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    Anatomy and Physiology of Brain

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    Navjot Brar
    The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the brain. It describes the main types of brain cells - neurons and neuroglia. Neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and Schwann cells. Neurons are the basic functional units and cannot regenerate after damage. Neuroglia provide support and protection to neurons. The document also outlines the structure and functions of the brain stem, cerebellum, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid circulation.

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    Anatomy and Physiology of Brain

    Uploaded by

    Navjot Brar
    147 views21 pages
    The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the brain. It describes the main types of brain cells - neurons and neuroglia. Neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and Schwann cells. Neurons are the basic functional units and cannot regenerate after damage. Neuroglia provide support and protection to neurons. The document also outlines the structure and functions of the brain stem, cerebellum, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid circulation.

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    Brain Anatomy

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    The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the brain. It describes the main types of brain cells - neurons and neuroglia. Neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and Schwann cells. Neurons are the basic functional units and cannot regenerate after damage. Neuroglia provide support and protection to neurons. The document also outlines the structure and functions of the brain stem, cerebellum, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid circulation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    147 views21 pages

    Anatomy and Physiology of Brain

    Uploaded by

    Navjot Brar
    The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the brain. It describes the main types of brain cells - neurons and neuroglia. Neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and Schwann cells. Neurons are the basic functional units and cannot regenerate after damage. Neuroglia provide support and protection to neurons. The document also outlines the structure and functions of the brain stem, cerebellum, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid circulation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Anatomy and Physiology of brain

    Brain cells
    Neurons and neuroglia

    neuroglia
    In CNS Asrocytes In PNS Schwann cells

    Oligodendrocytes Satellite cells Microglia Ependymal cells

    Neuron
    Basic units of nervous tissue Function as electrical impulse generation and transmission. Cannot regenerate when damaged

    Neuroglia/Glial cells
    Makes half of the volume of CNS Smaller than neurons and 5-50 times more numerous than neurons. Do not propagate nerve impulses Can regain after injury, highly growing.

    Astrocytes
    Star shaped cells, have many processes, largest and most numerous Two types of astrocytesprotoplasmic and fibrous Processes of astrocytes make contact with blood capillaries, pia matter and neurons.

    Functions of astrocytes
    strength to support neurons. blood brain barrier. growth and interconnection of neurons. chemical environment for generation of nerve impulses by neurons. learning and memory

    Oligodendrocytes:
    These resemble astrocytes but have fewer processes and smaller in size. Maintain myelin sheath around the CNS axons. A single oligodendrocyte may myelinate several neurons.

    Microglia:
    Small in size, contains spindle like projections Function as phagocytes and clear cell debris

    Ependymal cells:
    Cuboidal to columnar cells contain cillia and microvilli. Lines the ventricals of brain and central canal of spinal cord. Produce, monitor and assist in CSF circulation. Form blood cerebrospinal fluid barrior.

    Schwann cells:
    Form myelin sheath around the neurons. Single cell can line only one axon. Participate in axon regeneration.

    Satellite cells:
    Surrounds the cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia. Exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid.

    Meninges:

    CSF circulation

    choroid plexus of lateral ventricles

    lateral ventricles
    through interventricular foramina

    choroid plexus of third ventricle

    third ventricle
    through cerebral aqueduct forth ventricle

    choroid plexus of forth ventricle

    through lateral and median aperture


    subarachnoid space arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses venous blood heart and lungs

    CSF composition
    Normal CSF secretion is 20 ml/hr or 480 ml/day Total volume is 80-150 ml Carries oxygen and nutrients Contains glucose, protein, lactic acid, urea, cations ( Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (Cl, HCO3-) Functions are mechanical support, chemical and nutritional.

    Brain stem:
    Consists of 3 parts: Medulla ablongata Pons Mid brain

    Medulla ablongata
    contains sensory and motor tracts extends between the brain and spinal cord. Contains cardiovascular centre Medullary rythmicity area of respiratory centre Responsible for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing and hiccupping. Sensitive to touch, vibration and proprioception. Contains 5 pairs of cranial nerves: Vestibulocochlear VIII Glossopharyngeal IX Vagus X Accessory XI Hypoglossal XII Damage to this part cause cranial nerve alterations at the same side and paralysis in opposite side.

    Pons
    contains pneumotaxic area and apneustic area which helps in respiration. Have 4 pairs of cranial nerves: Trigeminal V Abducens VI Facial VII Vestibulocochlear VIII

    Mid brain
    connects cerebrum to medulla, pons and spinal cord. Reflex centre for visual activities Helps in tracking moving objects Helps in scanning stationary objects Eyes, head and neck movements with moving objects Startle reflex Sudden movement of head with noise Have substantia nigra which release dopamine and also responsible for subconscious muscle activities.

    RAS- reticular activating system brain stem consists of small clusters of neuronal cell bodies. It maintains consciousness Awakening from sleep Muscle tone maintenance

    cerebellum
    Skilled skeletal muscle movements Posture and balance Cognition and language processing

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