Unit 3: Matter and Energy

Part I: Classifying Matter

Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and volume. Volume is the amount of three dimensional space an object occupies. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter.
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Pause for a Cause Learning Activity 1

Which of the following are examples of matter? a. Sand b. Paper c. Heat d. Air e. Sound f. Light g. Chalk h. Smoke f. Water Vapor

Building matter
An atom is the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element. An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom.

Elements
How many known elements are there in the universe?

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Period Group
Have similar properties Total of 18 groups

The Periodic Table

Group or family Period

Properties vary Total of 7 periods

Metals

Groups
The vertical columns on the periodic table are called groups or families.
Groups are numbered 1-18 on the periodic table Elements belonging to the same group have similar properties

Periods

The horizontal row of elements on the periodic table are called periods or series.
Periods are numbered 1-7. The closer two elements are to one another in a period, the more similar their properties.

Pause for a Cause Learning Activity #1

Identify the element located in: a) Group 2 Period 4 b) Group 17 Period 6 c) Group 13 Period 2 d) Group 10 Period 4 e) Group 1 Period 1

Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids can be located on the periodic table by knowing where to find the metalloid line!

Properties of Metals
Conductive- metals are good conductors of heat and electricity Malleable- metals can be hammered into thin sheets

Ductile- can be drawn into thin wire

Tenacious- metals have high tensile strength and resist being pulled apart Lustery- metals are recognized by their shine

Examples of Metals
Potassium, K reacts with water and must be stored in kerosene

Copper, Cu, is a relatively soft metal, and a very good electrical conductor.

Mercury, Hg, is the only metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature

Properties of Nonmetals
Carbon, the graphite in pencil lead is a great example of a nonmetallic element. Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity Nonmetals tend to be brittle Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature

Examples of Nonmetals
Sulfur, S, was once known as brimstone Microspheres of phosphorus, P, a reactive nonmetal

Graphite is not the only pure form of carbon, C. Diamond is also carbon; the color comes from impurities caught within the crystal structure

Properties of Metalloids
Metalloids straddle the border between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.

They have properties of both metals and nonmetals. Metalloids are more brittle than metals, less brittle than most nonmetallic solids Metalloids are semiconductors of electricity Some metalloids possess metallic luster

Silicon, Si A Metalloid
Silicon has metallic luster Silicon is brittle like a nonmetal Silicon is a semiconductor of electricity

Other metalloids include: Boron, B Germanium, Ge Arsenic, As Antimony, Sb Tellurium, Te

Noble Gases
Unreactive Gases at room temperature Neon, argon, krypton and xenon are used in lighting Helium is used in balloons

Tell whether each of the following elements is a metal, nonmetal, metalloid or noble gas: a) Silicon b) Chlorine c) Sodium d) Iron e) Antimony f) Radon g) Cesium h) Sulfur

Pause for a Cause Learning Activity #2

The Properties of a Group: the Alkali Metals Have a silvery appearance and are soft enough to cut with a knife. Not found in nature as free elements. React violently with water React with halogens to form salts

The Properties of a Group:

the Alkaline-Earth Metals Harder, denser, and stronger than alkali metals. Higher melting points than alkali metals. Not found in nature as free elements.

The Properties of a Group:

the Transition Elements

Good conductors of electricity and have a higher luster. Less reactive than the alkali metals and the alkaline-earth metals Some exist as free elements

The Properties of a Group:

the Halogens Most reactive nonmetals. React with most metals to form salts.

Noble Gases
Group 18 Elements

Unreactive Gases at room temperature Neon, argon, krypton and xenon are used in lighting Helium is used in balloons
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Learning Activity #3
The following questions refer to the following elements A. Sodium B. Fluorine C. Boron D. Argon 1. Does not interact readily with other elements 2. Reacts explosively with water 3. Is classified as a halogen

Pure substances
Element Made of the same types of atom Can be just one atom Chemically bonded Compound Made of different types of atoms Must be more than one Chemically bonded

Building blocks of matter

Elements and compounds can combine to create mixtures. Mixtures are combinations of two or more substances in which each substance maintains its own chemical identity.

Types of mixtures
Homogeneous (solutions) Heterogeneous

Pause for a Cause Learning Activity #4 Identify each of the following as either homogeneous or heterogeneous: a) Paper b) Sweetened Tea c) Pencil Lead d) Fresh-squeezed Lemonade e) Gold f) Chocolate Chip Cookies g) Oil and Vinegar Salad Dressing

Classifying matter

Learning Activity #5 Classify each of the following as an element, compound, heterogeneous or homogeneous mixture.
Chex Mix Gold ring Sea water (salt and water) C6H12O6

Colloid
Colloids are solutions. They can be described as a substance trapped inside another substance. They can be identified by their characteristic scattering of light.
For example: air trapped inside the fat molecules in whipped cream.

Suspension
Mixture that contains solid particles These particles will fall out of solution over time (sedimentation) Muddy water Dust particles in the air Paint

So you say
Mixtures are combinations in which each part maintains its own chemical identity. We can use these identities to separate the components.

How would you separate the following?

Have them move! They will all go at different speeds.

What about these?

Iron

Gold

What about these?

Sand Water

Filtration
Used for the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interjecting a medium which the fluid can pass, but the solids (or at least part of the solids) in the fluid are retained.
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And these?
Purple dye Pink dye Yellow dye

Chromatography

And these?
Salt Water
A

Distillation

Lab intro
Mixture contains Salt Sand Iron fillings Poppy seeds Available equipment
Cotton balls Filter funnels Filter paper Forceps Magnet Paperclips Paper towels Petri dish Pipettes Rubber stoppers Test tubes Tissue paper

All in water

Experiment 1; Modern Chemistry pg 26

Matter and Energy

Part II: Properties and Changes

Same, samebut different?

Properties of Matter
Extensive properties

depend on the amount of matter that is present.

Volume Mass Energy Content (think Calories!)

Intensive properties

do not depend on the amount of matter present.

Melting point

Boiling point Density

Ability to conduct electricity

Ability to transfer energy as heat

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Pause for a Cause Learning Activity 7 Tell whether each of the following represents an extensive or intensive property: a. volume b. density c. boiling point d. ability to conduct heat e. mass

Properties of matter can also either be chemical or physical.

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Physical properties
Characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.
Melting point Boiling point

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Chemical Properties
Relates to a substances ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances.

Chemical reactivity Combusts or Rusts

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Comparison of Physical and Chemical Properties

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Pause for a Cause Learning Activity #8

Classify each of the following properties as either chemical or physical properties:
a. color i. tarnishing b. reactivity j. decay c. flammability k. texture d. odor l. density e. ductility f. solubility g. length h. melting point/boiling point
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Physical Change
A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance.

Example:
Phase Changes (Change of State): A change of a substance from one state of matter to another.
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Phase Differences
Solid definite volume and shape; particles packed in fixed positions.
Liquid definite volume but indefinite shape; particles close together but not in fixed positions. Gas neither definite volume nor definite shape; particles are at great distances from one another. Plasma high temperature, atoms lose most of their electrons (fluorescent).
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Low Temperature = Low energy

High Temperature = High energy

Heat can be used to change the state of matter.

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Pause for a Cause #9

a. How does a solid differ from a liquid? b. How does a liquid differ from a gas? c. How is a liquid similar to a gas? d. What is a plasma?

Chemical Change or Chemical Reaction

A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances. Reactants the substance that react, usually on the left side of the reaction

Products the substance that are formed, usually on the right side of the reaction C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + Energy

Reactants

Products

The arrow always points to the products!!

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Evidence of a Chemical Change

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Pause for a Cause Classify each of the following as a chemical or physical change:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Iron metal is melted. Wood burns in air. Milk turns sour. A rock is broken. Iron combines with oxygen to form rust. Moth balls vaporize in a closet. Grapes ferment. Salt dissolves in water. Flashlight batteries corrode.
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Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter is neither created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.

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Energy and Changes in Matter

Energy is always involved when physical or chemical changes occur. Energy can be in various forms. heat light sound

Energy can be absorbed or released in a change, it is not destroyed or created. law of conservation of energy

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Matter and Energy

PART 3: ENERGY AND SPECIFIC HEAT

Energy changes
Endothermicenergy flows into the system, so the temperature of the surroundings _______________ Exothermicenergy out of the system, so the temperature of the surroundings ________________

Are the following processes endothermic or exothermic?

1. Freezing ice

2. Sweat evaporating

3. Fuel burning

Endothermic vs. Exothermic

In an endothermic reaction, heat is a _____________ (reactant or product). In an exothermic reaction, heat is a _______________ (reactant or product). The following reaction is _______________ (exothermic or endothermic): O2 + 2H2 2H2O + heat

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVi deo.aspx?SearchText=specific+heat Specific heat video &ID=139937

Specific Heat Capacity

Also known simply as specific heat (c). The measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a substance
An intensive property. Unique for each compound. The specific heat for water is 4.184 J/gC

Calculation with Specific Heat

q = mcT q is the heat absorbed or released
(When heat is absorbed the process is said to be endothermic, when heat is released the process is said to be exothermic.)

m is mass c is specific heat capacity T is the change in temperature

( means change in, to calculate take the final value initial value)

Specific Heat Problems

A 4.0 g sample of glass was heated from 274 K to 314 K and was found to have absorbed 32 J of energy as heat.
A. What is the specific heat of this type of glass? B. How much energy will the same glass sample gain when it is heated from 314 K to 344 K?

Specific Heat Problems

Determine the specific heat of a material if a 35 g sample absorbed 96 J as it was heated from 293 to 313 K.

Specific Heat Problems

If 980 kJ of energy are added to 6.2 L of water at 291 K, what will the final temperature of the water be?

Specific Heat Problems (No calculator)

How many calories of energy are transferred when 20 mL of water cool to a temperature of 30 C from a temperature of 90 C. Assume the density of water is 1 g/mL and the specific heat capacity of water is 1 cal/g*C.

11.8

If you have a mixture of water and ice at 0 C and you add a piece of metal that is 50 C, which of the following will occur? A. The temperature of the water will decrease. B. The temperature of the water will increase C. More ice will form. D. More water will form.