Cordless Systems and Wireless Local Loop

Chapter 11

Cordless System Operating Environments

Residential a single base station can provide in-house voice and data support Office

A single base station can support a small office Multiple base stations in a cellular configuration can support a larger office

Telepoint a base station set up in a public place, such as an airport

Design Considerations for Cordless Standards

Modest range of handset from base station, so low-power designs are used Inexpensive handset and base station, dictating simple technical approaches Frequency flexibility is limited, so the system needs to be able to seek a lowinterference channel whenever used

Wireless Local Loop

Wired technologies responding to need for reliable, high-speed access by residential, business, and government subscribers

ISDN, xDSL, cable modems

Increasing interest shown in competing wireless technologies for subscriber access Wireless local loop (WLL)

Narrowband offers a replacement for existing telephony services Broadband provides high-speed two-way voice and data service

WLL Configuration

Advantages of WLL over Wired Approach

Cost wireless systems are less expensive due to cost of cable installation thats avoided Installation time WLL systems can be installed in a small fraction of the time required for a new wired system Selective installation radio units installed for subscribers who want service at a given time

With a wired system, cable is laid out in anticipation of serving every subscriber in a given area

Propagation Considerations for WLL

Most high-speed WLL schemes use millimeter wave frequencies (10 GHz to about 300 GHz)

There are wide unused frequency bands available above 25 GHz At these high frequencies, wide channel bandwidths can be used, providing high data rates Small size transceivers and adaptive antenna arrays can be used

Propagation Considerations for WLL

Millimeter wave systems have some undesirable propagation characteristics

Free space loss increases with the square of the frequency; losses are much higher in millimeter wave range Above 10 GHz, attenuation effects due to rainfall and atmospheric or gaseous absorption are large Multipath losses can be quite high

Fresnel Zone

How much space around direct path between transmitter and receiver should be clear of obstacles?

Objects within a series of concentric circles around the line of sight between transceivers have constructive/destructive effects on communication

For point along the direct path, radius of first Fresnel zone:
R

SD
SD

S = distance from transmitter D = distance from receiver

Atmospheric Absorption

Radio waves at frequencies above 10 GHz are subject to molecular absorption

Peak of water vapor absorption at 22 GHz Peak of oxygen absorption near 60 GHz From 28 GHz to 42 GHz From 75 GHz to 95 GHz

Favorable windows for communication:

Effect of Rain

Attenuation due to rain

Presence of raindrops can severely degrade the reliability and performance of communication links The effect of rain depends on drop shape, drop size, rain rate, and frequency

Estimated attenuation due to rain:

A aR

A = attenuation (dB/km) R = rain rate (mm/hr) a and b depend on drop sizes and frequency

Effects of Vegetation

Trees near subscriber sites can lead to multipath fading Multipath effects from the tree canopy are diffraction and scattering Measurements in orchards found considerable attenuation values when the foliage is within 60% of the first Fresnel zone Multipath effects highly variable due to wind

Multipoint Distribution Service (MDS)

Multichannel multipoint distribution service (MMDS)

Also referred to as wireless cable Used mainly by residential subscribers and small businesses
Appeals to larger companies with greater bandwidth demands

Local multipoint distribution service (LMDS)

Advantages of MMDS

MMDS signals have larger wavelengths and can travel farther without losing significant power Equipment at lower frequencies is less expensive MMDS signals don't get blocked as easily by objects and are less susceptible to rain absorption

Advantages of LMDS

Relatively high data rates Capable of providing video, telephony, and data Relatively low cost in comparison with cable alternatives

802.16 Standards Development

Use wireless links with microwave or millimeter wave radios Use licensed spectrum Are metropolitan in scale Provide public network service to fee-paying customers Use point-to-multipoint architecture with stationary rooftop or tower-mounted antennas

802.16 Standards Development

Provide efficient transport of heterogeneous traffic supporting quality of service (QoS) Use wireless links with microwave or millimeter wave radios Are capable of broadband transmissions (>2 Mbps)

IEEE 802.16 Protocol Architecture

Protocol Architecture

Physical and transmission layer functions:

Encoding/decoding of signals Preamble generation/removal Bit transmission/reception On transmission, assemble data into a frame with address and error detection fields On reception, disassemble frame, and perform address recognition and error detection Govern access to the wireless transmission medium

Medium access control layer functions:

Protocol Architecture

Convergence layer functions:

Encapsulate PDU framing of upper layers into native 802.16 MAC/PHY frames Map upper layers addresses into 802.16 addresses Translate upper layer QoS parameters into native 802.16 MAC format Adapt time dependencies of upper layer traffic into equivalent MAC service

IEEE 802.16 Standards

IEEE 802.16 System Reference Points

IEEE 802.16 Protocol Architecture

Physical and transmission layer

Encoding/decoding of signals Preamble generation/removal (for synchronization) Bit transmission/reception The choice of transmission medium and frequency band

medium access control (MAC) layer

On transmission, assemble data into a frame with address and error detection fields. On reception, disassemble frame, and perform address recognition and error detection. Govern access to the wireless transmission medium.

----between the base station and the subscriber station, is responsible for sharing access to the radio channel ----MAC protocol defines how and when a base station or subscriber station may initiate transmission on the channel

convergence layer protocol

Encapsulate PDU (protocol data unit) framing of upper layers into the native 802.16 MAC/PHY frames. Map an upper layer's addresses into 802.16 addresses. Translate upper layer QoS parameters into native 802.16 MAC format.

Adapt the time dependencies of the upper layer traffic into the equivalent MAC service.

IEEE 802.16 Protocols in Context

bearer services

FR, ATM etc. Bearer services are grouped in three broad categories

Circuit based Variable packet Fixed-length cell/packet

Three categories of delay defined in the 802.16 standards Medium access delay Transit End-to-End

IEEE 802.16.1 Services

Digital audio/video multicast Digital telephony ATM Internet protocol Bridged LAN Back-haul Frame relay

IEEE 802.16.3 Services

Voice transport Data transport Bridged LAN

IEEE 802.16.1 Frame Format

IEEE 802.16.1 Frame Format

Header - protocol control information

Downlink header used by the base station Uplink header used by the subscriber to convey bandwidth management needs to base station Bandwidth request header used by subscriber to request additional bandwidth

Payload either higher-level data or a MAC control message CRC error-detecting code

MAC Management Messages

Uplink and downlink channel descriptor Uplink and downlink access definition Ranging request and response Registration request, response and acknowledge Privacy key management request and response Dynamic service addition request, response and acknowledge

MAC Management Messages

Dynamic service change request, response, and acknowledge Dynamic service deletion request and response Multicast polling assignment request and response Downlink data grant type request ARQ acknowledgment

Physical Layer Upstream Transmission

Uses a DAMA-TDMA technique Error correction uses Reed-Solomon code Modulation scheme based on QPSK

Physical Layer Downstream Transmission

Continuous downstream mode

For continuous transmission stream (audio, video) Simple TDM scheme is used for channel access Duplexing technique is frequency division duplex (FDD) Targets burst transmission stream (IP-based traffic) DAMA-TDMA scheme is used for channel access Duplexing techniques are FDD with adaptive modulation, frequency shift division duplexing (FSDD), time division duplexing (TDD)

Burst downstream mode