Chapter 10

Firewalls
//Modified by Prof. M. Singhal//
Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden http://www.its.bth.se/staff/hjo/ +46-708-250375
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Outline
Firewall Design Principles
Firewall Characteristics Types of Firewalls Firewall Configurations

Trusted Systems

Data Access Control The Concept of Trusted systems Trojan Horse Defense
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Firewalls
Effective means of protecting a local system or network of systems from network-based security threats while affording access to the outside world via a WAN or the Internet. Threat: >While Internet provides benefits to organizations, it exposes the organizations systems to the outside world.
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Firewall Design Principles

Information systems undergo a steady evolution (from small LAN`s to Internet connectivity) Strong security features (like intrusion protection) for all workstations and servers is not a practical approach. Firewall is a popular approach to protect the assets.
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Firewall Design Principles

The firewall is inserted between the premises network and the Internet. Aims:

Establish a controlled link Protect the premises network from Internet-based attacks Provide a single choke point. (to keep the unauthorized users out of the protected network.)
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 Design goals:

Firewall Characteristics

All traffic from inside to outside and outside to inside must pass through the firewall (physically blocking all access to the local network except via the firewall) Only authorized traffic (defined by the local security policy) will be allowed to pass The firewall itself is immune to penetration
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Firewall Characteristics
Four general techniques to control access: Service control
Determines the types of Internet services that can be accessed, inbound or outbound

Direction control
Determines the direction in which particular service requests are allowed to flow
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Firewall Characteristics
User control
Controls access to a service according to which user is attempting to access it

Behavior control
Controls how particular services are used (e.g., it may enable external access to only a portion of local information).

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Types of Firewalls
Four common types of Firewalls:
Packet-filtering routers Application-level gateways Circuit-level gateways Bastion hosts.

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Types of Firewalls
Packet-filtering Router

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Types of Firewalls
Packet-filtering Router
Applies a set of rules to each incoming IP packet and then forwards or discards the packet. Filters packets going in both directions. The packet filter is typically set up as a list of rules based on matches to fields in the IP or TCP header. Two default policies (discard or forward).
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Types of Firewalls
Advantages:
Simplicity Transparency to users High speed

Disadvantages:
Difficulty of setting up packet filter rules Lack of Authentication (IP spoofing attacks possible).
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Types of Firewalls
Possible attacks and appropriate countermeasures 1. IP address spoofing

//discard outside packets that contain an inside source address.// 2. Source routing attacks >Source specifies a route that a packet should take. >May bypass security measures. >Discard all packets with this option.
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Types of Firewalls
Possible attacks and appropriate countermeasures. 3. Tiny Fragment attacks:

>Intruder uses IP fragmentation option to create extremely small fragments. >Forces TCP header information into a separate packet fragment. >Only the first fragment will be examined by the filtering router. >> Discard all such packets.
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Types of Firewalls
Application-level Gateway

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Types of Firewalls
Application-level Gateway
Also called proxy server Acts as a relay of application-level traffic

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Types of Firewalls
Advantages:
Higher security than packet filters Only need to scrutinize a few allowable applications Easy to log and audit all incoming traffic

Disadvantages:
Additional processing overhead on each connection (gateway as splice point)
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Types of Firewalls
Circuit-level Gateway

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Types of Firewalls
Circuit-level Gateway
Does not permit an end-to-end TCP connection. Sets up two TCP connections >One between itself and inner TCP user. >Second between itself and outside TCP host. The gateway typically relays TCP segments from one connection to the other without examining the contents
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Types of Firewalls
Circuit-level Gateway
The security function consists of determining which connections will be allowed Typically use is a situation in which the system administrator trusts the internal users. //low processing overheads.//
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Types of Firewalls
Bastion Host
A system identified by the firewall administrator as a critical strong point in the networks security The bastion host serves as a platform for an application-level or circuit-level gateway

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Firewall Configurations
In addition to the use of simple configuration of a single system (single packet filtering router or single gateway), more complex configurations are possible. Three common configurations.

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Firewall Configurations
Screened host firewall system (single-homed bastion host)

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Firewall Configurations
Firewall consists of two systems:
A packet-filtering router A bastion host >Only packets from and to the bastion host are allowed to pass through the router. -From Internet, only IP packets destined for the bastion host are allowed. -From internal network, only IP packets from bastion host are allowed out.
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Firewall Configurations
Greater security than single configurations because of two reasons:

This configuration implements both packet-level and application-level filtering (allowing for flexibility in defining security policy). An intruder must generally penetrate two separate systems.
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Firewall Configurations
Provides flexibility in having direct access from Internet. Internal network may include an information server for which tighter security is not required (like a Web server). The router can allow direct traffic between the Internet and the information server.
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Firewall Configurations
Screened host firewall system (dual-homed bastion host)

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Firewall Configurations
Traffic between the Internet and other hosts on the private network has to flow through the bastion host. If the packet-filtering router is completely compromised, traffic will not flow freely between Internet and protected network.

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Firewall Configurations
Screened-subnet firewall system

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Firewall Configurations
>Most secure configuration of the three. >Two packet-filtering routers are used. >Creation of an isolated sub-network.

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Firewall Configurations
Advantages:
Three levels of defense to thwart intruders. The outside router advertises only the existence of the screened subnet to the Internet (internal network is invisible to the Internet) Inside router advertises only the existence of the screened subnet to the internal network. (an inside host can not construct direct route to the Internet.)
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Trusted Systems
One way to enhance the ability of a system to defend against intruders and malicious programs is to implement trusted system technology.

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Data Access Control

Through the user access control procedure (log on), a user can be identified to the system. Associated with each user, there can be a profile that specifies permissible operations and file accesses. The operating system can enforce rules based on the user profile.
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Data Access Control

General models of access control:
Access matrix Access control list Capability list

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Data Access Control

Access Matrix

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Data Access Control

Access Matrix: Basic elements of the model
Subject: An entity capable of accessing objects. The concept of subject equates with that of process. Object: Anything to which access is controlled (e.g. files, programs). Access right: The way in which an object is accessed by a subject (e.g. read, write, execute).
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Data Access Control

Access Control List: Decomposition of the matrix by columns

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Data Access Control

Access Control List
An access control list lists users and their permitted access right. The list may contain a default or public entry.

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Data Access Control

Capability list: Decomposition of the matrix by rows

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Data Access Control

Capability list
A capability ticket specifies authorized objects and operations for a user. Each user have a number of tickets. Capabilities are not forgeable.

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The Concept of Trusted Systems

Levels of Security
Protection of data and resources on the basis of levels of security (e.g., military, unclassified, confidential, secret, top secret.) Users can be granted clearances to access certain categories of data.

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The Concept of Trusted Systems

Multilevel security
Definition of multiple categories or levels of data

A multilevel secure system must enforce:

No read up: A subject can only read an object of less or equal security level (Simple Security Property) No write down: A subject can only write into an object of greater or equal security level (*Property)
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The Concept of Trusted Systems

Reference Monitor Concept: Multilevel security for a data processing system

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The Concept of Trusted Systems

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The Concept of Trusted Systems

Reference Monitor
Controlling element in the hardware and operating system of a computer that regulates the access of subjects to objects on basis of security parameters The monitor has access to a file (security kernel database) The monitor enforces the security rules (no read up, no write down)
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The Concept of Trusted Systems

Properties of the Reference Monitor
Complete mediation: Security rules are enforced on every access. Isolation: The reference monitor and database are protected from unauthorized modification. Verifiability: The reference monitors correctness must be provable (mathematically).
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Trojan Horse Defense

Secure, trusted operating systems are one way to secure against Trojan Horse attacks

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Trojan Horse Defense

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Trojan Horse Defense

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Recommended Reading
Chapman, D., and Zwicky, E. Building Internet Firewalls. OReilly, 1995 Cheswick, W., and Bellovin, S. Firewalls and Internet Security: Repelling the Wily Hacker. Addison-Wesley, 2000 Gasser, M. Building a Secure Computer System. Reinhold, 1988 Pfleeger, C. Security in Computing. Prentice Hall, 1997
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