channels are multiplexed on the same physical channels. Like the FACH and the PCH on the S-CCPCH. The FACH is a downlink common channel to carry the traffic and the control data. The PCH is the Paging channel. By the same principles, several DCH (Dedicated channel) belonging by the same user are mapped on one physical channel, the DPDCH. The DPCCH is its control channel at the physical level.
3 Radio Channels
3.16 Uplink
41
DTCH, DCCH
CCCH
Logical Ch Transport Ch DCH1 DCH2 RACH CPCH
CCTrCH Physical Ch
DPDCH and DPCCH multiplexed by modulation
DPDCH + DPCCH
PRACH
PCPCH
Dedicated Physical Ch
Common Physical Ch
There are less channels in uplink. For the physical channels, there are the dedicated channels (DPDCH) and the common channels (PRACH). The PCPCH is not implemented in the Alactel-Lucent Solution.
3 Radio Channels
3.17 Physical Channels: Structure

42
Radio Frame = 10 ms 15 Time Slots
1 Time slot = 0.666 ms
. N bits (according to the bit rate) A physical channel is defined by: A carrier Some codes (see 4.3 and 4.4 part) A start and stop instant Physical channels are sent continuously on the air interface between start and stop instants.
After channel coding each transport block is split into radio frames of 10 ms. The bit rate may be changed for each frame. Each radio frame is also split into 15 time slots. But all time slots belong to the same user (this slot structure has nothing to do with the TDMA structure in GSM). All time slots of a same TDMA frame have the same bit rate. Fast power control may be performed for each time slot (1500 Hz). The number of chips for one bit M is equivalent to the spreading factor. It can easily be computed with knowledge of N: In fact the spreading factor must be equal to 4, 8, 16256. Consequently it may be necessary to add some padding bits to match the adequate value of spreading factor (rate matching).
43
4 UTRAN Radio Protocols
4.1 Radio protocol stack

44
Control plane Non Access Stratum Access Stratum Layer 3

Layer 2/PDCP Layer 2/BMC control control control
User plane Bearers (called RAB in user plane)
RRC
control
control
PDCP PDC P
SAP BMC
Radio Bearers RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLCRLC Logical Channels
Layer 2/RLC RLC
Layer 2/MAC
MAC Transport Channels PHY Physical Channels
Layer 1
The radio protocols are responsible for exchanges of signalling and user data between the UE and the UTRAN over the Uu interface The radio protocols are layered into: the RRC protocol located in RNC* and UE the RLC protocol located in RNC* and UE the MAC protocol located in RNC* and UE the physical layer (on the air interface) located in Node-B and UE Two additional service-dependent protocols exists in the user plane in the layer 2: PDCP and BMC. Each layer provides services to upper layers at Service Access Points (SAP) on a peer-to-peer communication basis. The SAP are marked with circles. A service is defined by a set of service primitives. Radio Interface Protocol Architecture is described in 3GPP 25.301. (*except a part of protocol used for BCH which is terminated in Node-B)
4.2 Radio Resource Control (RRC)

45
Bearers Layer 3 control control control RRC Radio Bearers (control plane) control
Call management Radio mobility management Measurement control and reporting
control
Outer loop power control

PDCP BMC
RLC
MAC PHY
RRC is the brain of the radio interface protocol stack.
RRC is a protocol which belongs to control plane. The RRC functions are: Call management RRC connection establishment/release (initial access) Radio Bearer establishment/release/reconfiguration (in the control plane and in the user plane) Transport and Physical Channels reconfiguration Radio mobility management Handover (soft and hard) Cell and URA update (see 5.UTRAN/ Mobility Management) Paging procedure Measurements control (UTRAN side) and reporting (UE side) Outer Loop Power Control Control of radio channel ciphering and deciphering RRC can control locally the configuration of the lower layers (RLC, MAC...) through Control SAP. These Control services are not requiring peer-to-peer communication, one or more sublayers can be bypassed. See 3GPP 25.331 RRC protocol (over 500 pages!)
4.3 PDCP and BMC Protocols

46
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) - in the user plane, only for services from the PS domain - it contains compression methods In R99 only a header compression method is mentioned (RFC2507). Why is header compression valuable? e.g a combined RTP/UDP/IP headers is at least 60 bytes for IPv6, when IP voice service header can be about 20 bytes or less. BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Services) - in the user plane - to adapt broadcast and multicast services from NAS on the radio interface In R99 the only service using this protocol is SMS Cell Broadcast Service (directly taken from GSM).
See 3 GPP 25.323 (PDCP protocol) and 25.324 (BMC protocol)
4.4 Radio Link Control (RLC)

47
Segmentation
Radio Bearers (control plane) Layer 2/ upper part RLC RLC RLC Radio Bearers (user plane) RLC RLC RLCRLC Traffic Logical Channels
Buffering Data transfer with 3 configuration modes: - Transparent (TM) - Unacknowledged (UM) - Acknowledged (AM) Ciphering
RLC
Control Logical Channels
RLC provides segmentation and (in AM mode) reliable data transfer.

There is no difference between RLC instances in Control and User planes. There is a single RLC connection per Radio Bearer. RLC main functions: RLC Connection Establishment/Release in 3 configuration modes: - transparent data transfer (TM): without adding any protocol information - unacknowledged data transfer (UM): without guaranteeing delivery to the peer entity (but can detect transmission errors) acknowledged data transfer (AM): with guaranteeing delivery to the peer entity. The AM mode provides reliable link (error detection and recovery, in-sequence delivery, duplicate detection, flow Control, ARQ mechanisms) ARQ=Automatic Repeat Request (it manages retransmissions) Transmission/Reception buffer Segmentation and reassembly (to adjust the radio bearer size to the actual set of transport formats) Mapping between Radio Bearers and Logical Channels (one to one) Ciphering for non-transparent RLC data (if not performed in MAC), using the UEA1, Kasumi algorithm specified in R99 Encryption is performed in accordance with TS 33.102 (radio interface), 25.413, 25.331(RRC signaling messages) and supports the settings of integrity with CN (CS-domain/PS-domain) 3GPP 25.322 RLC protocol
4.5 Medium Access Control (MAC)

48
Control Logical Channels

Layer 2/ lower part
Traffic Logical Channels
Basic data transfer Multiplexing of logical channels Priority handling/Scheduling (TFC selection)
MAC
Transport Channels (common and dedicated)
Reporting of measurements Ciphering
MAC can switch a common channel into a dedicated channel if higher bit rate is required (on request of L3-level). MAC can change dynamically Transport Format (bit rate) of each transport channel on a frame basis (each 10 ms) without interchanging with L3-level. MAC provides flexible data transfer.
MAC belongs to control plane and to user plane. MAC main functions: Data transfer: MAC provides unacknowledged data transfer without segmentation Multiplexing of logical channels (possible only if they require the same QoS) Mapping between Logical Channels and Transport Channels Selection of appropriate Transport Format for each Transport Channel depending on instantaneous source rate. Priority handling/Scheduling according to priorities given by upper layers: - between data flows of one UE - between different UEs Priority handling/Scheduling is done through Transport Format Combination (TFC) selection Reporting of monitoring to RRC Ciphering for RLC transparent data (if not performed in RLC) 3GPP 25.321 MAC protocol
4.6 The Physical Layer

49
Common Transport Channels Layer 1
Dedicated Transport Channels
Multiplexing of transport ch. Spreading/modulation
Physical layer
Common Physical Channels Air Interface Dedicated Physical Channels
RF processing Power control Measurements
The physical layer provides multiplexing and radio frequency processing with a CDMA method.
The physical layer belongs to control plane and to user plane. Physical layer main functions: Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of transport channels on CCTrCH (Coded Composite Transport Channel) even if the transport channels require different QoS. Mapping of CCTrCH on physical channels Spreading/de-spreading and modulation/demodulation of physical channels RF processing (3 GPP 25.10x) Frequency and time (chip, bit, slot, frame) synchronization Measurements and indication to higher layers (e.g. FER, SIR, interference power, transmit power, etc.) Open loop and Inner loop power control Macro-diversity distribution/combining and soft handover execution
3GPP 25.2xx
50
5 Exercises
5 Exercises
5.1 MAC protocol

51
BCCH MAC Control
PCCH
BCCH
CCCH CTCH
DCCH DTCH DTCH
MAC-d
MAC-b
MAC-c/sh
BCH
PCH FACH FACH RACH CPCH DSCH DSCH
DCH DCH
Iur or local
Look at this figure and answer the questions on the following pages. pages.
5 Exercises
5.1 MAC protocol [cont.]

52
1. On which logical/transport channels will be mapped: system information broadcasting paging telephony speech internet browsing at a high bit rate internet browsing at a low bit rate Can you imagine a situation where the UE will use 2 DTCHs (or more) at the same time? 2. Guess the meaning of MAC-b MAC-c/sh and MAC-d. 3. Why is there one MAC-d entity on the UE side and several MAC-d entities on the UTRAN side? 4. What is the link between MAC-c/sh and MAC-d for?
5 Exercises
5.1 MAC protocol [cont.]

53
5. What are the 4 main functions of MAC protocol? 6. MAC can multiplex logical channels only if they require the same QoS: true or false? 7. Which entity is responsible for TFS selection? TF allocation? 8. Will the physical channel configuration be changed (e.g modification of spreading factor) when MAC selects a new TF inside TFS? 9. MAC makes measurement reports to RRC: why is it necessary?
Evaluation
54
Objective: To be able to draw the UTRAN architecture with the protocol stack (radio and Iu) of each network element and to define the channels generated by these protocols.
Thank you for answering the objectives sheet
55
End of Module UMTS System Descritption
Section 2 WCDMA for UMTS


Blank Page
WCDMA for UMTS 2
Objectives
WCDMA for UMTS 2
To be able to define a Radio Resource in 3G
Objectives [cont.]
WCDMA for UMTS 2
Table of Contents
WCDMA for UMTS 2
Context
Historical
1 Context & Disadvantages Advantages 1.1 Historical 3GPP Rake Receiver 1.2 Advantages & Disadvantages 9 Analogy Rake Receiver principle 10 1.3 3GPP Restaurant WCDMA and Rake Receiver and Multi-Service 2 Analogy 11 Spread Spectrum Modulation Rake Receiver and soft handover 2.1Code as a Shell against Noise 12 A WCDMA and Restaurant Rake Receiver and Path Diversity Spectrum spreading 3 Spread Spectrum Modulation 15 Power Control Transmission Chain 3.1 A Code as a Shell against Noise 16 Why ? Code & Spreading factor 3.2 Spectrum spreading 17 Different kinds of Power Control Spreading factor & Chain 3.3 Transmission Data Rate 18 Open Loop Power Control Spreading factor & Error factor 3.4 Code & Spreading at reception 19 Closed Loop Power Control: Principle Exercise: Orthogonal Code 3.5 Spreading factor & Processing Gain & Data Rate 20 Closed Loop Power Control: Power Density WCDMA, Power Density 3.6 Spreading factor & Error at reception UL Closed Loop PC, in case21 Soft Handover of Code Division Multiple Access 3.7 Exercise: Orthogonal Code DL Closed Loop PC, in case23 Soft Handover of One-cell reuse 3.7 WCDMA, Power Density & Processing Gain 24 Capacity, Coverage & Quality Multiple access 4 Code Division Multiple and Scrambling 26 Links between Coverage, Capacity and Quality Spreading: Channelization Access 4.1 One-cell reuse (Spreading Codes) 27 Improvement Ways Channelization Codes Typical Values 4.2 Multiple access 28 Scrambling codes 4.3 Spreading: 30 Soft Handover Channelization and Scrambling 4.4 Channelization Codes (Spreading Codes) 31 Introduction Scenarios: Softer Handover 4.5 Scrambling codes 32 Scenarios: Soft Handover 5 Soft Handover 33 5.1 Introduction 34 5.2 Scenarios: Softer Handover 35 Alcatel-Lucent W-CDMA 5.3 Scenarios: Soft Handover 36 All rights reserved 2007, Alcatel-Lucent UMTS Radio Principles 5.4 Scenarios: Soft Handover inter RNC 37 5.5 Scenarios: SRNC Relocation 38 5.6 Soft Handover & Code Management 39 5.7 Cost & Benefit 40 6 Rake Receiver 42 6.1 Rake Receiver principle 43 6.2 Rake Receiver and Multi-Service 45 6.3 Rake Receiver and soft handover 46 6.4 Rake Receiver and Path Diversity 47 7 Power Control 49 7.1 Why ? 50 7.2 Different kinds of Power Control 51 7.3 Open Loop Power Control 52 7.4 Closed Loop Power Control: Principle 53 7.4 Closed Loop Power Control: Power Density 54 7.5 UL Closed Loop PC, in case of Soft Handover 55 7.5 DL Closed Loop PC, in case of Soft Handover 56 8 Capacity, Coverage & Quality 57 8.1 Links between Coverage, Capacity and Quality 58 8.2 Improvement Ways 59 8.3 Typical Values 60
Page Scenarios: Soft Handover inter RNC Scenarios: SRNC Relocation 7 Soft Handover & Code Management Cost & Benefit 8

WCDMA for UMTS 2
WCDMA for UMTS
1 Context
1 Context
1.1 Historical
WCDMA for UMTS 2
Early 70s CDMA developed for military field for its great qualities of privacy (low probability interception, interference rejection) 1996 CDMA commercial launch in the US This system called IS-95 or cdmaOne was developed by Qualcomm and has reached 50 million subscribers worldwide 2000 IMT-2000 has selected three CDMA radio interfaces: - WCDMA (UTRA FDD) - TD-CDMA (UTRA TDD) - CDMA 2000
In the following material we will only refer to WCDMA (UTRA FDD)
See http://www.cdg.org for IS-95 In CDMA field, we have experience of IS-95 IS-95 vocabulary: forward channel=downlink reverse channel=uplink handoff=handover
1 Context
1.2 Advantages & Disadvantages

WCDMA for UMTS 2
CDMA is very attractive: Better spectrum efficiency than 2G systems Suitable for all type of services (circuit, packet) and for multi-services Enhanced privacy Evolutionary (linked with progress in signal processing field)
BUT: Complex system: not easy to configure and to manage Unstable in case of congestion
Spectrum efficiency : transmission capacity per spectrum unit (bandwidth), i.e kbit/MHz. This must not be confused with the traffic capacity. The spectrum efficiency in UMTS is higher than in GSM (25x200kHz carriers in GSM offering 335 kbps** while a 5 MHz UMTS carrier offers 400 kbps). If we factor in densification (frequency reuse pattern), the UMTS traffic capacity is dramatically increased. According to CDMA Development Group: Capacity increases by a factor of between 8 to 10 compared to an AMPS analog system and between 4 to 5 times compared to a GSM system
1 Context
1.3 3GPP
WCDMA for UMTS 2
10
The 3GPP is the organization in charge of the standardization of the UMTS. It is made of standardization organization (ETSI in Europe, T1 in USA, ARIB in Japan or CTWS in China ), member of manufacturers and operators. The UMTS frequency allocations are :
2110
2170
2200
FDD
1900 1920 1980
MSS
2010 2025
TDD
FDD
MSS
TDD
Uplink Downlink
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex TDD: Time Division Duplex MSS: Mobile Satellite System
WCDMA for UMTS
11
2 Analogy
2 Analogy
2.1 WCDMA and Restaurant

WCDMA for UMTS 2
12
WCDMA
Cell Restaurant room UE People at table Ues, like people, send and receive on the same time and the same frequency. They are separeted by: Code Language For a table, the conversations of the neighbours are noise, for a UE it is the same principle: neighbour conversations are interference
Code 1
Restaurant Room
Enjoy your meal ! Guten appetite !
Code 2
Bon appetit !
Bom apetite !
The equivalence are: Restaurant room -> Cell Table -> UE Language -> Code
Here the important point is all the UEs send and receive on the same time and on the same frequency. The WCDMA is really different because with the GSM, the UEs are separated by the time (TS of TDMA) and the frequency. Here the UEs are separated with codes applied on the signals. Another important point is for someone the conversation on a neighbour table is considered like noise. It is the same principle with the WCDMA, for a user the other UEs generates some noises.
2 Analogy
2.1 WCDMA and Restaurant [cont.]

WCDMA for UMTS 2
13
WCDMA
Downlink
Node B Steward Interference level in DL problem: If some UE use too much power If there are too many users in the cell Impacts: Power Control in DL Control Admission Very important !
Restaurant Room
Enjoy your meal ! ????
COMO ESTAS ?
???
Who have order this cake ?
In downlink, In the restaurant, the steward want to ask to every table who have order a cake. If some people speak to loud, the table at the back of the room cant hear the question. It is the same case, if there are too many users in the room. In the cell, it is the same principle. If there are too many Ues on the cell or if some Ues use too much power, the interference level for a UE far from the Node B is too high to allow the UE decoding the message.
2 Analogy
2.1 WCDMA and Restaurant [cont.]

WCDMA for UMTS 2
14
WCDMA
Uplink
At the Node B level: If a UE, close to the NB, speak too loud If there are too many users Problem of interference level too high. The NB cant decode any users anymore. Impacts: Power Control in UL Admission Control Very important
Restaurant Room
It is for me ! Es ist meine
Cest la pomme ?
Who have order ???? cake this ?
QUIERO LA TARTA!!
In Uplink, In the restaurant, a steward can understand all the conversation if he knows all the languages. But if on a table, close to him, some one speak to loud the steward cant understand people on the other tables. It is the same problem if there are too many people it is too noisy to able to understand a conversation far from him. With the WCDMA, there is the same problem. That means if the cell is too load, the interference level at the Node B is too high to be able to decode the weakest signal.
WCDMA for UMTS
15
3 Spread Spectrum Modulation
3.1 A Code as a Shell against Noise

WCDMA for UMTS 2
16
Noise
Spreading
Radio Channel
Despreading
Transmitter
Receiver
The letter A represents the signal to transmit over the radio interface. At the transmitter the height (ie the power) of A is spread, while a color (i.e a code) is added to A to identify the message . At the receiver A can be retrieved with knowledge of the code, even if the power of the received signal is below the power of noise due to the radio channel.
3.2 Spectrum spreading

WCDMA for UMTS 2
17
P Radio channel f
Interference Level
???
Spreading
Despreading
At the transmitter the signal is multiplied by a code which spreads the signal over a wide bandwidth while decreasing the power (per unit of spectrum). At the receiver it is possible to retrieve the wanted signal by multiplying the received signal by the same code: you get a peak of correlation, while the noise level due to the radio channel remains the same, because this is not correlated with the code. But the interference level is too high, it is not possible to decode any message.
What is the interference level ? The interference level is the power received on the UMTS bandwidth used. These interferences are made of: the background noise, the messages of the other users, the traffic on the neighbouring cells. Because all the users on a cells use the same bandwidth on the same time, and the users on the other cells too, the decoding and so the error ratio depend on the interference level.
3.3 Transmission Chain

WCDMA for UMTS 2
18
Air Interface NB-Signal Data Modulator Code sequence Demodulator Code Sequence WB-Signal WB-Signal NB-Signal Data
The narrowband data signal is multiplied bit per bit by a code sequence: it is known as chipping. The chip rate (fixed) of this code sequence is much higher than the bit rate of the data signal: it produces a wideband signal, also called spread signal. At the receiver the same code sequence in phase should be used to retrieve the original data signal.
Code synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver is crucial for de-spreading the wideband signal successfully.
3.4 Code & Spreading factor

WCDMA for UMTS 2
19
The code is applied on each bit of the user data. The Spreading Factor, called SF, is the length of this code. Example: Data to transmit: 1 0 , SF=8. A chip Spread data Code Coded data
1 -1
Chip rate fixed at 3.84 Mchip/s
Transmission
1 -1 1 -1
Received data, 1 without error -1 Code applied

1 -1 1 -1
Reception
What is the spreading factor? It is the number of chips per bit (=chip rate/bit rate). The chip rate is linked with the CDMA carrier bandwidth and has a constant value of 3,84 Mcps. It is quite easy to match the bit rate of the signal with the CDMA chip rate just by choosing the adequate spreading factor. The higher the spreading factor, the more redundancy you add in the signal and the lower the probability of bit error is by transmitting the signal. It is also traduced by the processing gain (see below). Code synchronization? It is difficult to acquire and to maintain the synchronization of the locally generated code signal and the received signal. Indeed synchronization has to be kept within a fraction of the chip time.
3.5 Spreading factor & Data Rate

WCDMA for UMTS 2
20
The chip rate is fixed, 3.84 Mchip/s. If the SF is divided by 2, the data rate is multiplied by 2 ! Example: Data to transmit: 1 0 , SF=4.
Small SF = High data rate High SF = Small data rate
Spread data Code Coded data
1 -1
Transmission
1 -1 1 -1
Received data, 1 without error

-1
Reception
Code applied Received data
1 -1 1 -1
The Spreading Factor available are 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 in uplink, plus 512 in downling For signaling at very low bit rate.
3.6 Spreading factor & Error at reception

WCDMA for UMTS 2
21
When an error occurs at the reception, the determination of the bit value is less trivial. Example: Data to transmit: 1 0 , SF=8.
Signal sent on the air Signal received with error Code Decoded data
1 -1 1 -1
SF=8 Zoom on the decoded signal
The determination of the bit value is based on the area of the received signal. Here is 6 area units over 8
1 0 -1
3.6 Spreading factor & Error at reception [cont.]

WCDMA for UMTS 2
22
With a small SF, the signal is more sensitive to errors. So to have the same error ratio you use more power
To keep in mind
Signal sent on the air Signal received with error Code Decoded data
1 -1 1 -1
If you need a high data rate (video downloading), you will use a small SF. You will have more errors on your message. So if you want to keep the same error ratio, you will use more power to transmit your message
SF=4
The determination of the bit value is based on the area of the received signal. Here is 2 area units over 4
Zoom on the decoded signal
1 0 -1
Another way to understand this relation is with the redundancy. If the SF is small, 4 for example, the useful bit, 0 or 1, is sent just 4 time. The data rate is high. If the SF is higher, 64 for example, the useful bit is sent 64 time. The data rate is smaller. So if an error occurs, it is more significant if the SF is 4 than if the SF is 64.
3.7 Exercise: Orthogonal Code

WCDMA for UMTS 2
23
Here, there is a received signal and two orthogonal codes Could you apply these codes on the received signal and determinate which code has been used to spread the signal? What could you conclude about the orthogonality? Received signal Code 1 Decoded signal 1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
Code 1
Received signal Code 2 Decoded signal 2
1 -1
Code 2
1 -1 1 -1
3.7 WCDMA, Power Density & Processing Gain

WCDMA for UMTS 2
24
RSSI: Received Signal Strength Indicator Total received wideband power over 5 MHz including thermal noise ISCP (No): Interference Signal Code Power Interference on the received signal RSCP (Ec): Received Signal Code Power Unbiaised measurement on the received signal on one channelization code Eb : energy per useful bit PG : Processing Gain = Eb-Ec (in dB) Power Gain after despreading. PG= 20 log (SF)
P RSSI or Io
Eb SIR ISCP or No PG RSCP or Ec
Ws Wss
At Node B reception level
RSSI: This is the total received wideband (UTRA carrier RSSI) power over 5Mhz including thermal noise. It is estimating the uplink interference at the Node B, and by difference with the thermal noise, the rise due to traffic and external interference.
3.7 WCDMA, Power Density & Processing Gain [cont.]

WCDMA for UMTS 2
25
P
SIR: Signal Interference Ratio
RSSI or Io
SIR =
SF .RSCP No
Depending on the service, more or less errors are allowed. UTRAN computes the error ratio and then set the SIR required for the service.
Eb SIR ISCP or No PG
What are the modifications on the diagram if: The number of users increases ? The SF decreases ?
RSCP or Ec
Ws Wss
WCDMA for UMTS
26
4 Code Division Multiple Access
4.1 One-cell reuse

WCDMA for UMTS 2
27
The area is divided into cells, but the entire bandwidth is reused in each cell (frequency reuse of one) > Inter-cell interference > Cell orthogonality is achieved by codes
The entire bandwidth is used by each user at the same time > Intra-cell interference > User orthogonality is achieved by codes
The rainbows cells mean that the whole bandwidth (5 MHz) is reused in each cell. In GSM there is also intra-cell interference when there are 2 (or more) TRXs in the same cell. But it is a small problem (as each TRX runs on a different frequency) In CDMA intra-cell interference is an important problem.
4.2 Multiple access

WCDMA for UMTS 2
28
Spreading 1
Transmitter 1
Spreading1
Radio Channel
Spreading 2
Receiver
The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.
Transmitter 2
All the users transmit on the same 5 MHz carrier at the same time and interfere with each other. At the receiver the users can be separated by means of (quasi)orthogonal codes.
Quasi-orthogonal: it is not necessary to have primary colors at the receiver to separate the user. Red and orange for example can also be distinguished. Orthogonality between the codes is impossible to maintain after transfer over the radio interface (multipath on DL, UEs not synchronized on UL )
4.2 Multiple access [cont.]

WCDMA for UMTS 2
29
Spreading 1
Transmitter 1
Spreading1
Radio Channel
Spreading 2
Receiver
The receiver aims at receiving Transmitter 1 only.
Transmitter 2
If a user transmits with a very high power, it will be impossible for the receiver to decode the wanted signal (despite use of quasi-orthogonal codes) CDMA is unstable by nature and requires accurate power control.
CDMA is instable by nature: one user may jam a whole cell by transmitting with too high power need for accurate and fast power control too many users in one cell would have the same effect need for congestion control A CDMA resource has 2 dimensions: the codes and the power. Obviously the power is the limiting factor ; the better we can control the power usage, the more capacity (users) we can allocate.
4.3 Spreading: Channelization and Scrambling

WCDMA for UMTS 2
30
cch1
air interface Modulator
cch 2 cch 3
cscrambling
The channelization code (or spreading code) is signal-specific: the code length is chosen according to the bit rate of the signal. The scrambling code is equipment-specific.
Spreading consists of two steps: The channelization code (also called spreading code) transforms every data symbol into a number of chips, thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The narrowband signal is spread into a wideband signal with a chip rate of 3.84 Mchips/s. The system must choose the adequate spreading factor to match the bit rate of the narrowband signal. The spreading factor is directly linked with the length of the channelization code. The scrambling code does not affect the signal bandwidth: it is only a chip-by-chip operation. The scrambling code is cell-specific on the downlink and terminal-specific on the uplink.
4.4 Channelization Codes (Spreading Codes)

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C C
ch,2,0
ch,4,0
=(1,1,1,1)
= (1,1) C
ch,4,1
= (1,1,-1,-1)
ch,1,0
= (1) C C
ch,2,1 ch,4,2
= (1,-1,1,-1)
The code tree is shared by several users (usually one code tree per cell)
= (1,-1) C
ch,4,3
= (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
The channelization codes are OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) codes: their length is equal to the spreading factor of the signal: they can match variable bit rates on a frame-by-frame basis. orthogonality enables to separate physical channels: UL: separation of physical channels from the same terminal DL: separation of physical channels to different users within one cell
What is a channelization code? OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) Length: 4-256 chips according to the spreading factor (in downlink also 512 chips is possible to match very low bit rate) Number of codes: The channelization codes can be defined in a code tree, which is shared by several users. If one code is used by a physical channel, the codes of underlying branches may not be used. The number of codes is consequently variable: the minimum is 4 codes of length 4, the maximum is 256 codes of length 256. The channelization code (and consequently the spreading factor) may change on a frame-byframe basis How is Code Allocation managed? The codes within each cell are managed by the RNC. No need to coordinate code tree resource between different base stations or terminals. Usually one code tree per cell. If two code trees are used, it is necessary to use the secondary scrambling code.
4.5 Scrambling codes

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The scrambling codes provide separation between equipment: UL: separation of terminals No need for code planning (millions of codes!) There are 224 long and 224 short scrambling codes in uplink DL: separation of cells Need for code planning between cells (but trivial task) There are only long scrambling codes in downlink (512 to limit the code identification during cell search procedure) The long scrambling codes are truncated to the 10 ms frame length. Only one DL scrambling code should be used within a cell. Another scrambling code may be introduced in one cell if necessary (example : shortage of channelization code), but orthogonality between users will be degraded.
In fact, there are two types of scrambling codes: Long codes: Gold codes constructed from a position wise modulo 2 sum of 38400 chip segments of two binary sequences (generated by means of 2 generators polynomials of degree 25) used with Rake Receiver : the PRACH is constructed from the long scrambling sequences. There are 8192 PRACH preamble scrambling codes in total, divided into 512 groups of 16 each. Short codes: Length : 256 chips used with advanced multi-user detector likely to be used later Refer to Technical Specification 3GPP TS 25.213
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5 Soft Handover
5 Soft Handover
5.1 Introduction
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Principle: As the UEs are separated by codes, they send and receive data at the same time and on the same frequency and one frequency is used in a set of adjacent cells, the soft handover is possible. A UE is in case of Soft Handover when it is linked to several cells at the same time. So , in downlink, the UE receives several time the same data and combine them to increase the quality. In Uplink, a Node B can receive the same message from several cells and combines them to increase the quality. Interest: As the quality of the signal is increased after the reception, it is possible to use less power. That allows to save the interference level. If this interference level is too high, it is not possible to decode the data and the call is drop.
Soft Handover doesnt exist in GSM, it is not possible because there are different frequencies in a set of adjacent cells.
5 Soft Handover
5.2 Scenarios: Softer Handover

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Core Network
Iu
Serving RNC Iur
Iu
Iubs
Iubs
Serving RNC (SRNC1): on UL it collects information from the Drift RNC and from its own Node-B and performs selection of the signal on a best frame quality basis. On DL it duplicates Iu-information to Drift RNC and to its own Node-B and recombination of the signal is performed by the UE. There may be only one Serving RNC per UE. Drift RNC (DRNC2): it performs the routing of information from/to the Serving RNC. There may be up to 4 Drift RNC(s) per UE.
5 Soft Handover
5.3 Scenarios: Soft Handover

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Core Network
Iu
Serving RNC Iur
Iu
Iubs
Iubs
Serving RNC (SRNC1): on UL it collects information from the Drift RNC and from its own Node-B and performs selection of the signal on a best frame quality basis. On DL it duplicates Iu-information to Drift RNC and to its own Node-B and recombination of the signal is performed by the UE. There may be only one Serving RNC per UE. Drift RNC (DRNC2): it performs the routing of information from/to the Serving RNC. There may be up to 4 Drift RNC(s) per UE.
5 Soft Handover
5.4 Scenarios: Soft Handover inter RNC

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Core Network
Iu
Serving RNC Iur
Iu
Drift RNC
Iubs
Iubs
5 Soft Handover
5.5 Scenarios: SRNC Relocation

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Core Network
Iu
Serving RNC Iur
Iu
Drift RNC Serving RNC
Iubs
Iubs
5 Soft Handover
5.6 Soft Handover & Code Management

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In Downlink, Core Network

Scrambling Code One DL SC per Cell
Iu
Serving RNC
Channelization Code One DL CC per radio link to avoid having the same code sequence on 2 radio links
In Uplink,
Iubs
UL CC user UL SC eq
Scrambling Code One UL SC per UE Channelization Code DL SC
DL SC
cellA
cellB
DL CC1 user 1
DL CC2 user 1
One UL CC per service (per physical channel).
Conclusion:
The UE sends one signal which can be received by several cells. Cell A
Cell B
The UE receives several signals

5 Soft Handover
5.7 Cost & Benefit

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Why do we need soft HO? Imagine that a UE penetrates from one cell deeply into an adjacent cell: it may cause near-far effect hard HO is not a good solution, due to the hysteresis mechanism Better spatial repartition of the power, so lower interference level Additional resources due to soft HO: - Additional rake receiver in Node-B - Additional Rake Fingers in UE - Additional transmission links between Node-Bs and RNCs Soft HO provides Diversity (also called Macro-Diversity), but requires more network resource.
5 Soft Handover
5.7 Cost & Benefit [cont.]

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Soft Handover execution:

Soft Handover is executed by means of the following procedures
Radio Link Addition (FDD soft-add); Radio Link Removal (FDD soft-drop); Combined Radio Link Addition and Removal.
The cell to be added to the active set needs to have information forwarded by the RNC:
Connection parameters (coding scheme, layer 2 information, ) UE ID and uplink scrambling code, Timing information from UE
The UE needs to get the following information

Channelization & scrambling codes to be used Relative timing information (Timing offset based on CPICH synchro)
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6 Rake Receiver
6 Rake Receiver
6.1 Rake Receiver principle

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In a CDMA system there is a single carrier which contains all user signals. Decoding of all these signals by one receiver is only a question of signal processing capacity. A Rake receiver is capable to decode several signals simultaneously in the so called fingers and to combine them in order to improve the quality of the signal or to get several services at the same time. A Rake receiver is implemented in mobile phones and in base stations. A Rake receiver can provide: - multi-service (via handling of multiple physical channels that are carrying the services) - soft handover - path diversity
A single carrier: in fact each operator may use several carriers of 5MHz each (2 in Germany, 3 in France) The rake receiver can only be used with signals on the same carrier.
6 Rake Receiver
6.1 Rake Receiver principle [cont.]

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Delay Adjustment
Multi-code signal
1st Finger 2nd Finger 3rd Finger
Delay 1 Code Sequence 1
Data 1
Delay 2
Code Sequence 2
Data 2
Delay 3
Code Sequence 2 or 3
The components of the multi-code signal are demodulated in parallel each in one finger of the Rake Receiver. The outputs of the fingers: can provide independent data signals can be combined to provide a better data signal(s)
Rake fingers are allocated to the peaks at which significant energy arrives. Update rate: tens of ms Each finger tracks the fast-changing phase and amplitude values due to fast fading and removes them Rake Receiver resides in both UE and Node-B. The numbers of fingers for a Rake Receiver is implementation dependant.
6 Rake Receiver
6.2 Rake Receiver and Multi-Service

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Spreading 1
Despreading 1
Spreading 2
Radio Channel
Despreading 2
Transmitter
Multimedia receiver
As a first approach, we can say: One service, one code! (*) >> Which codes make it possible to separate the two signals at the receiver?
* We will see later that it is also possible to multiplex several services on the same code! Indeed on a dedicated physical channel (which is identified by its spreading code) a user can multiplex several services as long as the total bit rate of the services does not exceed the bit rate of the physical channel. See subchapter 4 UTRAN/ Physical Layer (Transport Channel Multiplexing)
6 Rake Receiver
6.3 Rake Receiver and soft handover

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Spreading 1
Base station 1
Despreading 1&2
Radio Channel
Spreading 2
Mobile phone
Base Station 2
>> Which codes make it possible to separate the two signals at the receiver?
Soft handover is possible, because the two mobile stations use the same frequency band. The mobile phone need only one transmission chain to decode both simultaneously.
6 Rake Receiver
6.4 Rake Receiver and Path Diversity

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Natural obstacles (buildings, hills) cause reflections, diffractions and scattering and consequently multipath propagation. The delay dispersion depends on the environment and is typically: 1 s (300 m) in urban areas 20 s (6000 m) in hilly areas The delay dispersion should be compared with the chip duration 0,26 s (78 m) of the CDMA system. If the delay dispersion is greater than the chip duration, the multipath components of the signal can be separated by a Rake Receiver. In this case, CDMA can take advantage of multipath propagation.
What is multipath propagation? The signal travels from transmitter to receiver over different paths, due to reflections, diffractions or scattering. Consequently the same signal arrives at the receiver with a little delay. The chip rate can be considered as the resolution of the CDMA system. It is linked with the 5 MHz carrier.
6 Rake Receiver
6.4 Rake Receiver and Path Diversity [cont.]

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Direct path
Spreading Despreading
Transmitter
Reflected path
Receiver >> Which codes make it possible to separate the two signals at the receiver?
Dispersion <Chip duration The Rake Receiver cannot provide path diversity.
Direct path
Spreading Despreading
Transmitter
Reflected path
Receiver
Dispersion > Chip duration The Rake Receiver can provide path diversity to improve the quality of the signal.
Multi-path propagation usually reduces the quality of the signal. But in most cases a Rake Receiver can take advantage of multi-path to improve the quality of the signal. Indeed the dispersion is often greater than the chip duration. Note: with IS-95 (cdmaOne), the carrier bandwidth is about 1 MHz and the chip duration is consequently longer: 1 s (300 m). Multi-path components can not be separated in urban areas with IS-95.
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7 Power Control
7 Power Control
7.1 Why ?
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Main Problem : If the interference level is to high, it is not possible to decode the signal.
P Serving RNC Eb Iub ISCP or No PG RSCP or Ec
SIR SIR
In UTRA/FDD, the power control is a key functionality : the users using simultaneously the same frequency band interfere each other. The transmit power must be dynamically adapted in order to Enable to reach the quality of service Compensate fading occurrences Avoid interfering other users (and thus decreasing the system capacity) Two main power control algorithms can be distinguished: Open-loop power control (UL only) Closed loop power control (UL/DL)
7 Power Control
7.2 Different kinds of Power Control

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Physical channels:
Channel power fixed and set by the operator
Not associated with transport channels (Physical signaling)
Associated with transport channels Dedicated channels

Closed & Open Loop power control
Common channels
Channel power fixed and set by the operator Open Loop Power Control
7 Power Control
7.3 Open Loop Power Control

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The Open Loop Power Control is used to set the initial transmit power when: The UE requests a RRC Connection, The UE sends the first dedicated radio frame, The Node B sends the first dedicated radio frame. Based on CPICH measurements Based on UE measurement reports
Measurement reports CPICH
Initial Access First dedicated Radio Frame First dedicated Radio Frame
How is Power Control performed ? Open loop power control: it consists for the mobile station of making a rough estimate of path loss by means of a DL beacon signal and adding the interference level of the Node-B and a constant value. Its far too inaccurate and only used to provide a coarse initial power setting of the mobile station at the beginning of a connection
7 Power Control
7.4 Closed Loop Power Control: Principle

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Closed Loop Power Control

SIR target
SIR Estimation Power down *** Comparison between SIRest and SIRtarget Generation of a TCP command: increase or decrease On each Time slot ! (1500 Hz)
Iub RNC
Error measurements
*** Power down Power up *** Power ... ... *** ***
***
Outer Closed Loop
Inner Closed Loop
The Node-B controls the power of the UE (and vice versa) by performing a SIR estimation (inner loop) and by generating TPC command for each time slot of the radio frame. The RNC controls parameters of the SIR estimation (outer loop) and set the initial SIR target, defined by the operator and modify it according to the error measurement reports.
Inner Loop (Fast Loop Power Control) In UL, the serving cells should estimate signal-to-interference ratio SIRest of the received uplink DPCH. The serving cells should then generate TPC commands and transmit the commands once per slot according to the following rule: if SIRest > SIRtarget then the TPC command to transmit is "0" , while if SIRest < SIRtarget then the TPC command to transmit is "1". Upon reception of one or more TPC commands in a slot, the UE shall derive a single TPC command, TPC_cmd, for each slot, combining multiple TPC commands if more than one is received in a slot. TPC_cmd values = +1(power up), -1 (power down), 0 The step size DTPC is under the control of the UTRAN (value = 1 dB or 2 dB) UE shall adjust the transmit power of the uplink DPCCH with a step of DDPCCH (in dB) which is given by DDPCCH = DTPC TPC_cmd. The command rate of 1500Hz is faster than any significant change of path loss. Outer Loop The RNC checks the quality of the signal using for example a CRC-based approach (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and uses this result to adjust SIR target for the inner loop. The big issue is to meet constantly the required quality: no worse and also no better, because it would be a waste of capacity. The required quality may change with the multi-path profile (related to the environment) and with the UE speed. The outer loop management is handled by the CRNC because a soft HO may be performed. Frequency of the outer loop: 10-100 Hz typically Note: in GSM only slow power control is employed (about 2 Hz)
7 Power Control
7.4 Closed Loop Power Control: Power Density

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Assuming a user using a service. It is initial SIR target is 3dB. The error ratio required is 0.01 .
RNC Error measurements Iub
Power up Power ... ...
Several error ratio reports are between 0.002 and 0.007 How do the SIR target evolve ? What is the impact on the user or on the system if the estimated SIR is too high ? Too small ?
P
Eb ISCP or No
SIRTarget
SIRest
RSCP or Ec
7 Power Control
7.5 UL Closed Loop PC, in case of Soft Handover

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What is the behavior of the UE in UL in case of soft handover ? Iub
The UE takes in to account all the command according to the 3GPP 1 P(t)=P(t-1) + F(TPC1(t) + TPC2(t))
The function F(TPC(t)) is implemented by the UE Power down !!! manufacturer. TPC=-1 F(TPC(t))=min(TCP1(t), , TPCi(t)) With i= number of involved Node B ???
Power up !!! TPC=1
7 Power Control
7.5 DL Closed Loop PC, in case of Soft Handover

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What is the behaviour of the Node B involed in the call in DL in case of soft handover ? The UE sends the same command for all the Node B involved. Node Bs must transmit data with the same power for a user Due to reception errors their power can shift themselves A mechanism, the DL Power Balancing, allows to readjust the transmission power of the Node B. The SRNC selects the best radio link, and readjust, step by step, the transmission power. P(t) = P(t-1) + Ptpc(t) + Pbal(t)
Power up Power up
Iub
Power up !!! TPC=1
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8 Capacity, Coverage & Quality
8 Coverage, Capacity & Quality
8.1 Links between Coverage, Capacity and Quality

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Example: Increase the quality in UL How to do ? RNC P Decrease the error ratio at the Node B level So increase the SIR at the Node B level So the UEs use more power Node B Impacts ! Increase the UL Interference level So decrease of the cell size And decrease the capacity of the cell. f
SIR
SIR
Iub
8.2 Improvement Ways

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AMR speech Codec it enables to switch to a lower bit rate if the mobile is moving out of the cell coverage area: it is a trade-off between quality and coverage. Multipath diversity it consists of combining the different paths of a signal (due to reflections, diffractions or scattering) by using a Rake Receiver. Multipath diversity is very efficient with W-CDMA. Soft(er) handover the transmission from the mobile is received by two or more base stations. Receive antenna diversity the base station collects the signal on two uncorrelated branches. It can be obtained by space or polarization diversity. Base stations algorithms e.g. accuracy of SIR estimation in power control process
The AMR (Adaptive Multi-rate) speech codec: offers 8 AMR modes between 4,75 kbps and 12,2 kbps is capable of switching its bit rate every 20 ms upon command of the RNC is located in the UE and in the transcoder (which is located in the CN)
8.3 Typical Values

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Quality: The quality is measured with the Block Error Ratio (BLER). Here some example according different services.
AMR Target BLER

Coverage: 0.001 0.01 0.001
CS64
0.01 0.1
PS64
0.01
PS128
0.01
PS384 DCCH
0.01 0.01
Dense Urban Cell: about 300 meters SubUrban Cell: about 1 km Rural Cell: 3 km Capacity: The main limitation is the interference level due to the WCDMA technology. But the system is also limited by capacity processing of the Node B and the RNC, by the codes, and by the transmission capacity.
The capacity depends also on: the radio environment (rural, suburban, indoor) the terminal speeds the distribution of the terminals the load of the cell: trade-off capacity/coverage (breathing cells) Due to all these parameters, it is harder than in GSM to give a typical value of the capacity of a cell.
Evaluation
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Objective: To be able to define a Radio Resource in 3G
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End of Module
Section 3 UTRAN scenarios


Blank Page
UTRAN scenarios 3
Objectives
UTRAN scenarios 3
To be able to build the map of the radio channels (logical, transport and physical channels) from a white paper.
Objectives [cont.]
UTRAN scenarios 3
Table of Contents
UTRAN scenarios 3
Introduction to UTRAN Scenarios
Introduction 1 Introduction to UTRAN Scenarios 1.1 Introduction Mapping 8 Radio Channels Soft HO: Active & Monitoring Set 2 Radio Channels Mapping 11 Downlink Soft HO: Events 2.1 Downlink 12 Uplink Compressed Mode 13 2.2 Uplink Hard HO: Events on other FDD 3 Service Request 14 Service Request 3.1 System Information Collection Collection 15 Frequencies System Information 3.1.1 P-SCH & S-SCH 16 Hard HO: Events on other GSM RRC Connection 3.1.2 CPICH 17 Frequencies IMSI Attachment & Location Update 3.1.3 System Information Broadcast 18 Exercises PagingProcedure 3.1.4 20 21 Scenario Description RAB3.1.5 Radio Channel Mapping: P-CCPCH Establishment 3.1.6 Cell Selection Principle 22 Downlink Admission Control 3.2 RRC Connection 23 Uplink Radio UE Status 3.2.1 Bearer Establishment 24 3.2.2 Procedure: RRC Connection Establishment 27 3.2.3 Procedure: RRC Connection: RRC Connection Release 28 3.2.4 How to contact UTRAN: the PRACH 29 3.3 IMSI Attachment & Location Update 31 3.3.1 Principles 32 3.3.2 Procedure: Direct Transfer 33 3.4 Paging 34 3.4.1 Procedure 1: UE in Connected Mode 35 3.4.2 Procedure 2: UE in Idle Mode 36 Alcatel-Lucent W-CDMA 3.4.3 Paging: PICH & PCH RadioAll rights reserved 2007, Alcatel-Lucent Channels 37 UMTS Radio Principles 4 RAB Establishment 38 4.1 Admission Control 39 4.2 Radio Bearer Establishment 41 4.2.1 Signaling: RAB Establishment 42 4.2.2 Signaling: Radio Link Setup 43 4.2.3 Radio Bearer Mapping 44 4.2.4 Physical Layer Processing 45 4.2.5 Radio Channels 46 4.2.6 Radio Channels: Data Processing 47 4.2.7 Radio Channels: Transport Channel Multiplexing 48 4.2.8 Radio Channels: DPDCH/DPCCH Channels 49 5 Mobility Management in Connected Mode 50 5.1 Soft HO: Active & Monitoring Set 51 5.2 Soft HO: Events 52 5.3 Compressed Mode 53 5.4 Hard HO: Events on other FDD Frequencies 54 5.5 Hard HO: Events on other GSM Frequencies 55 6 Exercises 56 6.1 Scenario Description 57 6.2 Downlink 58 6.3 Uplink 59
Mobility Management in Connected Mode 7
Page

UTRAN scenarios 3
UTRAN scenarios
1 Introduction to UTRAN Scenarios
1.1 Introduction
UTRAN scenarios 3
CN
IMSI Attachment
Collection of System Information RRC Connection IMSI Attachment Paging
Serving RNC
Iub The UE is switched on !

System Information
RRC Connection
How can it retrieve network parameters to request a service?
Paging
On the first part, we are going to see how a UE, after it is just switched on, can be able to request a service and to answer to a paging message. So the first step is to retrieve information about the system. Thank to these system information the UE is able to attach its IMSI and to update its location to the Core Network. After that the UE can monitor a channel to answer to a paging message or can request itself a service.
1.1 Introduction [cont.]

UTRAN scenarios 3
CN
RAB
Admission Control
Serving RNC
RAB Establishment
Iub The UE requests a service. How and in which conditions are the resources required setup ?
When a UE requests a service, the UTRAN must check if it has enough resources to establish new dedicated channels. There are after signaling between the UE, the Node B, the RNC and the Core Network to provide to the UE the transfer of the data at the required QoS. We will also how the data are mapped on the physical channels.
1.1 Introduction [cont.]

UTRAN scenarios 3
10
CN A new radio link is added Hard Handover on another FDD carrier Serving RNC Inter RAT Handover
Iub
The UE uses a service and moves ! How UTRAN can provide the service despite the mobility ?
BTS
BSC
UTRAN must provide the transfer of the data at the requested QoS to a moving user. So different kinds of handover have been defined. The Soft Handover, the UE can be linked to several cells using the same fraquency. The Hard Handover inter FDD carrier and the interRAT HandOver between the 3G and the 2G network if the user loses the 3G coverage.
UTRAN scenarios
11
2 Radio Channels Mapping
2.1 Downlink
UTRAN scenarios 3
12
DTCH, DCCH
CCCH, CTCH
PCCH
BCCH
Logical Ch. Transport Ch. DCH DSCH

Not implemented yet in EvoliumTM Solution
FACH
PCH
BCH
Physical Ch.
DPDCH and DPCCH multiplexed by time
DPDCH + DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Ch.
PDSCH
S-CCPCH
Common Physical Ch.
P-CCPCH
Not associated with transport channels

AICH
PICH
CPICH
P-SCH
S-SCH
2.2 Uplink
UTRAN scenarios 3
13
DTCH, DCCH
CCCH
Logical Ch. Transport Ch. DCH1 DCH2 RACH CPCH
CCTrCH Physical Ch.

DPDCH and DPCCH multiplexed by modulation
DPDCH + DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Ch.
PRACH
PCPCH
Common Physical Ch.
UTRAN scenarios
14
3 Service Request
3 Service Request
3.1 System Information Collection

UTRAN scenarios 3
15
CN
Principles
The UE synchronize itself at the slot on the P-SCH
Serving RNC
Iub
UE synchronize itself at the frame level on the S-SCH and retrieve a group of 8 Scrambling codes. The UE test the 8 SC on the CPICH to find the SC of the cell The UE decode the BCH channel to read the system information The UE select the best cell
???
Just after the switch on, the UE can decode only the P-SCH and S-SCH if it is on a covered area
3.1.1 P-SCH & S-SCH

UTRAN scenarios 3
16
Slot #0
P-SCH S-SCH
Slot #1 acp acs2
Slot #14
acp acs0
256 chips
acp acs14
P-CCPCH Radio Frame 10 ms
The SCH is time-multiplexed with the P-CCPCH (which carries the BCH) and consists of 2 sub-channels. The Primary SCH (P-SCH) made of always the slot on all the FDD Cells. The UE uses it to acquire the slot synchronization to a cell. The Secondary SCH (S-SCH) contains a sequence of 15 codes which identifies the Code Group of the Downlink Scrambling Code (DL SC) of the cell. The UE uses it to acquire the frame synchronization to a cell and to identify the Code Group of the DL SC.
Cell Search Procedure (also called synchronization procedure) 3GPP TS 25.214 provides an informative description how it is typically done Step 1: slot synchronization In all the cell of any PLMN, the P-SCH is made of a unique & same primary code sequence of 256 chips repeated at each Time Slot Occurrence. This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any similar device) to the primary synchronisation code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output. Step 2: frame synchronization and code-group identification A S-SCH is made of 15 repetitions of a secondary code sequence of 256 chips (one per Time Slot) transmitted in perfect synchronization with the P-SCH code sequences. The UTRAN uses 64 distinct secondary synchronization code sequences (reused in distant cells of the UTRAN). This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible secondary synchronisation code sequences, and identifying the maximum correlation value. Since the cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique the code group as well as the frame synchronisation is determined. Each secondary code sequence corresponds to a unique group of 8 possible Primary Scrambling codes Step 3: (downlink) scrambling code identification The UE determines the (primary) scrambling code used by the found cell through symbol-bysymbol correlation over the CPICH (pilot) with all codes within the Code Group identified in the step 2 (8 possibilities). Afterwards the P-CCPCH can be detected and the system- and cell specific BCH information can be read.
3.1.2 CPICH
UTRAN scenarios 3
17
Slot #0
Slot #1
SF=256 Tslot=2560 chips 20 bits
Slot #14
Pre-defined symbol sequence
CPICH (Common Pilot CHannel)

The pilot carries a pre-defined symbol sequence at a fixed rate. It is a reference: To aid the channel estimation at the terminal (time or phase reference) To perform handover measurements and cell selection/reselection (power reference) The UE tests the 8 DL SC of the Group Code. The DL SC which allows to retrieve the pre-define sequence is the DL SC of the cell.
The CPICH has the following characteristic The same channelization code is always used for the P-CPICH, The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code, There is one and only one P-CPICH per cell, The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell.
3.1.3 System Information Broadcast

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18
The broadcast system information: May come from CN, RNC or Node-B. Contains static parameters (Cell identity, supported PLMN types...) and dynamic parameters (UL interference level...). Is arranged in System Information Blocks (SIB), which group together elements of the same nature. Some exemple:
SIB1: Core Network Information SIB3: Cell Selection, Access Restriction SIB7: UL Interference SIB11: Measurement CN
UL interference level DL SC, Power Control info LA, RA
Example of SIB: MIB: SIB 1: SIB 2: SIB 3: Master Info Block (structure & scheduling of SIBs) NAS System Information + Timer URA (not supported) +Timer Cell Selection/Reselection and Access Restriction
SIB 5: Common channel Information (P-CCPCH, S-CCPCH, RACH) and AICH/PICH power offset SIB 7: UL Interference and PRACH parameter SIB 11:Measurements SIB 18:PLMN Identity of neighboring cells
3.1.3 System Information Broadcast [cont.]

UTRAN scenarios 3
19
The broadcast system information can be carried on BCH which is transmitted permanently over the entire cell. The broadcast system information is made of 128 periodic radio frame. So its period is 1280 ms. There are a Master SIB or MIB and several SIB (System Information Block) organised by domain. Thanks to this channel, the UE is able to retrieve information allowing the request of a RRC connection like the Channelization code used on the uplink common channel MIB Logical Ch. BCCH
Frame #0 Frame #1 Frame #2
SIB3
SIB11
SIB5 Transport Ch. BCH
SIB7
MIB
Frame #i-1 Frame #i Frame #i+1
SIB11 Physical Ch. P-CCPCH
SIB5
SIB7
Frame #125 Frame #126 Frame #127

Three parameters are used to set the position of each SIB on the cycle. SIB_POS: it is the position of the SIB on the cycle (#0 for the MIB for instance) SIB_REP: it is the repetition of the SIB on the cycle (the MIB is repeated several time on the cycle. SIB_OFF: If one Radio Frame is not enough to send all the data for a SIB, the rest of the SIB can be send on another radio frame. For example, 2 radio frame after the first one. It is the SIB_OFF.
3.1.4 Procedure
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20
UE
Node-B
System Information Update Request NBAP Master/Segment Info Block(s), BCCH modification time System Information Update Response
RNC
NBAP
CN
NBAP RRC System Information (BCCH:BCH) Master/Segment Info Block(s) System Information (BCCH:BCH) Master/Segment Info Block(s) RRC
NBAP
RRC
RRC
System Information (BCCH:BCH) RRC Master/Segment Info Block(s)
RRC
>> Why does RRC protocol terminate at Node-B for NodeBCH (not at RNC)?
3.1.5 Radio Channel Mapping: P-CCPCH

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21
256 chips SCH Payload of 18 bits
Tslot=2560 chips 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #13
Slot #14
The Primary CCPCH carries the BCH, which provides system- and cellspecific information (e.g set of uplink scrambling codes) The P-CCPCH is a fixed rate 30 kbps DL physical channel, which provide a timing reference for all physical channels (directly for DL, indirectly for UL). CCPCH is scrambled under the Primary Scrambling code.
The P-CCPCH is time multiplexed with the SCH which is transmitted during the first 256 chips. P-CCPCH timing is identical to that of SCH and CPICH (see 3GPP 25.211). The P-CCPCH contains no layer 1 information. Even if the PCCPCH is not transmitted during the 256 first chips of each slot (SCH), the scrambling code is aligned with the PCCPCH frame boundary, i.e the first complex chip of the PCCPCH frame is multiplied with chip number zero of the scrambling code. The Secondary CCPCH, which is used to carry FACH and PCH information, is scrambled under the Primary scrambling code as well.
3.1.6 Cell Selection Principle

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22
Now, the UE can read the BCH of one cell. CN But this cell is not necessary the best because the SCH has been chosen randomly. The UE compares the cells to be camped on the best one. RNC There are 2 criterion: QRxLev, from the CPICH RSCP, to estimate the reception level. Iub Qqual, from the CPICH Ec/No, to estimate the quality of reception. It takes in account the interference level.
???
When a UE is not connected, like here, and is moving, it has to reselect regularly the best cell for itself. To protect some cells, it is possible to facilitate or not the selection of one cell.
Aim : find a suitable cell to be camped on The Cell selection criterion is defined in 3GPP TS 25.304 as: Squal>0 with Srxlev>0 Parameters : Qqualmeas: defines the quality of the cell Measured CPICH Ec/N0 Qqualmin: defines the threshold for the quality of the cell Configurable in each cell independently Range: -24 dB to 0 dB (step 1 dB) Qrxlevmeas : defines the cell Rx Level value Measured CPICH RSCP Qrxlevmin : defines the minimum required RX level of the cell Configurable in each cell independently Range: -115 dBm to -25 dBm Pcompensation: Parameter to take in account the UE capacity Squal=Qqualmeas - Qqualmin Srxlev= Qrxlevmeas Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation
3 Service Request
3.2 RRC Connection

UTRAN scenarios 3
23
CN
Why?
The UE is switched on and has selected a cell. The UE is in idle mode.
RNC
UTRAN doesnt know anything about this UE. The UE has neither UTRAN identifier nor Scrambling and Channelization code. Iub The UE cant exchange any data with UTRAN.
To be known by UTRAN and to use dedicated radio resources, the UE has to be RRC connected. After, the UE can attach its IMSI or update its location to the Core Network and can request a service
RRC Connected
3.2 RRC Connection
3.2.1 UE Status
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24
out of coverage
RRC Connection Release
UE detached
UE in idle mode
UE in connected mode
Several substatus in the connected mode
just after switch on process Including Cell search procedure
RRC Connection Establishment
Just after the switch on, the UE has to attach its IMSI. Thanks to his procedure the Core Network knows, the UE is on the network and where it is located at the Location or routing area level. To attach its IMSI and update its location the UE has to be in connected mode, so it has to request a RRC Connection
Just after switch on process contains: Cell selection (including cell search procedure) PLMN selection Attachment procedure (see Appendix for more details)
The UE must enter the connected mode to transmit signalling or traffic data to the network What is the relationship with the states of the mobile phone in GSM? The two GSM states, idle mode and connected mode, are similar to idle mode and cell_DCH state in UMTS. What is the relationship with the states of the mobile phone in GPRS? There is no correspondence between GPRS states (idle, standby and ready) and UMTS states. Indeed there is no notion of connection on GPRS.
3.2 RRC Connection
3.2.1 UE Status [cont.]

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25
Cell_DCH state Signalling and traffic data dedicated to the UE (mapped on DCCH and DTCH respectively) are carried on DCH transport channel Cell_FACH state Signalling and traffic data dedicated to the UE (mapped on DCCH and DTCH respectively) are carried on RACH (uplink) and FACH (downlink) transport channels Cell DCH UE in idle mode Cell FACH
UE in connected mode Cell PCH
URA PCH
Cell_DCH Cell_FACH No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer Cell_FACH Cell_DCH Traffic volume UL/DL too large
The initial state of the UE is determined by the DCCH established during RRC connection establishment: if the DCCH is mapped on a DCH, the UE is in cell_DCH state if the DCCH is mapped on RACH/FACH, the UE is in cell_FACH state The UE can move from one state to another during the time of the RRC connection. Transitions between states are: based on traffic volume measurements and network load always triggered by UTRAN signalling Note: in cell_DCH state, the DSCH transport channel can also be used.
3.2 RRC Connection
3.2.1 UE Status [cont.]

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26
Cell_PCH state No transmission of signalling and traffic data dedicated to the UE (no DCCH and no DTCH) But the RRC connection is still active (UTRAN keeps RNTI for UE) and UE location at a cell level. - a DCCH (and possibly a DTCH) can be reestablished very quickly (this procedure is initiated by sending a paging signal PCH) URA_PCH state Very similar to cell_PCH state UTRAN keeps the location of the UE at the URA level (set of UMTS cells)
Cell DCH UE in idle mode Cell FACH
UE in connected mode Cell PCH
URA PCH Cell_FACH Cell_PCH No traffic UL/DL at expiry of timer 2 Cell_PCH Cell_FACH URA_PCH Too many cell reselections Cell/URA_PCH Cell_FACH Incoming DL or UL traffic
URA: UTRAN Registration Area (a small set of cells) Cell_PCH and URA_PCH states are needed for non real time services to optimise usage of codes and battery consumption. It would not be efficient to allocate permanently a DCH which would be used a very low percentage of time (Web application for example)
What is the difference between idle mode, Cell_PCH and URA_PCH states? In idle mode the location of the UE is not known by the UTRAN, but only by the CN at a Location Area (LA) or Routing Area (RA) level (LA and RA and sets of cells larger than URA. The paging message PCH must hence be sent in a LA or in a RA when the UE is in idle mode, whereas it only needs to be sent in a cell in Cell_PCH state or in an URA when the UE is in URA_PCH state (hence the paging procedure is much faster).
3.2 RRC Connection
3.2.2 Procedure: RRC Connection Establishment

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27
UE
RRC
Node-B
1. RRC Connection Request (CCCH:RACH)
Initial UE identity, Establishment cause, Initial UE capability
RNC
RRC
2. Allocate RNTI, Select Level 1 and Level 2 parameters (e.g. TFCS, scrambling code) 3. Radio Link Establishment 4. RRC Connection Setup (CCCH:FACH)
Initial UE identity, RNTI, capability update requirement, TFS, TFCS, frequency, UL scrambling code, power control info
RRC
RRC
RRC
5. RRC Connection Setup Complete (DCCH:RACH or DCH)

Integrity information, ciphering information
RRC
>> Can the UE send user information (e.g voice call) after completing this stage? completing
1. UE initiates set-up of an RRC connection Initial UE identity: e.g TMSI Establishment cause: e.g traffic class 2. RNC decides which transport channel to setup (RACH/FACH or DCH) and allocates RNTI (Radio Network Temporary Identity) and radio resources (e.g TFS, TFCS, scrambling codes) for this RRC connection. 3. A new radio link must be setup. This is done via a signalling procedure between RNC and Node-B which is managed by NBAP protocol (see Procedure D for more detail). 4. Logical, transport and physical channel configuration are sent to the UE. 5. RRC Connection Setup Complete message is sent: on RACH in case of RRC connection on RACH/FACH (cell_FACH state) on DCH in case of RRC connection on DCH (cell_DCH state)
3.2 RRC Connection
3.2.3 Procedure: RRC Connection: RRC Connection Release

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28
UE
Node-B (DRNC)
Node-B (SRNC)
DRNC
SRNC
RANAP 1. Iu Release Command
Cause
CN
RANAP
RANAP
2. Iu Release Complete
-
RANAP
3. ALCAP Iu Bearer Release RRC 4. RRC Connection Release (DCCH:DCH )

Cause
RRC
RRC
5. RRC Connection Release Complete (DCCH:DCH )

-
RRC
6. Radio Link Deletion 7. Radio Link Deletion 8. Radio Link Deletion
In this example, the UE is in macro-diversity on two Node-Bs from two different RNCs. Therefore the UE could only be in cell_DCH state (soft HO is only possible on DCH)
1. The CN initiates the release of RRC connection 2. 3. SRNC initiates release of Iu Bearer using ALCAP protocol 4. 5. 6. SRNC initiates release of radio link (for Node-B of SRNC) using NBAP protocol 7. SRNC requires release of radio link (for Node-B of DRNC) to DRNC using RNSAP protocol 8. DRNC initiates release of radio link (for Node-B of DRNC) using NBAP protocol
3.2 RRC Connection
3.2.4 How to contact UTRAN: the PRACH

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29
RNC
For the initial access, the UE has to use a common uplink channel called the PRACH Every UE use this channel to request a connection. If 2 UEs request on the time there is collision, and UTRAN receives nothing.
Iub
Yes !
Response on the AICH
To manage this problem, the UE sends a first message called preamble until it receives a response on a downlink channel called AICH. After the response on the AICH, the UE sends its message (the request) on the PRACH.
HELLO! a connection Hello ! I need

Preamble on the Message part PRACH
PRACH= Physical Random Access Channel AICH= Acquisition Indicator channel
3.2 RRC Connection
3.2.4 How to contact UTRAN: the PRACH [cont.]

UTRAN scenarios 3
30
The first preamble is sent with the power P. The UE resends a preamble until it receives a response on the AICH. At each time, it increases the power of the preamble by the Power Offset parameter (PO) UTRAN cant receive its preamble if: The power is not enough high There is a collision with another user. In the message part, there is the RRC connection request.
PO PO Prea P
mble Prea mble
DPp,m
Message part
Reception of AICH PRACH channel
3 Service Request
3.3 IMSI Attachment & Location Update

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31
Initial Attachment
MSC/VLR SGSN
MSC/VLR
HLR
SGSN
The UE has selected a cell. RNC It had to declared its identity and its location (LA & RA) to the Core Network. Iub So, it requests a RRC connection to send to the Core Network information about its situation. The parameters are mainly the LA, the RA and its IMSI
In the selected PLMN, the UE: selects the best cell according to radio criteria I initiates attachment procedure on the selected cell During the attachment procedure (called IMSI attach for CS domain, GPRS attach for PS domain), the UE indicates its presence to the PLMN for the purpose of using services: authentication procedure storage of subscriber data from the HLR in the VLR (or in the SGSN for PS domain) allocation of the TMSI (P-TMSI for PS domain) The result of the procedure is notified to the UE: if successful, the UE can access services if it fails, the UE can only perform emergency calls LA=Location Area= Set of cells for the CS CN RA= Routinf Area= Set of cells for the PS CN
3.3.1 Principles
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32
Location Area
MSC/VLR
SGSN
Routing Area
(LA)
MSC/VLR HLR SGSN
(RA)
When camping on a cell, the terminal must register its LA and/or its RA. When the terminal moves across the network, it must update its LA (RA) which is stored in VLR (SGSN) in the Core Network. LA (RA) Update is performed periodically or when entering a new LA (RA).
LA and RA are managed on an independent way, but a RA must always be included in one LA (and not be divided into several different LAs). LA update is performed by the NAS layer MM (Mobility Management) located in UE and in MSC. RA update is performed by NAS layer GMM (GPRS Mobility Management) located in UE and in SGSN. In the Core Network, the location information is stored on databases: HLR (Home Location Register) It stores the master copy of users service profile, which consists of information on allowed services, forbidden roaming areas, and which is created when a new user subscribes to the system. The HLR also stores the serving system (MSC/VLR and/or SGSN) where the terminal is located. VLR (Visitor Location Register) It serves the terminal in its current location for CS services and holds a copy of the visiting users service profile. It stores the Location Area (LA) where the terminal is located. SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) It serves the terminal in its current location for PS services and holds a copy of the visiting users service profile. It stores Routing Area (RA) where the terminal is located.
3.3.2 Procedure: Direct Transfer

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33
UE
Node-B
1. Uplink Direct Transfer (DCCH:RACH or DCH)
CN node indicator, NAS message
SRNC
CN
RRC
RRC 2. Direct Transfer

CN Domain Indicator, NAS PDU
RANAP
RANAP
RANAP 2. Downlink Direct Transfer (DCCH:FACH or DCH)

NAS message
1. Direct Transfer
CN Domain Indicator, NAS PDU
RANAP
RRC
RRC
Use mainly for the IMSI attachment, location update and the authentification between the UE and the Core Network
UE must be in cell_FACH or in cell_DCH states.
3 Service Request
3.4 Paging
UTRAN scenarios 3
34
Principle
Core Network
MSC/VLR
HLR
MSC/VLR
Paging message with the IMSI of the called UE
Called number Location Area RNC RNC RNC
Iub
Iub
Iub
Some one is calling me, I request a RRC connection

If the UE is in idle mode. UTRAN doesnt know them and can just forward the paging message coming from the Core Network to all the cell belonging to the Location ou Routing Area. The UE monitors periodically a channel to check if it is paged or not. If the UE is connected the Core Network knows the Serving RNC of the UE and sends the paging message just to this RNC. The RNC knows the UE uses the dedicated or common channel to send the paging message.
3.4 Paging
3.4.1 Procedure 1: UE in Connected Mode

UTRAN scenarios 3
35
UE
Node-B
SRNC
RANAP 1. Paging
CN Domain Indicator, UE identity, Paging cause
CN
RANAP
RRC
2. Paging Type 2 (DCCH:FACH or DCH)
RRC
In this case the UE is already connected and is using a service (voice call, web-browsing ). The Core Network knows the situation of the UE and mainly its Serving RNC. The CN contacts directly the Serving RNC. The RNC doesnt use the PCCH and the PCH but the channel used for the UE, dedicated or common, according to the status of the UE.
UE is in cell_FACH or in cell_DCH states: 1. CN initiates the paging of a UE to Serving RNC 2. Paging of UE with Paging Type 2 (on DCCH) using the existing RRC connection
3.4 Paging
3.4.2 Procedure 2: UE in Idle Mode

UTRAN scenarios 3
36
UE 1
UE 2
Node-B1
Node-B2
RNC1
RANAP
RNC2
1. Paging
CN Domain Indicator, UE identity, Paging cause
CN
RANAP
RANAP 2. Paging Type 1 (PCCH:PCH)
1. Paging
Idem
RANAP
RRC
RRC
RRC
2. Paging Type1 (PCCH:PCH)
RRC
When the is in idle mode, UTRAN doesnt know where it is located and the Core Network knows its location at the LA or RA level. UTRAN uses the PCCH and the PCH radio channels.
UE is in idle mode: 1. CN initiates the paging of a UE over a LA (RA in PS domain) spanning, for example, two RNCs. 2. Paging of UE with Paging Type 1 LA: Location Area, RA: Routing Area (see subchapter 5.8 Mobility Management) A similar procedure applies to UE in cell_PCH or in URA_PCH states.
3.4 Paging
3.4.3 Paging: PICH & PCH Radio Channels

UTRAN scenarios 3
37
PCCH RNC MAC
Logical Ch
The UE doesnt watch the S-CCPCH. It watches the PICH (Page Indicator Channel) at regular and defined interval and look for its PI, for Paging Indicator. The PI is based on the IMSI. Several UEs can have the same PI. When the UE find its PI on the PICH, it watches the S-CCPCH to check if it is for it and what is the cause. Then it requests on RRC connection to have a RAB.
In RNC Iub PCH Transport Ch
Paging message
. . .
PI PI PI
Physical layer In Node B
S-CCPCH
Physical Ch PICH S-CCPCH PICH
The period of the cycle is between 4 and 4096 radio frames. That means the UE can monitor the PICH every X seconds, with X between 40 ms and 40,96 seconds. If the period is too short the UE uses too much power if the period is 40 s, the delay is really long. It is a trade-off between the delay and the consumption. To determine the radio frame number into the cycle and the Paging Indication, the UE uses its IMSI and others parameters send on the SIB.
UTRAN scenarios
38
4 RAB Establishment
4 RAB Establishment
4.1 Admission Control

UTRAN scenarios 3
39
According to the previous part WCDMA in UMTS, if the interference level at the Node B level is too high, the Node B cant decode all the signal. The size of the cell decreases. The interferences are due to several causes: The radio environment and the load of the adjacent cells, Some users use too much power, the power control manages this problem, There are too many users on the the cells UTRAN has to check if there is enough UL radio resource P RNC Iub Eb SIR ISCP = No PG RSCP = Ec f At Node B reception level 2 others questions before adding a new user : Is there sufficient DL radio resource and sufficient processing resources ?
SIR too small to retrieve the message
If the RAC has not been passed, For CS services, the call cant be established. For PS services, the UTRAN may try assigning a RB with a lower bit rate. There are different level of bit rates than can be used a given requested RAB. The Node B tries to assign first the highest, and then goes to the lower rates, as long as the RAC rejects the Radio Link Reconfiguration.
4 RAB Establishment
4.1 Admission Control [cont.]

UTRAN scenarios 3
40
Is there sufficient UL Radio Resource -> Rx RAC If UL interference level + estimated new user contribution < threshold Then Rx RAC ok
Is there sufficient DL Radio Resource -> Tx RAC If Total DL Tx Power + estimated new user contribution < threshold Then Tx RAC ok Is there sufficient processing resource -> Processing RAC 3 main points are checked: the channelization codes The DSP (in BBs) load The number of user and radio links limited respectively to 64 users and 90 RLs
RAC = Radio Access Control
4 RAB Establishment
4.2 Radio Bearer Establishment

UTRAN scenarios 3
41
We have seen how a UE, after the switch on, can collect system information, update its location, request a RRC Connection and a service, can be paged and how UTRAN allows it to use services. Now how is established the RAB ?
B RA
Radio Bearer
RNC Iub Node B
Iu Bearer
B RA
Core Network
UTRAN RLC Configured by Logical Channel MAC Transport Channel Phy. Physical Channel
Signaling
RLC Mode: Tr., UM or AM and retransmission parameter for AM
RRC
TTI, TFS, TFCS, CRC, FEC, Coding Rate, Rate Matching
Frequency, Power, Channelization & Scrambling codes
4.2.1 Signaling: RAB Establishment

UTRAN scenarios 3
42
UE
Node-B
SRNC
1. RAB Assignment Request RANAP
RAB parameters, User plane mode, Transport Address, Iu Transport association
CN
RANAP
2. ALCAP Iu Data Transport Bearer Setup 3. Radio Link Establishment 4. RB Setup (DCCH:FACH or DCH )
TFS, TFCS...
RRC
RRC
5. RB Setup Complete (DCCH:RACH or DCH ) RRC

-
RRC 6. RAB Assignment Response RANAP

-
RANAP
The UE is RRC connected and has requested a service.

Can the UE send user information (e.g voice call) just after Radio Access Bearer establishment? YES : At the end of this signaling procedure, a RAB has been assigned to the UE to carry user information. The RAB is mapped on the RB which has been set up. The RB is mapped on DTCH: RACH/FACH or DCH.
4.2.2 Signaling: Radio Link Setup

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43
Node-B
NBAP Start RX ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup NBAP Radio Link Setup Response
Signaling link termination, transport layer addressing info
SRNC
Radio Link Setup Request
Cell id, TFS, TFCS, frequency, UL scrambling code, power control info
NBAP
NBAP
Iub-FP Iub-FP Start TX
Downlink synchronisation Uplink synchronisation
Iub-FP Iub-FP
>> Are NBAP, ALCAP and RRC messages carried on the same transport bearers on Iub? transport
RAC = Radio Access Control This procedure is used in many RRC procedures, e.g RRC connection establishment (Procedure C1), Radio Bearer Set-up (Procedure F1), soft HO (Procedure G)
In this procedure: a radio link is set up by the RNC on the Node-B side using the NBAP protocol (a similar task is performed on the UE side using RRC protocol, see e.g. procedure C1) a terrestrial link (AAL2 bearer) is setup on Iub interface using ALCAP protocol
4.2.3 Radio Bearer Mapping

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44
We have seen how a UE, after the switch on, can collect system information, update its location, request a RRC Connection and a service, can be paged and how UTRAN allows it to use services. Now how are established the RAB ?
B RA
Radio Bearer
RNC Iub Node B
Iu Bearer
B RA
Core Network
UTRAN RLC Configured by Logical Channel MAC Transport Channel Phy. Physical Channel
RLC Mode: Tr., UM or AM and retransmission parameter for AM
RRC
TTI, TFS, TFCS, CRC, FEC, Coding Rate, Rate Matching
Frequency, Power, Channelization & Scrambling codes
4.2.4 Physical Layer Processing

UTRAN scenarios 3
45
Channel Coding Radio Frame Segmentation Transport Channel Multiplexing Physical Channel Mapping Spreading
Layer 1
Convolutional coding, Turbo coding 10 ms frame duration 15 time slots CCtrCH
DPDCH, DPCCH, PRACH... Channelization codes Scrambling codes QPSK
Modulation
Physical Channels spread over 5 MHz bandwidth
The physical layer belongs to control plane and to user plane. Physical layer main functions: Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of transport channels on CCTrCH (Coded Composite Transport Channel) even if the transport channels require different QoS. Mapping of CCTrCH on physical channels Spreading/de-spreading and modulation/demodulation of physical channels RF processing (3 GPP 25.10x) Frequency and time (chip, bit, slot, frame) synchronization Measurements and indication to higher layers (e.g. FER, SIR, interference power, transmit power, etc.) Open loop and Inner loop power control Macro-diversity distribution/combining and soft handover execution
4.2.5 Radio Channels

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46
Assuming a UE a video call service. What happens in Uplink ?
CN
Radio Bearer RLC Logical Ch. DTCH MAC Transport Ch. DCH
RAB :64 kbps RLC parameters Mode : Transparent because it is a real time service MAC parameters CRC = 16 bits, FEC = Turbo Code Coding Rate = 1/3, TTI= 20 ms, TFS=(0*640, 2*640 bits)
640 Physical Layer Physical Ch. DPDCH/DPCCH 640 TTI
640 640
640 640
How many radio frame are necessary to send all this data ?
UE
The RB 20 (1st column ) corresponds to the Video Call.
4.2.6 Radio Channels: Data Processing

UTRAN scenarios 3
47
Assuming a UE a video call service. What happens in Uplink ?
Transport Blocks CRC attachment Tr Bl concatenation Turbo coding (1/3) Tail Bit Attachment 1 st interleaving Radio Frame Segmentation Rate matching 1971
#1
640 bits 16
#2
#1 (640+16)*2=1312 bits 1312*3=3936 bits
#2
Can you deduce the SF ? And the value of Nrm ?
1312*3=3936 bits 3942 bits

1971 1971
#1 #1
+Nrm
#2 #2
1971 +Nrm
First, the 16 CRC bits are added at each transport block. Then the transport block are concatenated. The turbo coding consist of adding a lot of redundant bits to be able to detect and correct errors. Before the interleaving some bits are added. The purpose of the interleaving is to avoid to have big packet of errors at the reception. Finally the data are segmented by 2, because the TTI=20 ms and a radio frame is 10 ms. At the end to fill the radio frame, Nrm bits are added.
4.2.7 Radio Channels: Transport Channel Multiplexing

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48
Assuming a UE a video call service and on the same time sends on a e-mail. How can it be possible to send 2 different services on the same physical channel ? Several transport channels can be time-coordinated to be multiplexed on a CCTrCH before mapping on one physical channel
Transport Format
MAC TFC Selection DCH1 DCH2
Example: TFS (DCH1)={(0*640); (4*640)} TFS(DCH2)={(1*0); (1*39); (1*42); (1*55); (1*65)}
TrCH Multiplexing TFCS={(0*640); (1*0)}; {(0*640); (1*39)}; {(0*640); (1*42)}; {(0*640); (1*55)}; {(0*640); (1*65)}; {(1*640); (1*39)}; {(1*640); (1*42)}
Transport Format Combination
CCTrCH Phy. Ch. Mapping L1
MAC selects TFC inside TFCS. There is one TFCS per CCTrCH
Physical Channel
TFS= Transport Format Set TFCS=Transport Format Combination Set TF=Transport Format
4.2.8 Radio Channels: DPDCH/DPCCH Channels

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49
Uplink DPDCH DPCCH
Multiplexed by the modulation Data : user data, RRC Signaling & NAS Signaling Pilot TFCI FBI TPC
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #13
Slot #14
Downlink Data1
DPDCH
Time-multiplexed TPC
DPCCH
Data2
DPDCH
TFCI
DPCCH
Pilot
DPCCH
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i
Slot #13
Slot #14
Why are DPDCH and DPCCH time-multiplexed in DL(and not transmitted simultaneously as in UL)? Discontinuous transmission can cause audible interference to audio equipment close to the terminal (e.g hearing aids), which is a disturbance for user. In UL the transmission is always continuous, because there is at least the DPCCH which is transmitted. The user will not be disturbed. In DL the transmission may be discontinuous, but it is no problem (no user at the base station). Note: The downlink DPDCH/DPCCH physical channels are called the DPCH physical channel.
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50
5 Mobility Management in Connected Mode
5.1 Soft HO: Active & Monitoring Set

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51
RNC
Iub The RNC manages the Active Set and builds the Monitoring Set. The Monitoring Set is built from the information of topology and design in the RNC. The Active Set is managed from the event send by the UE to the RNC.
Cell in the Active Set Cell in the Monitoring Set
The maximum number of cells in the monitoring set is 32. The maximum number of cells in the active set is set from the Office Data, between 3 and 6. The monitored set is built for each UE by the RNC from the neighboring list. The RNC selects the best cells in this list for the monitored cells.
5.2 Soft HO: Events

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There are 3 events for the soft handover. The value measured is the CPICH Ec/No. The event 1a is triggered when the CPICH Ec/No of a monitored cells is above a certain threshold. If the event is fulfilled the cell is added in the active set The event 1b is triggered when the CPICH Ec/No of a active cell is below a certain threshold. If the event is fulfilled the cell is removed from the active set The event 1c is triggered when the active set has reached its maximum size and the CPICH Ec/No of a monitored cells is better than a cell belonging to the active set. If the event is fulfilled the candidate cell replaces the cell in the active set RNC
Iub
Cell in the Active Set Cell in the Monitoring Set
The simplified formula to trigger an 1a event is : 10log(Mnew) > 10log (MBest) R1a Where: Mnew is a measurement on the candidate cell about the quality of reception. Mbest is a measurement on the best cell in the active set about the quality of reception. R1a is the Reporting Range.
CPICH Ec/N0 Best Cell R1a
Candidate Cell T0 T1 -> Event 1a
Time
5.3 Compressed Mode

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Most of the UEs are not dual receivers. And they need to perform measurements on other frequencies.
RNC
So UTRAN has to free it time window to perform these measurements on other FDD frequencies or on GSM frequencies. The main method is to divide the SF of certain frame by 2, so it divides the length of the frame by 2.
Iub
Cell in the Active Set Cell in the Monitored Set, same FDD frequency
Time interval to measure other frequencies
Cell in the Monitored Set, other FDD frequency Cell in the Monitored Set, GSM cell
Compressed mode method available according to the 3GPP TS 25.212 compressed mode methods: By puncturing : the rate matching is applied for creating a transmission gap in one or two frames (not in UL) Reducing the SF by 2 Compressed frames can be obtained by higher layer scheduling. Higher layers then set restrictions so that only a subset of the allowed TFCs are used in a compressed frame. The maximum number of bits that will be delivered to the physical layer during the compressed radio frame is then known and a transmission gap can be generated
5.4 Hard HO: Events on other FDD Frequencies

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There are 4 events to watch the UMTS cell with other FDD frequencies The event 2d_cm is triggered when the quality of on the current frequency is below a certain quality. The compressed mode is launched. The event 2b is triggered when the quality of the current frequency is below a certain threshold and the quality on an other frequency is above a certain threshold The event 2f is triggered when the quality on the current frequency is above a certain threshold. The compressed mode is deactivated.
RNC
Iub
Cell in the Active Set Cell in the Monitored Set, same FDD frequency Cell in the Monitored Set, other FDD frequency Cell in the Monitored Set, GSM cell
5.5 Hard HO: Events on other GSM Frequencies

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2 causes can trigger an hard HO toward the GSM system: Some bad radio conditions due to the service requested The event 2d_cm is triggered when the Iub quality of on the current frequency is below a certain quality. The compressed mode is launched. The event 3a is triggered when the quality on the current FDD frequency is below a certain threshold and the quality on the GSM is above another threshold. The event 3c is triggered when the service requested can be managed by the GSM, the voice typically.
Cell in the Active Set Cell in the Monitored Set, same FDD frequency Cell in the Monitored Set, other FDD frequency Cell in the Monitored Set, GSM cell
RNC
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6 Exercises
6 Exercises
6.1 Scenario Description

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Objectives: Rebuilt the channels mapping, Logical, Transport and Physical channels from a scenario to guide you with the 2 next pages Scenario:

The UE switches on in a covered area The UE collects information about the system The UE requests a RRC connection to declare its location and releases the RRC connection The UE receives a paging message to receive an e-mail UTRAN establishes a RAB and is in the DCH_Cell State As the traffic is not large, the UE passes to the FACH_Cell State Be careful, following this scenario, some channels are missing. Which are the missing channels ?
6 Exercises
6.2 Downlink
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Logical Ch.
Transport Ch.
Physical Ch.
6 Exercises
6.3 Uplink
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Logical Ch.
Transport Ch.
Physical Ch.
Evaluation
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Objective: To be able to build the map of the radio channels (logical, transport and physical channels) from a white paper.
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End of Module

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Alcatel-Lucent W-CDMA UMTS Radio Principles