Renewable Energy Technology

Introduction to Energy Technology

Part-1 : Fossil Fuel based Technology & its Effects
Prepared By

S.M.Ferdous & Ahmed Mortuza Saleque Lecturers, Dept. of EEE American Internatinal University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
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Learning Objectives
To understand what a resource is. To understand the difference between non-renewable and renewable resources. To understand the advantages/disadvantages of using nonrenewable energy. To understand how we can conserve resources/reduce pollution.
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Learning Outcomes
What are our dominant sources of energy? What is peak oil production? Why is it hard to evaluate future oil production? How important is coal in domestic energy production? What are the environmental effects of coal burning? Is clean coal possible? How do nuclear reactors work? What are some of their advantages and disadvantages? What are our main renewable forms of energy? Could solar, wind, hydropower, and other renewables eliminate the need for fossil fuels? What are photovoltaic cells, and how do they work? What are biofuels? What are arguments for and against their use?

We are not only responsible for what we do, but also for what we do not do.

Moliere

What Does Energy Mean to Us?

When you hear politicians and scientists say things like energy consumption or energy independence what does that really mean?

A resource is anything we can use to help us live and work

Oil, coal, gas, trees, soil, wind, waves, sun, people, the countryside, water, rocks etc Conflict over ownership, depletion, pollution

What is a resource
A) Things that humans can use. B) Fuel supplies already discovered that can be used in the future. C) Recovery of waste products to convert into materials that can be used again.

Why has Resource use Increased?

Population Increase Increase in Technology Increase in purchasing power in LEDCs Increase in disposable income.

 Also, as the countries develop, they use more energy because they are able to afford labour saving devices, tools and gadgets which we take for granted in the developed world, like TVs, computers, cars etc. Energy is required not only in running these devices but also in their manufacture.

C) There will be a big energy increase by 2010 because statistics show that energy use has always increased over time and because there will be more people, they will use more energy than if there were less people. Also, China and India are using up lots of energy
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 A) As countries become more developed there is a greater demand for energy because people get more materialistic and buy more products which use energy both in their manufacture as well as in their use. For example, people will buy labour saving devices like cars and dishwashers. These both use up energy when they are made and every time they are used. Also, as countries develop their industries develop and industry is a large consumer of energy. B) As countries get richer they use more energy because everybody gets cars and electrical goods.
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 These both use lots of oil and electricity, so this is why energy use will increase.
C) Energy use might increase as a country gets more developed because when a country gets richer its population increases dramatically. This rise in population means that more coal and gas is needed to heat their homes. They will also need lots more petrol and diesel to fuel all the extra cars and lorries that will be on the road.
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Energy
Energy creates the power to drive tools and machines, to process materials into manufactured products and to create structures. Power is generated from nonrenewable energy sources such as coal, oil, and gas, or can be generated from natural resources such as geothermal, solar, and gravitational energies.
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 To understand the magnitude of energy use, it is helpful to know the units used to measure it. Work is the application of force over distance, and we measure work in joules. Energy is the capacity to do work. Power is the rate of energy flow or the rate of work done: for example, one watt (W) is one joule per second. If you use a 100-watt light bulb for 10 hours, you have used 1,000 watt-hours, or one kilowatt-hour (kWh). Most American households use about 11,000 kWh per year.
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The Need for Energy

Fuel is any substance from which energy can be obtained. To produce electricity, fuel is burned to boil water, producing steam. The steam exerts pressure on giant machines called turbines, causing them to turn.

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Energy Uses
Automobiles Planes/Jets Trains Household Appliances Industry Agriculture Heating/Cooling Systems Etc.
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Energy Use
Energy is generally divided into two main types: Electricity Production and

Transportation

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How do we measure energy?

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Natural resource
Renewable resource Non-renewable resource

Energy
Fuel
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Classification of Resources
Natural resources are Classified by two types : Renewable resource

Non-renewable resource

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Energy Sources
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Renewable resources can be replenished over fairly short spans of time, such as months, years, or decades. Nonrenewable resources take millions of years to form and accumulate.

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What is Renewable Energy?

Renewable energy is energy created from natural sources. This includes sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat. With global warming, such as climate change, concerns linked to high oil prices, the drive for more renewable energy is being lobbied by local governments. Not only would renewable energy help with the global warming concerns, but also may help turn around the recent economic crisis. This would mean less money spent on expensive fossil fuels and more focus on renewable energy sources.
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What is meant by the term Non-Renewable Energy???

A) Resources which cannot be used again and again, like water and wind. B) Fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas, which are finite, and will eventually run out are examples. Once they have been used they cant be used again. C) Fossil fuels made from trees and plants.
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Classifications of Energy Sources :

Renewable Wood Unlimited Biomass gasification Solar Animal Power Wind Human Muscle Power Gravitational Tidal Geothermal Fusion
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Limited Oil Coal Natural gas Uranium

Advantages of Natural Resources:

Renewable Cheap to operate Clean Do not damage the environment Non renewable Very cheap

Efficient
Can produce a lot of energy in a short time

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Disadvantages of Natural Resources :

Renewable Expensive to build Can be noisy Generally unattractive Does not capable of producing bulk of energy. Non renewable They will run out, will not be replenished. Very dirty Harmful to the environment.

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Disadvantages of Natural Resources

Renewable Expensive to build Can be noisy Generally unattractive Does not produce lots of energy Non renewable - They will run out - Very dirty - Harmful to the environment

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Non-renewable Energy
Non-renewable means that the supply can not be replenished. Once it runs out, it is gone forever. Fossil Fuels are the most common form of nonrenewable energy.

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Non-renewable energy resources :

Non-renewable types of energy can only be used once. There is a finite amount of these materials on the Earth so they will run out eventually. Non-renewable resources make up approximately 95% of the worlds energy.
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Non-renewable energy

oil

fossil fuels

gas

mineral

biomass

fuelwood

coal

nuclear

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Non-renewable Energy Sources

Non-renewable Resource: A resource that is not being replenished or formed at any significant rate on a human timescale.

Examples: Oil Natural Gas Coal Nuclear (Uranium)

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NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES:
COAL Although coal is found in many places throughout the world, nearly half of it is located in the United States. Of the 700 million tons of coal mined each year in the United States, two- thirds is burned to fuel electric generating plants. The remainder is used to provide heat for buildings and to make steel and other industrial products.

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NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES:
GEOTHERMAL POWER Geothermal energy comes from the tremendous heat trapped deep within the earth. Natural steam geysers are used to generate electricity. Hot water can also be pumped out of the ground to heat buildings. Geothermal sources account for less than 1 % of the total energy produced In the United States. Most of the sources are in the western third of the nation.

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NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES:
NATURAL GAS It is estimated that there is only enough natural gas in the world to last for 20 more years. Most of the recoverable supplies are found In the U.S.S.R., the Middle East, and the United States. Natural gas provides about 32% of the total energy used in the United States. Some natural gas is used for home heating and cooking, but most is used in industry.

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NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES:
NUCLEAR POWER Nuclear power requires uranium as the fuel source. When uranium atoms are split (fission), heat is released. Water is circulated through the reactor to keep it cool. As the water turns to steam, it is forced through a turbine to generate electricity. There are 52 nuclear generating plants, which provide about 1 % of our total energy in the United States.
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Energy sources

41% 17%

coal nuclear HEP and other renewables oil natural gas

9% 1% 32%

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Fossil fuels How much is left ?

2200 2150 2100 2050 2000 1950 Natural Gas Oil Coal ESTIMATED RESERVES

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Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon a compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen. Ex. Methane, propane, butane, octane Fossil Fuels Fuels derived from the remains of organisms that lived long ago.

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Examples of Fossil Fuels

Coal- Ancient swamps that were buried by sediments. Primarily containing peat moss and other vegetation. Petroleum (Oil)- Primarily algae and plankton that sink to the bottom of the sea and are buried by sediments.

Natural Gas- Primarily algae that sink to the bottom of the sea are buried by sediments.
They are called fossil fuels because they are the remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago.

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Uses of Fossil Fuels

Coal- Used to generate electricity.
Used in the steel industry to melt iron

Oil- Used to produce gasoline and diesel.

Used as lubricants, like motor oil. Used to make plastics and asphalt

Natural Gas- Use to generate electricity

Used to heat homes Used as an alternative fuel for vehicles
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12.2 Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels are organic (carbon-based) compounds derived from decomposed plants, algae, and other organisms buried in rock layers for hundreds of millions of years. Oil supplies over 40 percent of U.S. energy demands and over 99 percent of fuel for cars and trucks, according to the U.S. Department of Energy Coal-fired power plants supply most of our electrical energy.

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Fossil fuels supply most of our energy

Fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and coal) now provide about 87 percent of all commercial energy in the world. Renewable sources solar, wind, geothermal, and hydroelectricitymake up about 7 percent of our commercial power (but hydro accounts for almost all of that).

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Fossil Fuels
Most of the richest deposits date to about 286 million to 360 million years ago when the earths climate was much warmer and wetter than it is now. Impurities in coal, especially sulfur and mercury, are also our most important source of air pollution. Natural gas is a cleaner energy source, and 90 percent of new power plants in the next 20 years will probably burn natural gas.
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Summery of Fossil Fuels:

Three main types: oil; coal; natural gas Take millions of years to form Cannot be replaced once used: non-renewable Found beneath the ground Can be difficult to get to Burnt to give off heat Burnt in power stations to generate electricity Give off carbon dioxide when burnt Fuelwood is a fossil fuel One day they could run out

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Coal
The most abundant fossil fuel in the world.

It is estimated that there is about 200-300 years left of coal on Earth.

Because it is the most abundant fuel, it is the cheapest. Thus, it is used to generate electricity and in producing steel. Coal represents about 40% of the electricity generated in the United States. It is also the most polluting form of energy today, producing all kinds of toxic chemicals.
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Coal

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Coal resources are vast

World coal deposits are vast, ten times greater than conventional oil and gas resources combined, and onequarter of global coal deposits are in the United States But coal mining is a dirty, dangerous activity .

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 Coal seams can be 100 m thick and can extend across tens of thousands of square kilometers that were vast, swampy forests in prehistoric times. The total resource is estimated to be 10 trillion metric tons. If all this coal could be extracted, and if coal consumption continued at present levels, this would amount to several thousand years supply. At present rates of consumption, these proven-in-place reservesthose explored and mapped but not necessarily economic at todays priceswill last about 200 years. Proven reserves are generally a small fraction of a total resource). Do we really want to use all of the coal? Coal mining is a dirty, dangerous activity. Underground mines are notorious for caveins, explosions, and lung diseases, such as black-lung suffered by miners. Surface mines (called strip mines, where large machines strip off overlying sediment to expose coal seams) are cheaper and generally safer for workers than tunneling, but leave huge holes where coal has been removed and vast piles of discarded rock and soil).
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Coal
Coal smoke is one of the largest contributors to air pollution and smog. Prior to more modern smoke cleaning technology, coal soot layers coated city buildings and trees.

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Coal Formation
Coal is formed from the remains of land plants that were rapidly deposited and buried in a swampy environment. The process requires anaerobic conditions, in which oxygen is absent or nearly so, since reaction with oxygen destroys the organic matter. It is found in sedimentary rocks in well defined beds.
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Prehistoric Coal Swamp

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Types of Coal
Peat plant material with lots of water and a low level of carbon. Lignite Soft brown coal 40% carbon

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Types of Coal
Bituminous Medium hardness ~85% C Anthracite Hardest coal ~95% C
As the coals become harder, the carbon content increases, and so does the amount of heat released by burning a given weight of coal.

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Coal Facts
The US possess about 25% of the worlds coal reserves (270 billion tons). Coal currently supplies about 20% of total US energy needs. Coal-fired power plants account for more than half of US electric power generation. The US coal supply could satisfy US energy needs for more than 200 years at current levels of energy use if coal could be used for all energy purposes. (Montgomery, 2006)
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Coal Power Plant

Coal is burned It heats up water to turn it to steam The rising steam turns turbines which generate electricity

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Smog
Smog is produced by chemicals released by coal powerplants and automobiles. Here is Beijing, China
The left image is a sunny day with thick smog and on right image is after a rainstorm washed it all out.

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Formation of Oil and Natural Gas Deposits

Petroleum or oil is not a single chemical compound. Oil is comprised of a variety of liquid hydrocarbons. Oil and natural gas were formed when life in the early seas brought organic material raining down onto the seafloor faster than it could decay as sediments buried the material.

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Hydrocarbon Formation
As this material became buried deeper, the heat and pressure under the ground slowly cooked this organic material into oil by breaking down complex organic molecules into smaller, hydrocarbon molecules. Then the oil and natural gas were collected in a trap of porous sandstone or limestone, contained by an impermeable cap of shale or salt (Appenzeller, 2004).

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United States Oil Facts

1 barrel of oil = 42 gallons The US consumes nearly 7 billion barrels of oil per year, to supply about 40% of all energy used. The US alone consumes 25% of the oil used worldwide. Over of the oil consumed has been imported from other countries.
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Uses of Oil
2/3 of oil goes to fuel for vehicles Asphalt Hydrocarbon based fertilizers and pesticides Synthetic fabrics Plastics (Appenzeller, 2004)

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Petroleum (Oil)
Oil is a thick, black liquid formed from the buried remains of microscopic marine organisms. It is generally trapped under layers of rock and has to be pumped out. But, there are a few spots where it can find its way to the surface.

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Oil Reserve of the World

Oil Reserve

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Oil Wells
First you drill down to find a deposit Then you use a oil rig to pump it up

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Geological formation of underground Oil (Crude)

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Uses of Oil
Oil is converted into many products we use everyday, including gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, lubricants, plastics, among others. Oil represents more than 90% of the transportation energy used today. 61% of oil is used for transportation

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Oil Refining
Oil can be heated and separated into its different components

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Fractional Distillation Tower

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Diesel Fuel
It is used for hauling goods. Trucks, Ships, and Railways use Diesel

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 Petroleum (oil) and Natural Gas Drilling can damage environment especially from tar sands and shale which requires large amounts of water Burning releases CO2

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Have we passed peak oil?

We have already used more than 0.5 trillion bblalmost half of proven oil reserves. Competition has already raised oil prices, from around $15 per barrel in 1993 to more than $150 per barrel in 2008.
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Hubberts Peak
In the 1940s Dr. M. King Hubbert, a Shell Oil geophysicist, predicted that oil production in the United States would peak in the 1970s, based on estimates of U.S. reserves at the time. Hubberts predicted peak was correct, and subsequent calculations have estimated a similar peak in global oil production in about 20052010 (fig. 12.9). While global production has not yet slowed, many oil experts expect that we will pass this peak in the next few years. About half of the worlds original 4 trillion bbl (600 billion metric tons) of liquid oil are thought to be ultimately recoverable. (The rest is too diffuse, too tightly bound in rock formations, or too deep to be extracted.) Of the 2 trillion recoverable barrels, roughly 1.15 trillion bbl are in proven reserves (defined in fig. 12.6). We have already used more than 0.5 trillion bblalmost half of proven reservesand the remainder is expected to last 40 years at current consumption rates of 28.5 billion bbl per year. Middle Eastern countries have more than half of world supplies (fig. 12.10). More technological innovation is also supported by high prices. At the same time, high prices encourage conservation. The cost of insulating your house is easier to justify when heating and cooling costs are high. Companies can afford to experiment with new designs for light bulbs, cars, and consumer electronics when they are confident consumers want them.
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Natural Gas
It is primarily methane It is used to produce 20% of our electricity It is cleaner burning than coal It is used to heat homes.

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Other Uses of Natural Gas

The chemical reaction of natural gas is very simple. CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

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Problems with Fossil Fuels

All Fossil Fuels release Carbon Dioxide gas when burned which causes global warming. Burning coal and oil produces toxic pollutants that result in smog, air pollution, lung diseases, and acid rain. Our Fossil Fuels will run out soon, thus we need alternatives!

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Environmental Consequences of Fossil Fuels

Coal is a very dirty fossil fuel and can have large environmental effects.
Carbon dioxide Sulfur Ash Coal mining hazards

Methane is a greenhouse gas. Motor vehicles emit carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and fine particulates.

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Fossil Fuel Reserves (COAL)

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Fossil Fuel Reserves (oil & gas)

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Advantages of using fossil fuels

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 There is likely to be enough reserves for 300 years: coal It is easily converted into electricity: coal, oil and gas It is used as a direct source for heating: coal It is efficient to burn: gas and oil It is the cleanest of all fossil fuels: gas It is used as a direct source for cooking: gas
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Disadvantages of using fossil fuels.

Acid Rain (due to pollution) Global Warming (due to pollution) Resource depletion & competition

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Acid Rain

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How can acid rain be managed?

fluidized bed technology (limestone is burnt with the coal so that the sulfur remains with the limestone) gas flue desulfurization (water is sprayed down the chimneys and this turns the gases to sulfuric and nitric acids)

use less energy more efficiently

burn coal that contains less sulfur

use more nuclear or renewable energy

construct taller chimneys

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Environmental Concerns

Global Warming

The warming of the Earths atmosphere, probably due to increased emissions of carbon dioxide.

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What is global warming

A) Global warming is the filling up of the earths atmosphere with pollution. B) Global warming is the increase in the earths overall temperature. C) Global warming is the hole in the earths atmosphere letting more heat in from the sun.

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Greenhouse Effect

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The Natural Resources Defence Council lists the following 9 consequences of climate change.
Warmer temperatures

More drought and wildfires

More intense rainstorms More deadly heat waves Increased spread of disease More powerful & dangerous hurricanes Melting glaciers Sea level rise Ecosystem changes and species die-off
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Permafrost ground will melt, causing massive landslides. Oil pipelines, houses and road foundations will be disintegrated Forests are damaged by heat and drought

Arctic ice cap melts.

Rising temperatures worldwide would cause ski resorts to be wrecked as heat will melt the snow & ice there. Bangladesh is already prone to flooding, so rising water levels could devastate the country. Water shortages in the Middle East would cause the River Nile to dry up due to intense 86 evaporation.

Heavy storms not only Mediterranean threaten southern USA, beaches will but also the insurance vanish as water companies in the area levels rise. face bankruptcy. Sahara desert could move northwards, even as far as Spain.

Below are a list of things that could be done to try to tackle global warming.
Switch off lights & appliances Energy efficient light bulbs Local Holidays Use energy efficient transport Sign up to the Kyoto Protocol Car sharing

Grants for businesses that have clean policies Offset carbon emissions

Recycle

Taxes on high polluting industries Use less fossil fuels and more renewable energy sources
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Choose energy efficient appliances

Improved public transport

Higher taxes on polluting cars

The Kyoto Protocol An international conference that took place in 1997 focussing on climate change. Proposals: Compulsory reduction in CO2 emissions by 5% for MEDCs by 2010. LEDCs did not have to reduce emissions as they were still developing. Problems US did not ratify the agreement their emissions have increased by 3% a year since. LEDCs are now very industralised China & India The reduction wasnt big enough to have an effect environmentalists suggest 60% reduction is necessary. Several MEDC even find it hard to meet the 5% target due to costs The UK emissions have increased by 5.5% between 1997 and 2005.
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Why it is important to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide being released?

A) It is important to reduce the amount of CO2 because it is one of the greenhouse gases that is responsible for accelerating the natural greenhouse effect which is causing global warming. B) It is important to reduce the amount of CO2 because it is one of the greenhouse gases that is responsible for causing a hole in the earths ozone layer which is causing global warming. C) It is important to reduce the amount of CO2 because It is responsible for causing acid rain which erodes buildings.
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Why the control of pollution needs to be agreed by many countries if it is to be successful A) Pollution is a worldwide problem and can cross the borders of many countries so all countries need to work together to control pollution. An example of this is acid rain which has been caused by coal fired power stations in the UK but effects Sweden and Germany because of wind blown air pollution. B) Pollution control needs to be agreed by many countries because the more countries controlling pollution the less pollution there is in the world. C) If more countries agree to control pollution it means that global warming will stop and the ice caps will not melt. This will be good for us because it means that we will not have another ice age like in the film The Day After Tomorrow.
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Resource Substitution

How else can we preserve resources and reduce pollution?

This is where you use one product in place of another one. For example using aluminium instead of tin cans as it is cheaper and easier to recycle.

Recycling

Recovery of waste products by converting them into materials that can be used again. For example glass bottles, aluminium cans (only uses 5% of energy it takes to make them from scratch)
Measures to reduce heat and energy loss. Individually this means switching off lights, using low energy light bulbs, insulating our homes. Also government has introduced building regulations and energy efficiency ratings on electrical products, more energy efficient cars car in Europe is on average 90% cleaner than 10 years ago. Measures to stop emission reaching atmosphere or cleaning the emissions before they do. For example. fitting giant scrubbers on coal power stations, trying to switch from coal to gas power stations and fitting catalytic converters to cars. Energy sources that can be used instead of fossil fuels. These can include nuclear or renewable sources such as wind or solar.
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Energy Efficiency

Reducing Pollution

Alternative Energy Sources

How recycling can help reduce damage to the environment

A) Recycling old or waste products can help reduce damage to the environment by conserving the natural resources that are needed to make these products. Also, energy can be saved in recycling goods rather than make new goods from raw materials. An example of this is the recycling of old aluminium cans which only uses 5% of the energy required to make new cans from bauxite, its raw material. B) Recycling means using alternative materials to make products. This saves both energy and natural resources. An example of this is the use of copper to make pipes for plumbing when lead became scarce. We have preserved our lead supplies and copper is also cheaper. C) Recycling is good for the environment because it means that we are conserving valuable resources for the future. It also means that if we recycle we will use less energy by driving to take all our old products to the bottle and paper banks, than if we just threw these things in the bin and let the council sort the rubbish out for us. 92

ENERGY DEMANDS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES LEADING TO FUEL EXPLORATIONS IN THE ANTARTICA!!!

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Why there is an increasing demand for resources such as those found in Antarctica ?
A) Because Antarctica has lots of supplies of oil, coal and gas which other countries need. B) There is an increased demand for the fossil fuels which Antarctica is believed to be rich in because the worlds known reserves of these resources are finite and will eventually run out. Society has come to be reliant on these resources to help meet their energy needs. Also, there is a huge demand for fish which could help to feed the growing populations of some countries. C) Countries will eventually run out of some resources which are unsustainable, like fossil fuels. They can get these from Antarctica instead.
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