CHAPTER TWO 2.

0 Introduction The change in the interaction form among people as a result of improvements in technology has also further led to the intellectual communication of ideas among scholars. Scholars across the world now communicate ideas among scholars. Scholars across the world now communicate ideas among themselves even when their countries are not in the best of diplomatic relationship. New ideas are discovered in different fields almost on a daily basis. The literature review provides an opportunity for research to make clear findings from other scholars on a particular area of study. Ohaja (2003 70- 71) comments on how literature review should be done thus. The researcher should present a discourse on his topic with the help of these contributions from previous scholars and writers. In fact, with the previous works. They should in the lecture review, be painting pad for his own work. The above assertion points how literature review should be carried out and its importance in a study.

Existing literature relevant to this study are those that concern the impact of television on the urevers, the interplay between television and religion and how television can be used as a medium of building peace and harmony for all the different religious groups to worship peacefully and leave in peace with one another . 2.1 literatures Preview Television as a modesty medium is famous for it influence on the viewers. The invitational open university of Nigeria (2008:151) observes that television delivery system include the following a. Broadcast b. Cable television c. wireless cable (muctichannel multipoint distribution

service, MMDS) d. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) e. high-Definition television f. webdelivering system(interacting-combination of

internet and broadcast it makes it possible to receive both television signals and the web both over a television set and

the web both over a television set and through a computer. Television, some scholars argue has become a member of the family. Dominick (2009:237) describes television, thus: television is a universal medium. About 99 percent of the homes in the United States have at least one working TV set. In fact, most homes have more than one. Although not guste as portable as radices, miniature TV sets make it possible to take TV anywhere. Television has become a dominant medium for news and entertainment for Americas. The assertion above shows how important and how popular television has become. Macbeth (1995) list the impact of television in the area of sex roles, aduct creativity, leisure activities child cognition, neding and aggression. Sex Roles: television is a strongly sex- typed medium. Most of the characters in plogrammes are male 975% by some studies and few women are shown as employed (or at least were then). A duct creativity: To enable Macbeth measure aduct creativity, a set of aducts were given two problems; the Duncker candle problem and the nine Diet problem. For the first time, the te-stee were given a vertical peace of cardboard, a candle, a box of tacks and a book of matches

and asked to attach the candle to the cardboard so that it can burn freely. The whole idea was for the researcher to early establish how television impact on the creativity of aducts. The ansmet was in the positive. Therefore, television also has an impact on the creativity of aducts. Leisure activities: Macbeth equally documented that

television has impact on the leisure time of the viewers. In other words, people spend time watching television for leisure. Child Cognition: the researcher is of the view that child cognition. The researcher is of the view that child cognition is heavily influenced by television. Other areas of influence are reading fluency and aggression. Similarly, cyber college internet campus (1996 in a publication on the social impact of television, is a window on the word for news and information. Newspaper and indeed the prin media provide a degree of separation from reality but television graphically brings happenings light into living rooms, complete with colour, sound time sequences and even to some deynee, the associated feelings. Compare to

newspapers, television may be superficial when it comes to reporting facts. However, good pictures can still be worth 1,000 words. Pictures can convey many things beyond facts and statistics in democracies, television can be uses to inform the elecharates about things they need to know to make informed cherces at ballot box. When TV is responsible programmed and viewed with a critical, educated ege, its capable of working through the gloss and facades of people and events giving us glimpses of the reality giving breath. Television is capable of making us an ege witness to events as they happen these events can regards from the hostale invasion of a country to Monday Night football. In this regard, TV breaks dew the barriers of distance and becomes an intension of our senses. Bittner citing Mcluhan Observes of sight. ii. television provides escape and relation. Suffice it to say television allows us to dominantly escape our problems and experiences of other people. We can become awestruck with the beauty of and grace of the arts, or caught up in the frenzy and excitement of an athletic event. We can even

allow ourselves to be momentarily host in a beautiful fantasg world. Thus our spirit can be lifted and sometimes even

hope and faith restored. All these are mode possible by television. Iii television introduces new ideas and information: before the mass media, an important threat to health, a new media, an improved ways of doing things could take months or even years to become commonly known. Today, time is typically cut down to a day or even a few hours included in this category are new product and services that will make our life easier or safer, new recipes, important safety procedures and even instructions on home. Improvement and repair. With television, are put in the centre of the market place of ideas. We can compare these ideas, evaluate them and then decide for our selves whether to accept or reject. These new ideas can also threaten traditional beliefs and establish order of doing things. Onabajo (2001:34) summaries the role of television in a rations psyche thus: In the developed world, television has been used to a large extent in the areas of formal, non-formal and informal

education. Studies have shown that ideas imbibed from television are more permanent in the human mind than other media. Political indoctrination, cultural innovation are part of what television could be used to achieve. Looking at the impact of television discussed so far, a question arises, what exactly is the objective of television programming?. This question is particularly relevant because Tuning point or a programme has to be assessed within the content of television programming. The National

Broadcasting commission (NBC) in it codes (2006:79) list the following as the objectives of broadcast programming. Social objectives i The objectives are meant to cover the areas of education, for people irrespective of their educational background. Ii Television entertainment programmes should be designed specifically for the enjoyment of the people. Such

programmes are primarily meant for mental recreation and to arouse the feelings of the people emotionally. Thus broadcast social objectives are primarily to

i promote

social

values

and

norms,

civic

and

social

responsibilities. Ii promote the acquisition or pursuit of knowledge. Iii promote the physical, mental and social well being of the people. Iv foster the spirit of self discipline and self sacrifice. V Encourage the prevention and development of human values and respect for the dignity of man. B Cultural Objectives Broadcast programmes should aim at promoting cultural awareness throughout the federation. Broadcast cultural objectives should essentially cover the areas of aesthetics, religion, ethics philosophy, language, history and arts. The programmes could therefore be designed primarily to: I seek, identify and preserve Nigerian culture and promote the study of Nigerian history and language

Ii select critically, relevant foreign culture for the purpose of enriching Nigerian culture. Iii Develop and promote the appreciation of indigenous aesthetic values C Economic Objectives In order to achieve the Nigerian economic goals, the nation should be informed and motivation. The broadcast economic objectives of programmes should primarily be I to monitor trends and developments in production process with a view to arousing creativity and in quisitveness in the people. Foster the spirit of handwork and high productivity with the view of raising the quality of life of the people. Iii Encourage the production and consumption of local products in order to achieve self sufficiency and self reliance. Political Objectives Broadcasting shall contribute to the development of national unity and participatory democracy.

Therefore, the political objectives of broadcasting shall be to: I Create and promote political awareness amongst the people in order to achieve a democratic society Ii Inculcate in the people the spirit of tolerance of all shades of opinion and Iii promote social justice based on the responsibilities and rights of the individual in society. Technological Objectives. The nations abundant natural and human resources shall be exploited to the advantage of the people broadcasting shall therefore: I keep the people abreast of technological development Ii promote and encourage the study of science and technology Ii Promote the spirit of self-reliance and angender the development of indigenous technology

Iii promote a scientific and national attitude to like by encouraging research. Professional Objectives Broadcasting as a specialized section of the media industry, with its own mode of professionalism, demands a high level of specialization and professional skills, some of which are as set out by the code. Broadcasting therefore is to ensure. I the development of professionalism by recruitment and training of personnel who at the point of entry into senior cadue shall possess at least higher national diploma (HND) or it equivalent in broadcast related fields. Ii that only professional broadcaster with at least 15 years cognate experience in broadcasting shall be made chief operations officer of a broadcast station. Iv that Nigerian talents and facilities shall be used as possible in the production of programmes, including

advertisement.

V that meaningful investment in research and development and job security with appropriate remuneration is

guaranteed. From the above explanation, it is obvious that television programming has objectives to be met. It is also important to classify television programmes to include functions, promote and target audience. Functional classification: Broadcast programmes may be classified on the basis of the functions they fulfill. Hence broadcast programmes with this functional category are commonly referred as news programmes, entertainment, and additional interpretation function/programme. Ii target audience function. Programmes are also classified on the basis of the kind of audience they are meant for, hence under this category one will hear of womens programme, childrens programme, religious programme, farmers programme among others.

Iii

format clarification: by formats, we mean the shape,

arrangement and style of a broadcast message. Using the criteria of format to clarify programmes, we may identify the following as the basic conventional programme all over the world. Newscast, news commentaries, editorials, discussion, features, drammer musicals, sports, magazines programmes among others. Going by the above clarification, it is more obvious that turning point which is a religious programme from African Independent Television (AIT) falls under target audience function. In a study like this, it is only important top incorporate findings by other researchers. Ohaja(2003) corroborates this by noting that the review of literature for empirical studies should includes findings from other researchers. Souk Up(2002) in a study on media and religion documented that the two are interwoven. To enable the researcher arrived at a definite conclusion, three types of

religious programmes were asked for and felt to be needed generally by most viewers. They were as follows: i). Worship, or personal stories/witnessing: These are

progrmammes that show personal faith in action from a committed subjective and involved point of view. They will show how an individuals faith affected their lives, culture and life in the widest sense. ii). Informative or issue based: Across all groups was a real and spontaneously expressed concern that there should be more informative or issue based documentaries and

debates, presenting views from a variety of faith or belief perspectives. In addition, respondents save a role for more documentary style progmammes that show aspects of their lives that share across the faith but which are played out differently. Similarly, respondents history from a faith or belief system point of view. iii. Incorporation into mainstream genre, the researcher documented further that there was a general feeling among respondents that outside of religious broadcast, there was

for too little real reflection of how many people have a faith and how much faith plays a part in their lines and everyday decision making. The researcher equally documented that there was some discussion of how moral tales, even religious scripture could be dramatized in a contemporary selfing in dramas or soaps particularly for children sense television was particularly effective at harnessing interest and

communicating ideas. Soukup (2002) documented further that must respondents sect that they were poorly served by and that they would have an appointee to watch a range of religious programmes using their broader definition of religious programming, which they seat could be challenging, give them an opportunity to consider things and also to stretch

themselves. The researcher equally documented that the viewers felt religious broadcasting should be protected by

regulation, especially as it provides a service to the housebound. The national was that religious broadcasting was received to have been so poor and audience so low that there was therefore some need for protection. The problem

with this finding is that the researcher paid little or no attention to view religious programmes through the

television can endive religious tolerance among people of different faiths. Another researcher Konkg (2007) in a study on religion and television watching documented that religious

programmes form television influence the viewers. The researcher reported that the division of chores between man and women is not influence by what people believe but it is by the amount o time they spending front of their television set and that religion seems incapable to influence the definition of the situation people find themselves in when they are watching television. People is religious beliefs according to the findings of the researcher do not influence what they like to watch and do not prevent them from domineering the others with whom they watch. However, the missing link in this result is whether the religious

programmes people watch have direct influence on them so as to influence them in tribe religious tolerance. The problem with this finding is that the researcher did not clearly

establish

the

extent

to

which

television

religious

programmes. In another study conducted by counterpoint research (2005) revealed that television religious programmes have influence on the viewers even in their political life. The study revealed further that those who watch religious progrmmes from television will more likely use religion as a way to interpret and make political decisions. The researcher paid little attention to the relationship between exposure to television proggrmmme and it effects. Similarly, the researcher did not clearly establish the extent to which television religious programmes influence the viewers. Meanwhile, communication scholars have observed a strong relationship between the mass media and religions. Prominent among such scholars is Asemah (2011). The scholar notes that the mass media cannot be divorced from religious institutions Asemah (2011:98). Religious institution uses the media to carry out their activities so that members of the public will know about their programmes.

Summarizing the relationship between the media and religious institutions, the writer puts: We can say that the media and religious institutions are interdependent .the media need religious institutions because these religious intuitions like church, mosque serve as sources of news. Religious institutions also need the media because the only means through which they can reach out to a large audience is through the mass media and not through interpersonal communication (Asemah hoo: 99). The above assertion shows the relationship between the mass media and religious institutions. This therefore implies that the relationship between the mass media and religious institutions is mutual. Looking at the nature of this topic, a question might arise, what is the importance of religious tolerance? What is the importance if religious tolerance is the basis for peaceful coexistence and meaningful development. The scholar notes that religious tolerance celebrates the inherent worth and dignity of all people and encourages meaning in life. It fosters respect and appreciation of the difference between us which may separate us at times but ultimately bind us

together as a unique collaboration of human beings. The scholar sums up: To line a life of religious tolerance is more than just agreeing with the concept. It must be fully grasped and celebrated by each individual to ensure maximum impact. We believe stand up for what we think is just, speak our minds even if our voices shake and remember that the appreciation for religious diversity comes in the form of our actions as well as our thought. Every word, every hand every embrace makes a difference. From the above assertion, it is obvious that religious tolerance is directly linked to a countrys peaceful coexistence. The peaceful atmosphere in any country is equally directly linked to a countrys development

economically, publically and socially. For instance the current bombings in some part of the country (Nigeria) by an extreme Islamic sect known as book Haram would not have occurred if there were a spirit of religious tolerance between the two leading religious in Nigeria of Christianity and islam. considering the importance of religious tolerance and the

role of the mass media theory, it is only expected that the media through it programming will enhwnce religious

tolerance. The UNESCO reports as contained in MCBride etal (1981:16-18) points out the function of the media to function and information. Of particular interest here is the integrative function. this function involves engaging communication to burld bridges of mutual understanding between the existing disparate and objective adjustment and adaptation to the changing process in the society. Integrating the various 2.2.1 AIT in Brief Africa independent television (AIT) is a private television station owned by Raymond Dokpese. It was once of the few private television station that was granted licence to operate in 1992 following the deregulation of the broadcast media by the president Babargida administration and the setting up of the National Broadcasting commission (NBC) as a regulatory body for the broadcast industry. It has its headquarters in Abuja, the federal capital territory and has stations in some points of the country. 2.22 Turning point programme in Brief.

Turning point is a religious programme, produced and anchored by a Nigerian, Victor Oladokun, turning point is a weekly television the magazine of programme Africa, Europe broadcast and the

throughout

continents

Caribbean and has been having airtime on terrestrial TV stations like AIT, NTA, channels TV without any problem. it is aired on AIT every Sunday by 11am. 2.3 conclusions From the above review of related literature, it is obvious that there exist a relationship between the mass media and religious institutions. Television programmes have influence on the attention to the extent to which television religious programmes can influence the viewers. In the same way

most scholars did not clearly establish relationship between exposure to television religious programmes and influence. Moreso, the literature on the impact of turning point especially in religious tolerance is scanty. This study will therefore address these missing links. 2.4 theoretical frame work

In deciding on the theoretical basis for thus study, the researcher put into consideration the fact that this study, the researcher put into consideration the fact that this study is two solds- the role of mass media and the effects of television progammes. Based on that, two theories were

considered appropriate. They are cultivation theory and the social world which conform to the stereotyped, distorted and very selective view of reality as portaged in a systematic way in television jiction and news. Mc Qual (2100:497) notes that cultivation is said to differ from a direct stimulusresponse effect process mainly because of its gradual and cumulative character MCQuali summarizsa. In this theory of media effct, television provides many people with a consistent and Near-total symbolic environment that supplies norms for conduct and belied about a wide range of real life situations. The theory posits that heavly television viewers are

influenced by television programmes than light television viewers.

What this means is that the more people are exposed to turning point programme, the more the likely hood of them to embrace religious tolerance. Religious tolerance can bring about peaceful co-existence. It is therefore the responsibly of the mass media to promote religious

tolerance. This is where the social responsibility theory comes in. Social responsibility theory This theory posits that the media has a role to play in the society. In other words, the media has a deity to fulfill to the society. Folarin (1998:27) observes that the chief duty of the media operation with this theory is to raise conflict to the plane of discussion, MCQuail (2000:172) observes that the main tents of the theory incl+ude the following: I the media have obligations to society and medial ownership is a public trust. Ii the media should be free but regulated ethies and professional conduct V under some circumstance, government may need to intervene to safeguard the public trust.

Going by this theory therefore, the issue of ensuring religious tolerance among people in the society becomes a social responsibility for the media to fulfit. This obviously informs the decision (AIT) to introduce turning point but effective this programme has been in achieving desired goal is what this study will investigate

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