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Lecture 5

This document discusses spatial domain methods for image enhancement. Spatial domain methods operate directly on pixel values rather than the frequency domain. Key spatial domain techniques include point processing using lookup tables to apply functions like contrast stretching and thresholding to single pixels based on their intensity values. Mask or filter processing also uses spatial neighborhoods of pixels and kernels to determine output pixel values.

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Sai Krishna
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views

Lecture 5

This document discusses spatial domain methods for image enhancement. Spatial domain methods operate directly on pixel values rather than the frequency domain. Key spatial domain techniques include point processing using lookup tables to apply functions like contrast stretching and thresholding to single pixels based on their intensity values. Mask or filter processing also uses spatial neighborhoods of pixels and kernels to determine output pixel values.

Uploaded by

Sai Krishna
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image Enhancement

To process an image so that the result is more suitable than the original image for a specific application.
Spatial domain methods and frequency domain methods.

Spatial Domain Methods


Procedures that operate directly on the aggregate of pixels composing an image
g ( x, y) T [ f ( x, y)] A neighborhood about (x,y) is defined by using a square (or rectangular) subimage area centered at (x,y).

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

Spatial Domain Methods


When the neighborhood is 1 x 1 then g depends only on the value of f at (x,y) and T becomes a gray-level transformation (or mapping) function: s=T(r) r,s: gray levels of f(x,y) and g(x,y) at (x,y)
Point processing techniques (e.g. contrast stretching, thresholding)

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

Contrast Stretching

Thresholding

Spatial Domain Methods


Mask processing or filtering: when the values of f in a predefined neighborhood of (x,y) determine the value of g at (x,y).
Through the use of masks (or kernels, templates, or windows, or filters).

Enhancement by Point Processing


These are methods based only on the intensity of single pixels.
r denotes the pixel intensity before processing.
s denotes the pixel intensity after processing.

Some Simple Intensity Transformations


Image negatives Piecewise-Linear Transformation Functions:
Contrast stretching Gray-level slicing Bit-plane slicing

Implemented via Look-Up Tables (LUT) where values of T are stored in a 1-D array (for 8-bit, LUT will have 256 values)

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

Linear: Negative, Identity Logarithmic: Log, Inverse Log

Power-Law: nth power, nth root

Image Negatives
Are obtained by using the transformation function s=T(r).

[0,L-1] the range of gray levels S= L-1-r

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

Image Negatives
Function reverses the order from black to white so that the intensity of the output image decreases as the intensity of the input increases.
Used mainly in medical images and to produce slides of the screen.

Log Transformations
s = c log(1+r)
c: constant

Compresses the dynamic range of images with large variations in pixel values

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

Power-Law Transformations

s cr
Gamma correction

C, : positive constants

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

=c=1: identity

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

Piecewise-Linear Transformation Functions

Contrast Stretching
To increase the dynamic range of the gray levels in the image being processed.

Contrast Stretching
The locations of (r1,s1) and (r2,s2) control the shape of the transformation function.
If r1= s1 and r2= s2 the transformation is a linear function and produces no changes. If r1=r2, s1=0 and s2=L-1, the transformation becomes a thresholding function that creates a binary image.

Contrast Stretching
More on function shapes:
Intermediate values of (r1,s1) and (r2,s2) produce various degrees of spread in the gray levels of the output image, thus affecting its contrast. Generally, r1r2 and s1s2 is assumed.

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

Gray-Level Slicing
To highlight a specific range of gray levels in an image (e.g. to enhance certain features).
One way is to display a high value for all gray levels in the range of interest and a low value for all other gray levels (binary image).

Gray-Level Slicing
The second approach is to brighten the desired range of gray levels but preserve the background and gray-level tonalities in the image:

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

Bit-Plane Slicing
To highlight the contribution made to the total image appearance by specific bits.
i.e. Assuming that each pixel is represented by 8 bits, the image is composed of 8 1-bit planes. Plane 0 contains the least significant bit and plane 7 contains the most significant bit.

Bit-Plane Slicing
More on bit planes:
Only the higher order bits (top four) contain visually significant data. The other bit planes contribute the more subtle details. Plane 7 corresponds exactly with an image thresholded at gray level 128.

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

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