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    Basic and Derived Structure

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    Risnu Laila
    The document discusses basic and derived constituent structure in English grammar. It explains that basic structure follows set word orders for sentences, such as SPO (subject-predicate-object). Derived structure allows variations from basic word order through transformations, including fronting elements, subject-predicate inversion, and omitting unnecessary repetitions between coordinated clauses. The document provides examples to illustrate basic and derived structures and the rules governing common transformations.

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    Basic and Derived Structure

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    Risnu Laila
    1K views14 pages
    The document discusses basic and derived constituent structure in English grammar. It explains that basic structure follows set word orders for sentences, such as SPO (subject-predicate-object). Derived structure allows variations from basic word order through transformations, including fronting elements, subject-predicate inversion, and omitting unnecessary repetitions between coordinated clauses. The document provides examples to illustrate basic and derived structures and the rules governing common transformations.

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    The document discusses basic and derived constituent structure in English grammar. It explains that basic structure follows set word orders for sentences, such as SPO (subject-predicate-object). Derived structure allows variations from basic word order through transformations, including fronting elements, subject-predicate inversion, and omitting unnecessary repetitions between coordinated clauses. The document provides examples to illustrate basic and derived structures and the rules governing common transformations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    1K views14 pages

    Basic and Derived Structure

    Uploaded by

    Risnu Laila
    The document discusses basic and derived constituent structure in English grammar. It explains that basic structure follows set word orders for sentences, such as SPO (subject-predicate-object). Derived structure allows variations from basic word order through transformations, including fronting elements, subject-predicate inversion, and omitting unnecessary repetitions between coordinated clauses. The document provides examples to illustrate basic and derived structures and the rules governing common transformations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    Basic and Derived Structure

    SYNTAX

    by. Nur Kamaliyah Nomie Setiarindah

    Risnu Laila A.
    Suciasih

    Constituent Structure Grammar


    (English Grammar for Today, p.113)

    Constructing / generating grammatical sentences

    rules

    To identify the constituents of sentences and their structure

    Constituent Structure Grammar


    (English Grammar for Today, p.113-114)

    eg. The question may arise.

    VERB (1) *The ask may arise. (2) *The question arise may.

    NOUN

    modal Aux = Aux, can only occur before Mv

    (asteriks) : precedes an ungrammatical construction

    Constituent Structure Grammar

    (English Grammar for Today, p.114)

    Basic and Derived Structure


    (English Grammar for Today, p.114)

    BASIC ORDER of clause elements

    S, P, O, C, A

    the normal declarative clause

    Basic and Derived Structure


    (English Grammar for Today, p.114 - 115)

    3 [(I) (adore) (cocktails)]. 3a [(cocktails) (I) (adore)].

    BASIC ORDER DERIVED ORDER

    SPO OSP SPC CSP SPA APS ASP

    4 [(He) (looks) (an old fogey)]. BASIC ORDER 4a [(what an old fogey) (he) (looks)]. DERIVED ORDER 5 [(The rain) (came) (down) 5a [(Down) (came) (the rain) 5b [(Down) (it) (came) BASIC ORDER DERIVED ORDER DERIVED ORDER

    Rule 1 : fronting rule

    Basic and Derived Structure


    (English Grammar for Today, p.115)

    RULE Rule 1 FRONTING

    BASIC STRUCTUR E

    DERIVED bec ome STRUCTURE

    Under these condition

    S P O/C/A

    >

    O/C/A S P

    a. In MCls , to give emphasis b. When the shifted element is whelement (what, which, etc.) In MCls, where A is adverbial of place, where S is not a pronoun (cf. (5b)), and where P contains a Mv of position or motion.

    Rule 2 S-P INVERSION

    ASP

    >

    APS

    Basic and Derived Structure


    (English Grammar for Today, p.116)

    1.

    TRANSFORMATIONS OPTIONAL (RULE 1a) :: cz either order is grammatical


    [ s (They) P (call) O (me) C (the Texas Ranger] BASIC (6a) [ C (The Texas Ranger) S (they) P (call) O (me)] DERIVED (6)

    2.

    OBLIGATORY
    is possible

    (RULE 1b) :: cz only the derived order

    (7) *I cant see [ s (I) P (am doing) O (what] (7a) *I cant see [ O (what) S (I) P (am doing)]

    BASIC DERIVED

    Missing Elements
    (English Grammar for Today, p.116)

    Omission

    of relative pronouns

    In accordance with Rule 1(b)

    (8)

    The stories [(which) (he) (invented)] were incredible.

    [O S P]
    (8a) The stories [(he) (invented)] were incredible. [S P]

    Rule 3 : a relative pronoun preceding the subject can be omitted

    Missing Elements
    Omission

    in comparative clauses

    (10a) [Ann can knit mittens faster [than Pam can knit mittens]]. [cj S P O] (10b) [Ann can knit mittens faster [than Pam can]]. [cj S Aux] (10c) [Ann can knit mittens faster (than Pam)]. (P P )
    Contrary to basic constituent structure rules

    ELLIPSIS Avoids repetition of words and structures used elsewhere in the context

    Missing Elements
    Omission

    in Coordinate Constructions

    (11) [(<Molly and her sister>) (are) (still) (at school)]. means : (11a) [(Molly ) (is) (still) (at school)] and [(her sister ) (is) (still) (at school)].
    [(The butler) (was <amazed and delighted >) (by what he saw)]. means : (12a) [(The butler) (was amazed) (by what he saw)] and [(the butler) (was delighted ) (by what he saw)]. (12)

    Missing Elements
    Omission

    in Coordinate Constructions

    (13) [(She) <(got) (out of bed) and (went) (to the phone)].
    S<PA+PA>

    (14) [(Ill <(phone) (the hotel) and (order ) (some lunch)>].


    S Aux < Mv O + Mv O>

    Rule 3 : two or more coordinate clauses can be reduced in length by the omission of any words and structures which are mere repetitions of what is in one of the clauses

    Missing Elements
    Tag Questions a question added to a declarative sentence to check or clarify information.

    (16) [We must go now], [mustnt we]? [ Aux not S ] ? (17) [You arent leaving], [arent you]? [ Aux S ] ? (18) [You can drive], [cant you]? (19) MCl[He said that], MCl[did he]?

    Basic and Derived Structure


    SYNTAX

    :: thank you ::

    :: thank you ::

    :: thank you ::

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