P & P OF INTERVENTION PRESSURE CONTROL

PRESSURE CONCEPTS Contd.

PORE PRESSURE
Also called formation pressure, is the pressure exerted by fluid trapped in pore spaces of a formation. Pore pressure can be divided in to following three categories depending upon the pore pressure gradient value of a given formation:

Normal Pore Pressure : If the pressure gradient value is between 0.433 & 0.465 psi/ft Abnormal Pore Pressure : If the pressure gradient value is more than 0.465 psi/ft. The upper limit of abnormal pressure gradient is overburden gradient Sub-normal Pore Pressure : If the pressure gradient value is less than 0.433 psi/ft

PRESSURE CONCEPTS Contd.

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
It is the pressure exerted by a static column of fluid by virtue of its density. It depends on the Density & True Vertical Depth (TVD) of the fluid column. Its unit is psi.
Hydrostatic Pressure (psi) = Mud density (ppg) 0.052 TVD (feet)

Example: Calculate Hydrostatic Pressure exerted by 10 ppg fluid at a depth of 10000 ft (TVD). Solution : Hydrostatic Pressure = 10 0.052 10,000 = 5200 psi

PRESSURE CONCEPTS Contd.

PRESSURE GRADIENT
It is the pressure exerted by a fluid of a given density measured over a given unit depth. Pressure Gradient is also referred as mud gradient. Its unit is psi/ft. Formula : Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) = Fluid Density(ppg) 0.052

Pressure Gradient of Fresh Water = 0.052 8.33 = 0.433 psi / ft Pressure Gradient of Salt Water = 0.052 8.94 = 0.465 psi / ft
Example : Calculate pressure gradient of 11.5 ppg brine Solution : Pressure Gradient = 0.052 11.5 = 0.598 psi / ft

BARRIER CONCEPTS
A BARRIER IS ANY DEVICE, FLUID OR SUBSTANCE THAT PREVENTS FLOW OF WELL BORE FLUIDS
FOR WELL INTERVENTION OPERATIONS A MINIMUM OF TWO TESTED & INDEPENDENT BARRIERS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE AT ALL TIMES

TYPES OF BARRIERS :

MECHANICAL
HYDROSTATIC (only if overbalance )

MECHANICAL BARRIERS

They can be either closed barriers e.g. wire line stuffing box, CT stripper etc. or closeable barriers which are normally open but can be closed whenever required e.g. BOPs , Xmas tree valves etc.

BARRIER CONCEPTS Contd..

MECHANICAL BARRIERS
CLOSED BARRIER
WIRE LINE STUFFING BOX

GREASE CONTROL HEAD

COIL TUBING STRIPPER

CLOSEABLE BARRIER
BLOW OUT PREVENTER (BOP) X-MAS TREE VALVES SHEAR SEAL VALVES / BLOW OUT PREVENTER ANNULAR PREVENTER

SUB SURFACE SAFETY VALVES (ONLY WHEN THEY ARE LEAK TIGHT)

Additional barriers such as wire line plugs, bridge plugs, ice plugs etc. can be installed down hole as back up to failed primary/secondary barriers

BARRIER CONCEPTS Contd.

HYDROSTATIC BARRIERS A HYDROSTATIC BARRIER IS PROVIDED BY LIQUID COLUMN IF THE PRESSURE EXERTED BY IT IS MORE THEN THE PORE PRESSURE AND THE FLUID LEVEL & WEIGHT CAN BE MONITORED VARIOUS HYDROSTATIC BARRIERS ARE : Drilling Mud Brine Fresh Water Sea Water

BARRIER CONCEPTS Contd.

CATEGORIES OF BARRIERS PRIMARY - first line of pressure control e.g. wire line stuffing box, grease control head, coil tubing stripper etc. SECONDARY - second line of pressure control e.g. blow out prevention equipment such as wire line/coil tubing BOP & annular preventer etc. TERTIARY - normally installed for high pressure wells & is used only when the secondary barriers can not contain the well pressure effectively. A tertiary barrier is either integral part of xmas tree e.g. wire line cutter actuator or are installed directly above the tree e.g. wire line/coil tubing shear-seal BOPs

WORK-OVER WELL KILL Contd..

Some mechanical failures of production conduit (e.g. replacing failed WRSV) can be repaired without killing by Live Well Intervention techniques, however certain other failures given below require to kill the well & pull completion string. Failures that require to kill the well and pull out tubing :
TRSV Failure Casing, tubing or packer leak Cement failure* Artificial lift system failure (e.g. Failed submersible pump) Other common reasons for work-over which may require to kill the well are completing new reservoir, stimulating existing completion, reducing water coning etc.

WORK-OVER WELL KILL Contd..

PRE RECORDED WELL INFORMATION
Tubing length, ID/OD, burst, collapse, tensile strength etc Measured depth, deviation data, type & minimum ID of safety valve Top, bottom (both MD & TVD) & condition of perfs Tubing nipples & sliding sleeves; depths, types & IDs

Side pocket gas mandrels, if any, depth & type, installed dummies/valves
Type & depth of packer Type & density of completion fluid in annulus Formation pressure based on last BHP survey, fracture pressure etc. Well head pressure rating, maximum allowable casing pressure

METHODS OF KILLING A PRODUCING WELL

REVERSE CIRCULATION
BULL HEADING LUBRICATE AND BLEED FORWARD CIRULATION

REVERSE CIRCULATION
STAGE -1 INITIAL CONDITIONS
OUT IN

Connect the pump to the side outlet of tubing head spool and choke manifold to the production side outlet of Xmas tree.
Method requires a circulation path to be opened by operating a circulation device or punching hole (using
explosive tubing perforators or punch).

THIS DEPTH IS USED FOR ALL VOLUME CALCULATIONS

Circulating device (closed) . GAS

+ve differential pressure may blow up wire line tool string -ve makes shifting of sleeve or pulling gas lift dummy difficult

OIL
PACKER KILL

REVERSE CIRCULATION
STAGE -1 INITIAL CONDITIONS
OUT

IN

It is important to install a wire line set plug below packer (e.g. packer tail pipe) to isolate formation from completion & kill fluid. In case plug is not installed, maintain 200 psi extra pressure from surface through choke as per IWCF requirement (if mentioned).

Circulating device (open) GAS OIL

PACKER KILL

STAGE - 2
GAS IS OUT, OIL AT SURFACE
OUT IN

Pump is started slowly to approx 2 BPM keeping tubing pressure constant (or increasing by 200 psi, if mentioned) with the help of choke.

As the kill fluid is pumped down the annulus, tubing pressure is reduced in accordance with Reverse Circulation graph to keep BHP constant .

Circulating device (open)

STAGE 2 - Total gas has been pumped out.

GAS OIL PACKER KILL

STAGE - 3
OIL IS OUT, COMPLETION FLUID AT SURFACE
OUT IN

STAGE 3 - Completion fluid reached surface.

Tubing pressure becomes zero when completion fluid reaches surface. Casing pressure value may or may not be zero depending on the weight of kill fluid compared to the weight of completion fluid*. (lower weight is required

Circulating device (open) GAS OIL

due to pressure regression).

PACKER KILL

STAGE - 4
ANNULUS FULL OF KILL FLUID
OUT IN

STAGE 4 - Annulus is full of kill fluid.

Choke remains wide open as tubing pressure continues to be 0 while kill fluid is pumped down the annulus.
Circulating device (open) GAS OIL PACKER KILL

STAGE - 5
KILL FLUID AT SURFACE
OUT IN

STAGE 5 - Kill fluid has reached the surface.

When kill fluid reaches surface well is completely killed.

Circulating device (open)

GAS OIL PACKER KILL

REVERSE CIRCULATION
DIFFERENT STAGES

INITIAL STAGE

GAS OUT

OIL OUT

ANN FULL OF KILL FL KILL FL AT SURFACE GAS OIL PACKER KILL

REVERSE CIRCULATION
ADVANTAGES

It utilises natural U tubing effect resulting in lower circulating pressures#.

Lesser chances of mixing as gas & oil are lighter and remain above the completion fluid while reverse circulation.
More predictable as every thing comes out in order. Hence strokes for different points can be calculated. Little risk of accidentally fracturing formation like in Bullheading. Little or no damage to formation by contaminants from tubing or annulus.
It is therefore the most preferred method & forward circulation is least preferred. If not mentioned, it must be presumed that killing method is reverse circulation.

DISADVANTAGES

Slower than Bullheading

REVERSE CIRCULATION EXERCISE

Find SITHP and SICP at different stages of reverse circulation. Draw Tubing and Casing pressure graphs.
Tubing Capacity Gas SSD = 0.01458 bbl/ft = 2000 ft, 0.04 psi/ft = 6000 ft Annulus Capacity Oil Pump output = 0.0252 bbl/ft = 4000 ft, 0.38 psi/ft = 0.0157 bbl/stroke

Packer fluid

= 0.6 psi/ft

Kill fluid

= 0.5 psi/ft

Gas 2000 ft, 0.04 psi/ft Oil 4000 ft, 0.38 psi/ft

Kill fluid 0.5 psi/ft

SSD
6000 ft

Packer fluid 0.6 psi/ft

STAGE-1 INITIAL STAGE

STAGE-2 GAS OUT

STAGE-3 OIL OUT

STAGE-4 ANN FULL OF KILL FLUID

REVERSE CIRCULATION EXERCISE

OUT IN (Assuming Formation is initially balanced by Brine)

Formation Pressure = BHP

= 6000x0.6 = 3600 psi

Initial Tubing Pressure

= Formation Pressure Tubing Hyd Pr = 6000x.6 (2000x.04 + 4000x.38) = 3600 (80 + 1520)
GAS OIL PACKER KILL

= 2000 psi Initial Casing Pressure = 0 psi

STAGE-1

INITIAL STAGE

REVERSE CIRCULATION EXERCISE

OUT IN

Tubing Pressure when gas is out

= Formation Pr Tubing Hyd. Pr
= 6000x.6 (4000x.38 + 2000x.6)

= 880 psi
Kill fluid Vol Pumped in = GAS Vol out
= 2000x.01458

= 29.16 Bbls
Kill fluid height = Kill fluid vol / Ann vol
= 29.16 / .0252 = 1157 ft
GAS OIL PACKER

Completion fluid ht = 6000 1157 = 4843 ft

Casing Pressure when gas is out

= Formation Pr Casing Hyd. Pr
= 3600 (1157x.5 + 4843x.6)

KILL

STAGE-2

GAS OUT

= 115.7 psi

REVERSE CIRCULATION EXERCISE

OUT IN

Tubing Pr when brine at surface

= Formation Pr Tubing Hyd. Pr
= 6000x.6 6000x.6

= 0 psi
Kill fluid Vol Pumped in = Tubing vol
= 6000x.01458

= 87.48 Bbls
Kill fluid height = Kill fluid vol / Ann vol
= 87.48 / .0252 = 3471 ft
GAS OIL PACKER KILL

Completion fluid ht = 6000 3471 = 2529 ft

Casing Pr when brine at surface

= Formation Pr Casing Hyd. Pr
= 3600 (3471x.5 + 2529x.6)

STAGE-3

OIL OUT

= 347 psi

REVERSE CIRCULATION EXERCISE

OUT IN

Tubing Pr when kill fluid enters tubing = Formation Pr Tubing Hyd. Pr

= 6000x.6 6000x.6

= 0 psi
Kill Fluid Vol Pumped in = Annulus Vol
= 6000x.0252

= 151.2 Bbls
Casing Pr when kill fluid enters tubing = Formation Pr Casing Hyd. Pr
GAS OIL PACKER KILL

= 3600 6000x.5

= 600 psi

STAGE-4 ANN FULL OF KILL FLUID

REVERSE CIRCULATION EXERCISE

GAS OIL PACKER KILL INITIAL STAGE (1) 2000 psi GAS OUT (2) OIL OUT (3) ANN FULL OF KILL FLUID (4)

Kill fluid is lighter than packer fluid

TUBING PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE Gas is out
880 psi 600 psi

P R E S S U R E

Oil is out
29.16 Bbls Gas Volume 87.48 Bbls Tubing Volume 151.2 Bbls Annulus Volume

VOLUME PUMPED

EXERCISE
Using reverse circulation well kill exercise, complete attached step down chart for every 6 bbls pumped during the phase when the gas is going out (A-B).

INITIAL STAGE (A) 2000 psi (A) P R E S S U R E

GAS OUT (B)

OIL OUT (C)

TUBING PRESSURE GRAPH

(REVERSE CIRCULATION)

Gas is out
880 psi (B)

Oil is out
(C)
29.16 Bbls Gas Volume 87.28 Bbls Tubing Volume

VOLUME PUMPED

EXERCISE CONTD.
STEP-DOWN CHART (WHEN GAS IS GOING OUT)
Tubing Pressure (Initially) Tubing Pressure (After gas is out) = 2000 psi = 880 psi = 2000 - 880 = 1120 psi = 2000 x .01458 = 29.16 Bbls

Pressure Drop (while gas goes out) Volume Pumped (while gas goes out)

Tubing Pressure Drop in 29.16 Bbls

= 1120 psi = 1120 x 6 / 29.16

Tubing Pressure Drop per 6 Bbls

= 230 psi per 6 Bbls

EXERCISE CONTD.
STEP DOWN CHART
(FOR REVERSE KILL EXERCISE STAGE A to B)

Volume Pumped (bbls) 0 6 12 18 24

THP
(psi) 2000 2000 - 230 = 1770 1770 - 230 = 1540 1540 - 230 = 1310 1310 - 230 = 1080

29.16

880

QUESTIONS
In a planned well kill operation, which is the most appropriate kill mehtod?
a. b. c. d. e. Concurrent Reverse circulation Wait and Weight Forward circulation Volumetric

QUESTIONS
Which of the following are the main advantage of a reverse circulation kill? (4 answers)
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Surface pressures remain lower* Less risk of formation damage It is slow Wire line work is involved Debris can plug the formation The tubing and annulus end up with clean kill fluid All wells can normally be killed with this method

QUESTIONS
A live production well has a lot of sand and scale in the casing below the perforations. There are several hundred feet of perforations having different pressure zones. A workstring is to be run through the completion to clean the well to TD. Which of the following statements are true?
(2 Answers)

a. The thief zone(s) may stop proper circulation back to surface b. Reverse circulation is best when there is a thief zone* c. A high pump rate will be required to overcome losses into thief zones d. It may be necessary to use a fluid containing LCM (lost circulation material), such as sized salt particles, to stop the losses into thief zone

e. The circulation system will have to permit pumping down the workstring/completion annulus and the completion/casing annulus at the
same time to have enough flow rate to overcome any losses into the thief zone(s)

QUESTIONS

A producing oil well has been shut in and the SSD is to be opened before killing the well. Calculate the differential pressure that exists across the sleeve before it is opened.
Tubing shoe Packer depth SSD depth Completion fluid density Oil density SIWHP a. b. c. d. e. 11350 ft. MD 8750 ft. TVD 11000 ft. MD 8600 ft. TVD 10950 ft. MD 8550 ft. TVD 9.0 ppg Annulus Hydrostatic pressure 6.8 ppg = .052 x 8550 x 9 1000 psi = 4001.4 psi Tubing Hydrostatic pressure =.052 x 8550 x 6.8 + 1000 = 4023.28psi Differential pressure = 4023.28- 4001.4 = 21.88 psi

The tubing and annulus are in balance There is 22 psi more in tubing than the annulus There is 22 psi more in annulus than the tubing There is 300 psi more in tubing than the annulus There is 300 psi more in annulus than the tubing

(22 psi more in tubing)

QUESTIONS

Given the following data, calculate the time required to pump bottoms up, for reverse circulation.
DATA: Tubing depth Tubing capacity Annular capacity Pump rate -

9,250 ft MD, 8,600 ft TVD. 0.0025 bbl/ft 0.0052 bbl/ft 0.75 bpm

a. b. c. d. e. f.

29 min 31 min 60 min 64 min 88 min 95 min

Volume = Tubing volume = 9250 x 0.0025 Time = Volume / Pump rate = 23.12 / 0.75 = 31 minutes = 23.12 bbls

QUESTIONS.
The well in the schematic is vertical and has a constant ID/OD. Friction pressure losses and any fluid losses to the formation are ignored. An overbalance of 200 psi is held over formation pressure at all times during the well kill. Using the following data and reverse circulation kill graph, answer the questions below.

Tubing Data : Size 3 in Weight 10.3 lbs/ft. Capacity = 0.0083 bbl/ft Casing Data: Size 7 in Weight 29 lbs/ft Annulus Capacity = 0.0252 bbl/ft Gradients Brine in annulus = 0.49 psi/ft Kill fluid = 0.52 psi/ft Gas in tubing = 0.12 psi/ft Oil in tubing/casing = 0.35 psi/ft Formation Gradient = 0.48 psi/ft
Pump out put SITHP Transition from gas to oil Sliding Side Door depth

THP = 1965 psi KILL = 0.52 psi/ft CHP = 0 psi

IN
DHSV @ 1800 ft Gas/Oil Contact @ 4000 ft SSD @ 7450 ft
GAS OIL BRINE KILL

BRINE = 0.49 psi/ft

GAS = 0.12 psi/ft OIL = 0.35 psi/ft Form Grad = 0.48 psi/ft PACKER @ 7500 ft

Top of Perf @ 7700 ft

SICHP Packer depth Top of perforation = 0 psi = 7500 ft = 7700 ft

= 0.0899 bbl/stroke = 1965 psi = 4000 ft = 7450 ft

REVERSE CIRCULATION DIFFERENT STAGES

FIGURE (A) INITIAL STAGE

FIGURE (B) GAS OUT THP = 1965 psi

FIGURE (C) OIL OUT

CHP = 0

KILL = 0.52 psi/ft BRINE = 0.49 psi/ft GAS = 0.12 psi/ft OIL = 0.35 psi/ft Form Grad = 0.48 psi/ft PACKER @ 7500 ft Top of Perf @ 7700 ft

FIGURE (D) FIGURE (E) KILL FLUID HEAVIER ANNULUS FULL THAN BRINE BY 200 psi OF KILL FLUID (Casing pr down from 200 to 0)

IN
DHSV @ 1800 ft Gas/Oil Contact @ 4000 ft SSD @ 7450 ft
GAS OIL BRINE KILL

200 psi overbalance is held Kill fluid is heavier than brine

2165 psi

(A)

TUBING PRESSURE CASING PRESSURE

(psi)

P R E S S U R E

Kill fluid heavier than brine by 200 psi Gas is out

(B) (C)

Oil is out
(D)

Annulus full of kill fluid

(E) (F)

TOTAL VOLUME PUMPED (Bbls)

Position
Volume pumped (bbls) THP (psi) CHP (psi)

A
0 2165 200

B
33 685 162

C
62 200 128

D
170 200 0

E
188 200 0

F
250 0 0

QUESTIONS.
6.(a) 6.(b) 6.(c)
a. b. c. d.

How much kill fluid must be pumped into annulus to circulate all gas out from the well? = Gas volume = 4000 x 0.0083 = 33.2 bbl (Volume at B) What is the Bottom Hole Pressure at annulus side of SSD before start of the kill operation? = Hydrostatic pressure of brine = 0.49 x 7450 = 3650.5 psi If the THP were kept at 100 psi instead of 200 psi from point C to point E which of the following is true ?
The well is still overbalanced, but the overbalance is smaller than before. The well is now in balance. The well is now underbalanced. The well is still overbalanced, but the overbalance is greater than before.

6.(d)
a. b. c. d.

After pumping 62 bbls, the THP stabilizes at 200 psi (point C). This pressure remains constant until point E. What is the reason for this?
The fluid level in the tubing has fallen. The choke size remains unchanged while the oil is exiting the well. Tubing stays filled with brine and there is no change in hydrostatic pressure in tubing. The gas is exiting the well and has stopped expanding further.

6.(e)

What is the annulus volume between surface and sliding side door?
= Annulus volume = 7450 x 0.0252 = 187.7 bbl (Volume at E)

6.(f)

Find pressure at annulus side of SSD at point B during the kill operation ?
= BHP before start of well killing + overbalance = 3650.5 + 200 = 3850.5 psi (This BHP is kept constant during the well killing operation.)

QUESTIONS
Figure below shows a reverse circulation kill graph that has been generated for a constant ID/OD tubing containing gas and oil with a heavy completion fluid in the annulus. The kill fluid is lighter density than the fluid installed in the annulus on completion.
2367 (A)

Tubing pressure
P R E S S U R E
(psi) (B) (C) 389 500 700

Casing pressure
Oil is out
571 psi (D) Annulus full of Kill fluid 800 psi
(E)

(F) 1200

284

VOLUME PUMPED (bbls)

(Completion fluid is heavier)

GAS OIL
PACKER

KILL INITIAL (A) GAS GOING OUT (B) OIL OUT (D) KILL ENTERS TBG (E) KILL AT SURFACE (F)

2367 (A)

Casing pressure Tubing pressure

800 psi
(E)

Casing Pressure is maximum as annulus is lightest at this point

P R E S S U R E (psi) (B) (C)

Oil is out 571 psi (D)

Annulus full of Kill fluid

(F) 500 700 1200

284

389

VOLUME PUMPED (bbls)

2367 psi (A) P R E S S U R E (psi)

Q. NO. - 1
Tubing pressure Casing pressure
800 psi Casing Pressure is maximum now as annulus is lightest at this point

Oil is out
571 psi

Annulus full of Kill fluid

(B) 284 (C) 389 (D) 500 (E) 700 (F) 1200

VOLUME PUMPED (bbls)

1.(a) What is the annulus volume? = Volume at E (when annulus is full of kill fluid) = 700 bbls 1.(b) What would the annulus pressure after pumping 700 bbls of kill fluid? = 800 psi 1.(c) At what point does the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the tubing equal formation pore pressure? a. A b. B c. C At B (when tubing pressure =0 psi)
b. D e. E f. F

1.(d) At what point annulus is full of kill brine & tubing full of completion brine?
a. A d. D b. B e. E c. C At E (when casing pressure is max) f. F

BULLHEADING

BULL HEADING
IN

Method involves pumping kill fluid directly into tubing to force tubing contents back into formation.

GAS OIL PACKER KILL

BULL HEADING
OIL PUMPED BACK INTO FORMATION IN

Preferred when reverse circulation is not possible.

Used only if it does not causes any appreciable damage to formation.

Cannot be used if there is blockage or tight formation preventing bull heading.

GAS OIL PACKER KILL

BULL HEADING
ALL TUBING FLUID PUMPED BACK INTO FORMATION

IN

Calculation must be made for Max allowable surface pressure and tubing burst pressure. Pump rates must be restricted to keep pressure below fracture point.

GAS OIL PACKER KILL

BULLHEADING
ADVANTAGES

Quick and easy method especially in smaller tubing sizes. No hydrocarbons brought to surface which avoids segregation & handling.

DISADVANTAGES

Scales or contaminants in the tubing are pumped in the formations. Low formation fracture pressures may be exceeded causing accidental fractures. Gas may slip up the tubing if the pump rate is not sufficient.

BULLHEADING
VOLUME TO BE PUMPED

On wells susceptible to formation damage by kill fluid, only tubing volume (plus rat hole to perfs) should be pumped. Tubing may not be completely dead due to some gas still remaining due to channeling but pressure are greatly reduced and subsequent circulation is simplified.* On other wells, tubing may be over displaced to achieve more certain kill (especially if zone is being abandoned)

BULLHEADING KILL GRAPH

BULL HEADING KILL GRAPH

INFORMATION REQUIRED
1. Maximum Allowable INITIAL Tubing pressure* (At pump startup)

= Fracture pressure Initial Tubing hydrostatic pressure

2. Maximum Allowable FINAL Tubing pressure (At end of Bull head) = Fracture pressure Final Tubing hydrostatic pressure

3. Minimum Initial tubing pressure (to balance formation pressure) = SITHP

4. Minimum Final tubing pressure (to balance formation pressure) = 0 psi

5. Tubing volume required to bullhead

BULLHEADING KILL GRAPH

IN
(A) Tubing Burst Limit

IN

Maximum Allowable Tubing Pressure*

(to avoid fracture)

(A) (A)

Tubing (A) Surface Pressure (psi)

Minimum Allowable Tubing Pressure

(to avoid influx)

(B) (B)

GAS
OIL PACKER (B) KILL

VOLUME PUMPED (Bbls)

Tubing Volume

LUBRICATE & BLEED

LUBRICATE & BLEED

ALTERNATE CYCLING
KILL FLUID PUMPED IN GAS BLED OUT

Lubrication & Bleeding involves pumping kill fluid into tubing, allowing it to lubricate* down and bleeding gas out through choke.
Used when it is not possible to conduct both methods - Reverse Circ & Bullheading (e.g.

Circulating device (closed) GAS OIL PACKER KILL

due to obstruction in tubing, wire line cannot be lowered to open communication and there is blockage/ tight formation preventing bullheading).

LUBRICATE & BLEED

ALTERNATE CYCLING IN AND OUT

It is important to install a wire line set plug below packer to isolate formation from completion & kill fluid. If plug is not install, care must be taken not to cross MASP and Min allowable surface pressure line on kill graph.

Circulating device (closed)

The process is repeated several times till gas is out and tubing pressure becomes 0

GAS
OIL PACKER KILL

LUBRICATE & BLEED

IN (Plug not install) Reduction in THP & MASP (each bbl pumped) = .052 x Kill Fluid Wt / Tubing Capacity IN

SITHP

MASP

(A) Tubing Surface Pressure

(B) GAS OIL

Minimum Surface Pressure (to prevent influx)

PACKER KILL

VOLUME PUMPED

QUESTIONS..

During an intervention operation it becomes necessary to kill the well. Which is the most appropriate kill method?
a. b. c. d. Volumetric Forward circulation Wait and Weight Bull heading

e. Concurrent

QUESTIONS..

Which of the following determine whether it is possible to bullhead? (2 Answers)

a. b. c. d. e. Rated working pressure of the surface equipment Completion tubing collapse pressure Blind ram position Formation permeability Type of tool string in use

QUESTIONS..

Which of the following statements about bull heading are ture? (2 Answers)
a. b. c. d. e. Can only be done if the perforations are open Can be done before the intervention work start when there is a two way check valve in the tubing hanger* Can possibly plug the formation Is normally done in preference to opening the SSD* Is more difficult to perform than the bleed and lubricate method

QUESTIONS..

In which of the following situations in bull heading most likely to be used to kill the well?
(3 answers)
A well with a failed DHSV that cannot be pulled using wire line Where speed is important Where there is not enough information to calculate a reverse circulation kill* Where there is a risk of formation damage A well with a packer setting plug stuck in the tailpipe*

a)

b) c)

d)
e)

QUESTIONS..
In a production well to be killed by bull heading, which of the following limit the Maximum Surface Pressure^? (2 Answers)
a. b. c. d. e. ID of completion tubing Existing Maximum Closed in Tubing Head Pressure* The possible fracture of the formation The burst limit of completion equipment The maximum available pump rate*

QUESTIONS..

A live well is to be killed by bull heading. Which of these factors limit the maximum allowable surface pressure?
(3 answers) a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Completion size Maximum pump speed SIWHP Maximum safe working pressure of the surface equipment Completion burst limits DHSV operating pressure Possible formation fracture

QUESTIONS..

In an emergency situation where it is not possible to bullhead, what would be most appropriate kill method?
a. b. c. d. e. Volumetric Forward circulation Wait and Weight Lubricate and bleed Concurrent

QUESTIONS..

In which of the following would bull heading be more likely to be used than bleed and lubricate?
(2 Answers) a.* b.* c. d. e.* A well that has stopped flowing because of sand and scale in wellbore A well with a packer setting plug stuck in the tailpipe A well with an SSD that is stuck closed A well with the DHSV stuck in the open position A well with severely collapsed casing just above the perforations

P&P ASSIGNMENT 1
Q. NO. - 1 Convert following density values to fluid gradients (psi/ft)?
a. b. c. d. 10 ppg 9 ppg 12 ppg 2 ppg

Solution : a. 0.052 x 10 = 0.52 psi/ft b. 0.052 x 9 = 0.468 psi/ft c. 0.052 x 12 = 0.624 psi/ft d. 0.052 x 2 = 0.104 psi/ft

P&P ASSIGNMENT 1
Q. NO. - 2 Convert following specific gravity values to fluid gradients (psi/ft)?
a. 0.85 sp. gr. b. 1.1 sp. gr. c. 0.25 sp. gr. Solution : a. 0.85 x 0.433 = 0.368 psi/ft b. 1.1 x 0.433 = 0.476 psi/ft c. 0.25 x 0.433 = 0.108 psi/ft

P&P ASSIGNMENT 1
Q. NO. - 3 Convert following gradient values to density (lb/gal)?
a. 0.35 psi/ft b. 0.5 psi/ft c. 0.6 psi/ft. Solution : a. 0.35 /0.052 = 6.73 lb/gal b. 0.5 / 0.052 = 9.61 lb/gal c. 0.6 / 0.052 = 11.53 ib/gal

P&P ASSIGNMENT 1
Q. NO. - 4 Calculate the specific gravity of following fluids?
a. b. c. d. e. 25 API oil 40 API oil 35 API OBM (oil base mud) 12 lb/gal brine 10 lb/gal brine

Solution : a. 141.5/(131.5+25) = 0.90 b. 141.5/(131.5+40) = 0.83 c. 141.5/(131.5+35) = 0.85 d. 12/8.33 = 1.44 e. 10/8.33 = 1.20

P&P ASSIGNMENT 1
Q. NO. - 5 Calculate the following pressure values to density (lb/bbl)?
a. 3450 psi at 8000 ft b. 5000 psi at 10000 ft c. 6000 psi at 11000 ft d. 4500 psi at 12000 ft MD/10000 ft TVD e. 3000 psi at 7000 ft MD/8500 ft TVD
Solution : a. 3450/8000 = 0.431 b. 5000/10000 = 0.50 c. 6000/11000 = 0.545 d. 4500/10000 = 0.45 e. 3000/7000 = 0.428

P&P ASSIGNMENT 1
Q. NO. - 6 Calculate the hydrostatic pressure of following fluids ?
a. 5000 ft of brine having density of 10 lb/gal b. 40 API oil to 10000 ft c. 35 API OBM to 8000 ft d. 10000 ft of 0.38 psi/ft oil e. 12 lb/gal brine at 8000 ft MD/6000 ft TVD Solution : a. 0.052 x10 x5000 = 5200 psi b. Change API gravity to sp. gr. # 141.5/(131.5+40) = 0.825 sp. gr. 0.825 x 8.33 = 6.87 lb/gal, 0.052 x 6.87 x 10000 = 3572 psi c. Change API gravity to sp. gr. # 141.5/(131.5+35) = 0.849 sp. gr. 0.849 x 8.33 = 7.07 lb/gal, 0.052 x 7.07 x 10000 = 2941 psi d. 0.38 x 10000 = 3800 psi e. 0.052 x 12 x 6000 = 3744 psi

P&P ASSIGNMENT 1
Q. NO. - 7 Calculate the bottom hole pressure for following?
a. Depth of perforation 10000 ft 35 API oil up to surface, SITHP 1000 psi b. Depth of perforation 10000 ft 35 API oil up to 6000 ft, 0.05 psi/ft gas to surface SITHP 1000 psi Solution : a. First calculate sp. gr. of oil # 141.5 / (131.5+35) =0.849 Now calculate hyd. pr. of oil # 0.849 x 0.433 x 10000 = 3676 psi Bottom Hole Pressure = 3676 + SITHP = 3676+1000 = 4676 psi b. First calculate sp. gr. of oil # 141.5 / (131.5+35) =0.849 Now calculate Height of oil = 10000-6000=4000 Now calculate hyd. pr. of oil # 0.849 x 0.433 x 4000 = 1470 psi Now calculate hyd. pr. of gas # 0.05 x 6000 = 300 psi Bottom Hole Pressure = hyd.+ SITHP = 1470 +300+1000 = 2770 psi

P&P ASSIGNMENT 1
Q. NO. - 8 Well Information is as below :
Well TVD 10000 ft XN Nipple 9700 ft TVD Packer 9500 ft TVD SSD 9450 ft TVD SITHP 1000 psi The well has 10 ppg brine in the annulus. The tubing is filled with 30 API oil to 4000 & 0.04 psi/ft gas up to surface a. Calculate the differential pressure between annulus & tubing at SSD b. Before opening SSD, what should be done to SITHP

Solution : a. First calculate Hyd. Pr. at SSD in annulus # 0.052 x 10 x 9450 = 4914 psi Now calculate hyd. pr. of tubing # SITHP +hyd. of gas +hyd. of oil =1000+(0.004 x 4000)+(0.876 x 0.433 x 5450)=1000 +160+2068 = 3228 psi Differential Pressure at SSD = 4914-3228 = 1686 psi b. First place a plug in the XN nipple & then pressurize the tubing upto 2686 psi (SITHP + Differential pressure)