Chapter IV

Forced/Driven Oscillations
Without Damping
t cos F x k
t d
x d
m
0
2
2
e = +
: e
Angular frequency of driving force
Or,
t cos
m
F
x
t d
x d
0
2
0
2
2
e = e +
An additional externally applied harmonic
force acts on the oscillator
:
0
e
Natural angular frequency
) X x ( k F =
t cos A X e =
Equation of motion :
) t cos A x (
dt
x d
2
0
2
2
e e =
Or,
t cos A x
dt
x d
2
0
2
0
2
2
e e = e +
Ex1. Spring-mass system with oscillating
fixed point
O
x
X
Pendulum With Oscillating Point of
Suspension
t cos A X e =
In the x-y frame, which is
non-inertial, the forces
acting on the bob are
shown in the figure.
The restoring force is :
fict rest
f sin T F u =
The fictitious force is :
t cos A m X m f
2
fict
e e = =

Ex. 2
t cos A m
x
T
2
e e =

x
y
mg
T
X
fict
f
u
O
x

Balancing forces along y, T cos T g m ~ u =

\
|
e e = t cos A x
g
m
t d
x d
m
2
2
2

t cos E e F
0 drive
e =
Ex3. Electromagnetic wave incident on an atom
Eq. of motion of electron:
t cos
m
E e
x
t d
x d
0
2
0
2
2
e = e +
Ex. 4 A swing being pushed at regular interval
Does not quite fit the bill, as the driving
force is not harmonic, though periodic
F
Periodic force, pushing the swing
F(t)
t
...... t 3 cos A t 2 cos A t cos A ) t ( F
3 2 1
+ e + e + e =
T
T
2t
= e
t cos
m
F
x
t d
x d
0
2
0
2
2
e = e +
The above is a linear, inhomogeneous
differential equation.
0 x
t d
x d
2
0
2
2
= e +
The homogeneous part of the equation is :
Solving the Equation of Motion
Theory of linear diff. equation :
) t ( x ) t ( x ) t ( x
s . p 0
+ =
M.G.S of
Inhomoge-
neous
Equation
=
M.G.S of
homoge-
neous
Equation
+
Any
particular
soln. of
Inhomoge-
neous
Equation
A particular solution of the equation of
motion of the driven oscillator :
t cos
m
F
x
t d
x d
0
2
0
2
2
e = e +
Complex form :
t i
0
2
0
2
2
e
m
F
z
t d
z d
e
= e +
Guess Solution :
t i
e A ) t ( z
e
=
Putting this into the equation :
m
F
) ( A
0
2 2
0
= e e
Or,
) ( m
F
A
2 2
0
0
e e
=
t cos
) ( m
F
x
2 2
0
0
s . p
e
e e
=
Most general solution for the driven oscillator :
t cos
) ( m
F
) t cos( A ) t ( x
2 2
0
0
0
e
e e
+ | + e =
With the initial conditions :
0 ) 0 ( x ) 0 ( x = =

2
t ) (
sin
2
t ) (
sin
) ( m
F 2
) t ( x
0 0
2 2
0
0
e + e
(

e e
e e
=
) t ( x
t
The amplitude of the oscillations :
) ( m
F
) ( A
2 2
0
0
e e
= e
varies with the driving frequency e
= e
e e
) ( A
im
0

Resonance
) ( A e
e
0
e
Forced Oscillations with Damping
Equation of Motion :
t cos
m
F
x
dt
dx
dt
x d
0
2
0
2
2
e = e + +
To obtain the particular solution, take the
complex form :
t i
0
2
0
2
2
e
m
F
z
dt
z d
dt
z d
e
= e + +
To obtain a particular solution, the obvious
choice is :
t i
c s . p
e A ) t ( z
e
=
Substitution and subsequent solution for A
gives :
] i ) [( m
F
A
2 2
0
0
c
e + e e
=
) i ( m
e F
z
2 2
0
t i
0
s . p
e + e e
=
e
2 2 2 2 2
0
) t ( i
0
) ( m
e F
e + e e
=
o e
|
|
.
|

\
|
e e
e
= o

2 2
0
1
tan ;
) z ( Re x
s . p s . p
=
2 2 2 2 2
0
0
) ( m
) t ( cos F
e + e e
o e
= ) t ( cos ) ( A o e e =
Most General Solution :
) t ( cos ) ( A ) t ( cos e B ) t ( x
0
t
2
o e e + | + e =

Transient Steady State

\
|
e e
e
= o

2 2
0
1
tan
| |
2 1
2
0 m
Q 2 1 1 e = e
0
e << e
0
e >> e
Point of suspension
and bob in phase
Point of suspension
and bob out of phase
Assuming Q to be reasonably large :
2
2
0
2 2 2
0
0
Q
) (
) (
m F
) ( A
e e
+ e e
= e
2
2
0
0
0
0
Q
1
A
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e

e
e
e
e
=
Maximizing A w.r.t. one gets :
|
.
|

\
|
e ~
(

e = e
2
0
2 / 1
2
0 m
Q 4
1
1
Q 2
1
1
Resonance in the presence of damping
) m F ) 0 ( A A (
2
0 0 0
e = =
2 / 1
2
0
m m
Q 4
1
1
Q A
) ( A A
|
.
|

\
|

= e =
0
e
e
) ( A e
0
A
Amplitude for increasing quality
1 Q ~
3 Q ~
5 Q ~
10 Q~
30 Q ~
Prob. 4.5 A simple pendulum has a length of
1 m. In free vibration the amplitude falls off by
a factor e in 50 swings. The pendulum is set
into forced vib. by moving its point of
suspension horizontally in SHM with an
amplitude of 1 mm.
a) Show that if the horizontal displacement
of the bob is and the horizontal
displacement of its point of suspension is
the equation of motion of the pendulum is :
= + +

g
x
g
dt
dx
t d
x d
2
2

x
Answer :
dt
dx
b ) x (
g
m
t d
x d
m
2
2
=

In the x-y (inertial) frame, the Eq. of motion is :

damp
f
Or, = + +

g
x
g
dt
dx
t d
x d
2
2
Or,
t cos x
dt
dx
t d
x d
0
2
0
2
0
2
2
e e = e + +
0
2
0 0
m F e =
b) At exact resonance, what is the amplitude
of motion of the bob of the pendulum
2 / 1
2
0
m m
Q 4
1
1
Q A
) ( A A
|
.
|

\
|

= e =
After n oscillations, the amplitude drops by a
factor :
Q n
e
t
t = = t 50 Q 1 Q 50
mm 1
m
F
A
0
2
0
0
0
= =
e
=
cm 16 mm 50 Q A A
0 m
~ t = ~
c) At what angular frequency, is the amplitude
half its resonance value?
2
Q A
Q
1
A
) ( A
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
=
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e

e
e
e
e
= e
Putting the equation to be solved : , x
0
=
e
e
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
2
2
Q
1
x
x
1
x
Q
4
2
2
2 2
Q
x
) x 1 ( + =
Since x is expected to be extremely close to 1,
put : o + = 1 x
o ~ 2 x 1
2
2
2
2
Q
1
4
Q
4
+ o =
Or,
t
= = o
100
3
Q 2
3
( ) 0055 . 0 1
0
e = e
3
10 5 . 5

=
1
0
s 16 . 3 10 ;

= = e
Prob. 4.6 Simple Seismograph as in figure
below.
Equilibrium
The earth shaking
under a tremor
y
q
a) Show that the equation of motion is :
2
2
2
0
2
2
dt
d
y
dt
dy
dt
y d q
= e + +
Ans :
Since y is defined w.r.t. the earths frame,
which is non-inertial, the forces are as shown.
y
q
: Fictitious
: Spring
2
2
fict
dt
d
m F
q
=
y k F ;
spring
=
: Damping
dt
dy
b F ;
damp
=
Eq. of Motion :
2
2
2
2
dt
d
m y k
dt
dy
b
dt
y d
m
q
=
Dividing out by and putting m
t cos
0
e q = q
t cos y
dt
dy
dt
y d
2
0
2
0
2
2
e e q = e + +
2
0
2
0
0
A
e
e q
=
b) Solve for y
c) Plot a graph of amplitude versus driving
frequency
c) A typical long period seismometer has a
period of about 30 sec. and quality of 2. As a
result of earthquake the earths surface may
oscillate with a period of 20 min. and with an
amplitude such that the maximum
acceleration is about . How small a
value of the displacement of the block must
be observable, if the quake is to be detected.
2 9
s m 10

025 . 0
min 20
s 30
0
= =
e
e
nm 22
Q
1
A
) ( A
2
2
0
0
0
0
~
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e

e
e
e
e
= e
2
0 max
a e q =
m 10 25 . 2
a
A
8
2
0
max
2
0
2
0
0

~
e
=
e
e q
=
Bridge Collapse Due to Soldiers Marching in
Step
Broughton Bridge, England - 1831
Angers Bridge, France - 1850
Tacoma Narrows bridge, USA - 1940
Spectacular Effect of Resonance
..... t 3 cos F t 2 cos F t cos F ) t ( F
3 2 1
+ e + e + e =
F(t)
t
T
..... ) t 2 cos( ) 2 ( A ) t cos( ) ( A ) t ( x
2 2 1 1
+ o e e + o e e =
If any of the frequencies, ,
matches the natural frequency of oscillation
of the bridge, there is resonance
.... , 3 , 2 , e e e
T
2t
= e
Where
After the collapse of Tacoma Narrows
Governor of Washington State :
We are going to build the exact same bridge,
exactly as before
Engineer who gave the design :
Sir, if you build the exact same bridge,
exactly as before, it is going to fall into the
exact same river exactly as before.
Transient Phenomena
In a driven oscillator, the motion in the
beginning is not quite simple harmonic. This
part of the motion is called the transients.
Afterwards, the motion settles to a SHM of a
frequency, that is equal to the driving
frequency.
) t ( cos ) ( A ) t ( cos e B ) t ( x
0
t
2
o e e + | + e =

Complete motion :
With initial conditions : 0 ) 0 ( x ) 0 ( x = =

At resonance, Q A A , 2 ,
0 0
= t = o e ~ e
t sin Q A ) t ( cos e B ) t ( x
0 0 0
t
2
e + | + e =

t sin e 1 Q A ) t ( x
0
t
2
0
e
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

Transients
Steady State
x(t)
t
Q A
0
Power Input to a Driven Oscillator in the
Steady State
v F P =
t cos F F
0
e =
) t sin( ) ( A
dt
dx
v o e e e = =
Instantaneous power input to the oscillator
by the driving force :
) t sin( v
0
o e =
2
2
0
0
0 0
0
Q
1
A
) ( A v
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e

e
e
e
= e e =
Resonance for velocity amplitude occurs
exactly at the natural frequency
) t sin( t cos v F ) t ( P
0 0
o e e =
) t cos sin t sin t cos (cos v F
2
0 0
e o e e o =
}
= e
T
0
dt ) t ( P
T
1
) ( P
o = sin v F
2
1
0 0
Prob. 4.10 The power required to maintain
forced vibration must be equal to the power
loss due to damping.
a) Find the instantaneous rate of doing work
against the damping force.
Ans
v F P
dt
dW
damp damp
= =
2
v b =
) t ( sin A b
2 2 2
o e e =
Ans :
dt ) t ( sin
T
1
A b
dt
W d
T
0
2 2 2
}
o e e =
2 2
A b
2
1
e =
b) Find the mean rate of doing work
against damping
c) Show that the above answer is the
negative of the mean power delivered by
the driving force.
o e = o = sin A F
2
1
sin v F
2
1
P
0 0 0 drive
Ans:
Since
2 2
0
tan
e e
e
= o
o +
o
= o
2
tan 1
tan
sin
2 2 2 2 2
0
) ( m
b
e + e e
e
=
0
F
A be
=
2 2
drive
A b
2
1
P e =
damp
P =
2 2
A b
2
1
) ( P e = e
2
2
0
0
2
0
2
0
Q
1
A ) 2 / m (
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e

e
e
e
=
k 2
Q F
2
Q m A
P , where
0
2
0
2 2
0
2
0
m
e
=
e
=
Power Resonance Curve
2
2
0
0
2
m
Q
1
1
Q
P
) ( P
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e

e
e
= e
Width of Power Resonance Curve
(Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM))
0
e
e A
) ( P e
e
: e A
FWHM
2 P
m
m
P
Equating
2
P
to ) ( P
m
e
2
2
0
0
2
Q
1
1
Q
1
2
1
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e

e
e
=
1 Q
2
0
0
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e

e
e

Q
1
0
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e

e
e

Finding FWHM
Putting where
1 , 1
0
<< o o + =
e
e
Q
1
) 1 (
1
1
= o +
o +
Q 2
1
= o
Q
0
e
= e A
0
e
e A
) ( P e
e 2
0
e 2
0
+ e
Q = 1
Q = 3
Q = 5
Q = 30
) ( P e
e
0
e
Prob. 4.12 A mass of 2 kg is hung from a
spring that is extended by 2.5 cm. The
top end of the spring is oscillated up and
down with an amplitude 1 mm. The Q of
the system is 15.
a) What is for this system?
0
e
1
0
s 20 ; m / N 800 k

= e =
b) What is the amplitude of the oscillations
at ?
0
e = e
O
y
q
O
Ground
O & O fixed w.r.t
ground
dt
dy
b ) y ( k
dt
y d
m
2
2
q =
Eq. of Motion :
mm 1
0
= q
Or,
q e = e + +
2
0
2
0
2
2
y
dt
dy
dt
y d
t cos
0
2
0
e q e =
Q A ) ( A
0 0
= e
mm 1
m
F
A
0
2
0
0
0
= q =
e
=
mm 15 ) ( A
0
= e
c) What is the mean power input to maintain
an oscillation at 2% higher than ?
0
e
2
2
0
0
2
m
Q
1
1
Q
P
) ( P
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
e

e
e
= e
Putting
) 02 . 0 ( 1
0
= o o + =
e
e
1 Q 4
P
P
2 2
m
+ o
=
w 11 . 0 P =
36 . 1
P
m
=
W 15 . 0
2
Q
m
F
P
0
2
0
2
0
m
=
e
e
=
Prob. 4.17 The graph
shows the mean power
absorbed by an
oscillator when driven
by a force of constant
magnitude but variable
frequency.
P
,

w
a
t
t
s

5
10
) MHz (
e
1 0.995 1.005
a) At exact resonance, how much work per
cycle is being done against the resistive force?
s 10 2 T s 10
6
0
1 6
0

t = = e
J 10 2 T P cycle / Work
5
0 max

t = =
b) At exact resonance, what is the total
mechanical energy of the oscillator?
0
E
0
2 2
0 m
E A b
2
1
P = e =
From the power resonance curve :
1 6
s 10 01 . 0

=
mJ 0 . 1
P
E
m
0
=

=
1 4
s 10

=
c) If the driving force is turned off, how long
does it take for the energy of the oscillator
to drop to ?
1
0
e E

t
0
e E ) t ( E

=
s 10 1 t
4
= =
Line Width of Atomic Spectral Lines
Fraunhofer Lines
(Atomic Absorption Spectrum)
E

t cos E e F
0 drive
e =
Electromagnetic wave incident on an atom
Line Width of Atomic Spectral Lines
0
e
e A
) ( P e
e
Q
0
e
= e A
Out of the broad spectrum of the incident
light, the atom absorbs appreciably, only
within the frequency range around e A
0
e
For an atom :
Hz 10 ~
15
0
e
8
10 ~ Q ;
Hz 10 ~
7
e A
8
0
10 ~

e
e A
At
0
A 5000
0 5
A 10 5

~ A
8
0
10 ~

Electrical Resonance
Free Oscillations of LC Circuit
0 V V
L C
= +
0
C
q
dt
i d
L = +
Or,
0 q
C
1
t d
q d
L
2
2
= +
Comparing this with the equation of motion
of a SHO we get the correspondence :
C
1
k ; L m
C
L
i
q -q
LC
1
0
= e
Angular frequency of free oscillations :
Free Oscillations LCR Circuit
C
L
i
R
0 V V V
C R L
= + +
0
C
q
i R
dt
i d
L = + +
) t ( cos q q
0 0
| + e =
q -q
New correspondence :
L
R

0
C
q
dt
q d
R
t d
q d
L
2
2
= + +
Or,
) t cos( e q q
L 2 t R
0
| + e =

L
i
R
~
t cos V V
0
e =
t cos V
C
q
dt
q d
R
t d
q d
L
0
2
2
e = + +
Steady State Solution :
) t cos( ) ( q ) t ( q
0
o e e =
Forced Oscillations of LCR Circuit