MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND CHEMISTRY

CHM12-3L/A12 EXPERIMENT NO. 6

CALORIMETRY

Submitted By: Dizon, Mary Louise G. ECE-1

Submitted To: Engr. Claudio Fiel M. Novida

(June 21, 2012)

I.

INTRODUCTION Calorimetry, derived from the Latin calor meaning heat, and the

Greek metry meaning to measure, is the science of measuring the amount of heat. All calorimetric techniques are therefore based on the measurement of heat that may be generated (exothermic process), consumed (endothermic process) or simply dissipated by a sample. There are numerous methods to measure such heat, and since calorimetry's advent in the late 18th century, a large number of techniques have been developed. Initially techniques were based on simple thermometric (temperature measurement) methods, but more recently, advances in electronics and control have added a new dimension to calorimetry, enabling users to collect data and maintain samples under conditions that were previously not possible. Any process that results in heat being generated and exchanged with the environment is a candidate for a calorimetric study. Hence it is not surprising to discover that calorimetry has a very broad range of applicability, with examples ranging from drug design in the pharmaceutical industry, to quality control of process streams in the chemical industry, and the study of metabolic rates in biological (people included) systems. A calorimeter is a device used to measure heat of reaction. It can be sophisticated and expensive or simple and cheep. A styrofoam cup is used as a calorimeter, because it is a container with good insulated walls to prevent heat exchange with the environment. In order to measure heats of reactions, we often enclose reactants in a calorimeter, initiate the reaction, and measure the temperature difference before and after the reaction. The temperature difference enables us to evaluate the heat released in the reaction. A calorimeter may be operated under constant (atmosphere) pressure, or constant volume. Whichever kind to use, we first need to know its heat capacity. The heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the entire calorimeter by 1 K, and it is usually determined experimentally before or after the actual measurements of heat of reaction.

The heat capacity of the calorimeter is determined by transferring a known amount of heat into it and measuring its temperature increase. Because the temperature differences are very small, extreme sensitive thermometers are required for these measurements.

II.

ANALYSIS 1. Determination of the Heat Capacity of Calorimeter 1 1.1 Observation The temperature of 50mL distilled water at room temperature in calorimeter 1 was observed to be 30C after one minute for both trials. This will serve as Tcold during the computation. The temperature of 50mL hot water with temperature between 55C and 60C in calorimeter 2 was observed to be 56C after one minute during the first trial and during the second trial the temperature recorded after one minute is 55C. This will serve as Thot during the computation. When the hot water in calorimeter 2 was added to the cold water in calorimeter 1, the highest temperature recorded in trial 1 is 42C while in trial 2 the highest temperature was 41C. This will serve as Tfinal during the computation

1.2 Discussion The temperatures recorded would be the foundation in computing for the Average Heat Capacity of Calorimeter 1. The formula to be used is ; where mhot and mcold is 50g and s is 4.184 J/g-C.

Substituting all the acquired data, the Heat Capacity of Calorimeter 1 in trial 1 is approximately 34.86 J/C and for trial 2 it is approximately 57.05 J/C

Computing for the average heat capacity of the calorimeter 1, the value would be 45.96 J/C. The average heat capacity of the calorimeter 1 will be used in parts 2, 3 and 4.

1.3 Possible Source of Error Wrong Computation

2. Heat of Neutralization of 1.0M HCl and 1.0M NaOH 2.1 Observation The temperature of 50mL 1.0M NaOH in calorimeter 1 was observed to be 30C after one minute for both trials. This will serve as TNaOH during the computation. The temperature of 50mL 1.0M HCl in calorimeter 2 was observed to be 30C after one minute for both trials. This will serve as THCl during the computation. When the 1.0M HCl in calorimeter 2 was added to the 1.0M NaOH in calorimeter 1, the highest temperature recorded in trial 1 is 38C while in trial 2 the highest temperature was 37C. This will serve as Tfinal during the computation 2.2 Discussion The initial temperature is needed, to compute for it sum up TNaOH and THCl and divide it by two. The value for Tinitial for both trials is 30C. The temperatures recorded would be the foundation in computing for the Average Heat of Neutralization per Mole of Water Formed.

The formula to be used to compute for the Heat of Neutralization is ; where mmixture is 100 g, s is 4.184 J/g-C and Ccalorimeter1 is 45.96C.

Substituting the acquired data. The heat of neutralization in trial 1 is -3714.88 J and for trial 2 the value is -3250.52 J To compute for the Heat of Neutralization per Mole of Water Formed, convert the heat of neutralization computed in Joules to Kilojoules and divide it by 0.05 mole H2O. The value for trial 1 is 74.29 kJ/ mole H2O and for trial 2 the value is -65.01.

Computing for the average heat of neutralization per mole of water is -69.65 kJ/ mole H2O.

2.3 Possible Sources of Error Wrong Computation

3. Heat of Dilution of Concentrated Sulfuric Acid 3.1 Observation The temperature of 97mL of distilled water in calorimeter 1 was observed to be 30C after one minute for both trials. This will serve as Tinital during the computation. When 3mL of sulfuric acid was added to the distilled water in calorimeter 1 the highest temperature reached in trial 1 was 47C and for trial 2 the value was 42C. This will serve as Tfinal during the computation.

3.2 Discussion The temperatures recorded would be the foundation in computing for the Average Heat of Dilution per Mole of Concentrated Sulfuric Acid. The formula to be used to compute for the Heat of Dilution is ;

where mmixture is 102.49 g, s is 4.184 J/g-C and Ccalorimeter1 is 45.96C. Substituting the acquired data. The heat of dilution in trial 1 is 8071.23 J and for trial 2 the value is -5697.34 J To compute for the Heat of Dilution per Mole of Concentrated Sulfuric acid, convert the heat of dilution computed in Joules to Kilojoules and divide it by 0.05602 mole H2SO4. The value for trial is -144.07 kJ/ mole H2SO4 and for trial 2 the value is -101.70. Computing for the average heat of dilution per mole of concentrated sulfuric acid is -122.89 kJ/ mole H2SO4.

3.3 Possible Source of Error Wrong Computation

4. Heat of Solution of Ammonium Chloride 4.1 Observation The temperature of 100mL of distilled water in calorimeter 1 was observed to be 30C after one minute for both trials. This will serve as Tinital during the computation. When 2.67 g of ammonium chloride was added to the distilled water in calorimeter 1 the highest temperature reached in trial 1 was 27C and for trial 2 the value was 28C. This will serve as Tfinal during the computation. 4.2 Discussion The temperatures recorded would be the foundation in computing for the Average Heat of Solution per Mole of Ammonium Chloride. The formula to be used to compute for the Heat of Solution is ;

where mmixture is 102.67 g, s is 4.184 J/g-C and Ccalorimeter1 is 45.96C. Substituting the acquired data. The heat of solution in trial 1 is 1426.54 J and for trial 2 the value is 951.06 J To compute for the Heat of Solution per Mole of Ammonium Chloride, convert the heat of solution computed in Joules to Kilojoules and divide it by 0.04995 mole H2SO4. The value for trial is 28.56 kJ/ mole NH4Cl and for trial 2 the value is 19.04. Computing for the average heat of solution per mole of ammonium chloride is 23.80 kJ/ mole H2SO4.

4.3 Possible Source of Error Wrong Computation

III.

CONCLUSION

It is essential to compute for the heat capacity of the calorimeter 1 for you to be able to compute for the heat of neutralization, heat of dilution and heat of solution in the experiment.

Therefore, it could be concluded that heat capacity is essential to compute for the different categories of heat reaction Data gathered for the different experiments are inconsistent for each trial, therefore computed values may also be inconsistent

PICTURE/S

Common Setup for all the experiments