Gerd Blok 2 6
Gerd Blok 2 6
Gerd Blok 2 6
Pendahuluan
GER ( refluks gastroesofageal ) adalah
fenomena yang dapat timbul sewaktu-waktu pada populasi umum , terutama sehabis makan dan kemudian kembali seperti normal refluks fisiologis. Dikatakan patologis (GERD) bila terjadi refluks berulang dalam waktu lama sehingga menim bulkan keluhan/kerusakan mukosa esofagus
Epidemiologi
Di AS , 33% mengalami GERD Swedia ,12% mengalami heartburn Singapura ( 1998) 1.6 % ,Taiwan 6% Indonesia ( ?), M.Djamil GERD 66.4%, BRG 24.5%
Definitions
Heartburn:
Burning retrosternal pain radiating upward due to exposure of the oesophagus to acid
Esophagitis : Endoscopically demonstrated damage to the oesophageal mucosa Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD):
Pathological reflux ranges from simple to erosive to Barretts Reflux disease in which erosion does not occur
Talley et al., BMJ 2001; 323: 12947. de Caestecker, BMJ 2001; 323: 7369. Nathoo, Int J Clin Pract 2001; 55: 4659. Quigley, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13(Suppl 1): S1318.
Pathophysiology of GERD
The pathophysiology of reflux disease is multifactorial Gastroduodenal factors :
- Acid and pepsin - Duodenal agents - Gastric emptying - Helicobacter pylori ? Gastroesophageal junction factors : - Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation - Hypotensive lower esophageal sphincters - Hiatal hernia Esophageal factors : - Esophageal clearance Genetic factors
Pathophysiology of GERD
salivary HCO3
oesophageal clearance of acid (lying flat, alcohol, coffee) Hiatus hernia acid output (smoking, coffee) intragastric pressure (obesity, lying flat)
Impaired LOS (smoking, fat, alcohol) transient LOS relaxations basal tone
Bile and pancreatic enzymes
Pepsin
H+
bile reflux
PATOGENESIS GERD(1):
Refluks isi lambung kedalam esofagus merupakan hal yang normal. Patologis bila terjadi gangguan bersihan lumen esofagus terhadap isi lambung Proses berlangsung lama dan berulang
PATOGENESIS GERD(2):
Terjadi penurunan resistensi jaringan mukosa esophagus Pola hidup tertentu, pola makan, merokok, berat badan Infeksi H pylori? Penurunan tonus sfingter esofagus bawah ?
DIAGNOSIS GERD:
Standar baku diagnosis GERD adalah endoskopi saluran cerna bagian atas (SCBA) dengan ditemukannya mucosal break di esophagus Anamnesis yang cermat merupakan alat utama untuk menegakkan diagnosis GERD
Diagnosis NERD:
Gejala klinik tipikal GERD Tidak ditemukannya mucosal break pada pemeriksaan endoskopi SCBA Pemeriksaan pH esofagus dengan hasil positif Terapi empiris yang banyak dikenal dengan Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) Test dengan hasil positif.
Diagnosis
GERD Endoscopi sal. cerna bgn atas kerusakan jaringan.6
NERD
o Tidak ada kerusakan jaringan (endoskopi) o Pemeriksaan pH esophagus hasil (+)
Grade B
One or more mucosal breaks, more than 5 mm long, that do not extend between the tops of two mucosal folds
Grade C
One or more mucosal breaks, that are continuous between the tops of two or more mucosal folds, but which involve less than 75% of the circumference
Grade D
One or more mucosal breaks, that involve at least 75% of the oesophageal circumference
One or several erosions in one mucosal fold Several erosions in several mucosal folds, the erosions can merge Erosions surrounding the oesophageal circumference Ulcer(s), strictures, shortening of the oesophagus Barretts epithelium
Savary & Miller. The Esophagus. In: Handbook & Atlas of Endoscopy. Solothurn, Switzerland: Verlag Gassman AG, 1978: 119205.
Grade II
Grade III
Grade IV
Grade V
Grade I esophagitis
Quigley, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13(Suppl 1): S1318. Nathoo, Int J Clin Pract 2001; 55: 4659. www.gastrolab.net
Grade II esophagitis
Savary-Miller classification
www.gastrolab.net
Grade IV esophagitis
Grade V esophagitis
Grade IV esophagitis
Nadel, UCHC.
Grade V esophagitis
Grade V esophagitis
Nadel/Saint Francis Hospital. In: Gastrointestinal Pathology. Fenoglio-Preiser, New York: Raven Press, 1989: 96100.
Bleeding
Vomiting
Weight loss
Endoskopi
Terapi min-4 minggu
kambuh
Konsensus Gerd ,2004
On demand therapy
Lifestyle modifications
PPIs
Approaches
H2RAs
Modifications Avoid reflux-promoting agents (e.g. alcohol, coffee, some foods) (not evidence based) Eat small meals, no late meals, reduce fat
PRINSIP TERAPI
PENGENDALIAN pH asam lambung enzim pepsin bekerja pada pH ideal = 2-2.5 pada pH > 4 aktivitas pepsin menurun drastis Enzim pepsin bekerja mencerna dinding protein lambung
PENGOBATAN GERD:
Menghilangkan gejala / keluhan Menyembuhkan lesi esofagus Mencegah kekambuhan Memperbaiki kualitas hidup Mencegah timbulnya komplikasi
KONSENSUS NASIONAL PENATALAKSANAAN PENYAKIT REFLUKS GASTROESOFAGEAL (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE/GERD) INDONESIA 2004
Penatalaksanaan GERD
TERDUGA KASUS REFLUKS
Gejala Alarm/ Usia > 40 tahun
UNINVESTIGATED
Keluhan berulang
INVESTIGATED
Esofagitis ringan
berulang
NERD
TERAPI PEMELIHARAAN
Respon menetap
Endoskopi GERD+
Respon baik
kekambuhan
Indonesia GERD study group
PPI On-Demand
PPI Maintenance
Rabeprazole ? Esomeprazole ?
KESIMPULAN
Terdapat peningkatan prevalensi GERD Patofisiolgi multifaktor akibat peningkat an asam lambung, gangguan motilitas,dll Keluhan berupa heartburn , noncardiac chest-pain Terapi life style
MINAL AIDIN WAL FAIDZIN MAAF LAHIR DAN BATHIN TERIMA KASIH