Data Structures Using C++ 2E

Chapter 1 Software Engineering Principles and C++ Classes

Objectives
Become aware of structured design and objectoriented design programming methodologies Learn about classes Become aware of private, protected, and public members of a class Explore how classes are implemented Become aware of Unified Modeling Language (UML) notation Examine constructors and destructors Become aware of an abstract data type (ADT) Explore how classes are used to implement ADTs
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Classes
OOD first step: identify components (objects) Encapsulation: object combines data and data operations in a single unit Class: collection of a fixed number of components
Class members: class components Class member categories
Private, public, protected

Data Structures Using C++ 2E

Classes (contd.)
Constructors
Declared variable not automatically initialized With parameters or without parameters (default constructor) Properties
Constructor name equals class name Constructor has no type All class constructors have the same name Multiple constructors: different formal parameter lists Execute automatically: when class object enters its scope Execution: depends on values passed to class object
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Classes (contd.)
Unified Modeling Language diagrams
Graphical notation describing a class and its members Private and public members

FIGURE 1-5 UML class diagram of the class clockType

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Classes (contd.)
Variable (object) declaration
Once class defined
Variable declaration of that type allowed

Class variable
Called class object, class instance, object in C++

A class can have both types of constructors Upon declaring a class object
Default constructor executes or constructor with parameters executes

Data Structures Using C++ 2E

Classes (contd.)
Accessing class members
When an object of a class is declared
Object can access class members

Member access operator

The dot, . (period)

Class object accessed by class members

Dependent on where object declared

Data Structures Using C++ 2E

Classes (contd.)
Implementation of member functions
Reasons function prototype often included for member functions
Function definition can be long, difficult to comprehend Providing function prototypes hides data operation details

Writing definitions of member functions

Use scope resolution operator, :: (double colon), to reference identifiers local to the class

Data Structures Using C++ 2E

Classes (contd.)
Implementation of member functions (contd.)
Example: definition of the function setTime

Data Structures Using C++ 2E

Classes (contd.)
Implementation of member functions (contd.) Execute statement myClock.setTime(3,48,52);

FIGURE 1-6 Object myClock after the statement myClock.setTime(3, 48, 52); executes

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Classes (contd.)
Implementation of member functions (contd.)
Example: definition of the function setTime

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Classes (contd.)
Implementation of member functions (contd.)
Objects of type clockType
myClock and yourClock

FIGURE 1-7 Objects myClock and yourClock

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Classes (contd.)
Implementation of member functions (contd.)
if(myClock.equalTime(yourClock))
Object myClock accesses member function equalTime otherClock is a reference parameter Address of actual parameter yourClock passed to the formal parameter otherClock

FIGURE 1-8 Object myClock and parameter otherClock

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Classes (contd.)
Implementation of member functions (contd.)
equalTime execution Variables hr , min , sec in equalTime function body
Instance variables of variable myClock

Once class properly defined, implemented

Can be used in a program

Client
Program or software using and manipulating class objects

Instance variables
Have own instance of data
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Classes (contd.)
Reference parameters and class objects (variables)
Variable passed by value
Formal parameter copies value of the actual parameter

Variables requiring large amount of memory and needing to pass a variable by value
Corresponding formal parameter receives copy of the data of the variable

Variable passed by reference

Corresponding formal parameter receives only the address of the actual parameter

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Classes (contd.)
Reference parameters and class objects (variables) (contd.)
Declaring class object as a value parameter
Declare as a reference parameter using the keyword const

If the formal parameter is a value parameter

Can change the value within function definition

If formal parameter is a constant reference parameter

Cannot change value within the function Cannot use any other function to change its value
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Classes (contd.)
Reference parameters and class objects (variables) (contd.)
Two built-in operations
Member access (.) Assignment (=)

Assignment operator and classes

Assignment statement performs a memberwise copy Example: myClock = yourClock;
Values of the three instance variables of yourClock
Copied into corresponding instance variables of myClock
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Classes (contd.)
Class scope
Automatic
Created each time control reaches declaration Destroyed when control exits surrounding block

Static
Created once when control reaches declaration Destroyed when program terminates

Can declare an array of class objects: same scope Member of a class: local to the class Access (public) class member outside the class
Use class object name, member access operator (.)
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Classes (contd.)
Functions and classes
Rules
Class objects passed as parameters to functions and returned as function values Class objects passed either by value or reference as parameters to functions Class objects passed by value: instance variables of the actual parameter contents copied into the corresponding formal parameter instance variables

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Classes (contd.)
Constructors and default parameters
Constructor can have default parameters Rules declaring formal parameters
Same as declaring function default formal parameters

Actual parameters passed with default parameters

Use rules for functions with default parameters

Default constructor
No parameters or all default parameters

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Classes (contd.)
Destructors
Functions No type Neither value-returning nor void function One destructor per class
No parameters

Name
Tilde character (~) followed by class name

Automatically executes
When class object goes out of scope
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Classes (contd.)
Structs
Special type of classes All struct members public C++ defines structs using the reserved word struct If all members of a class are public, C++ programmers prefer using struct to group the members Defined like a class

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Data Abstraction, Classes, and Abstract Data Types

Abstraction
Separating design details from use

Data abstraction
Process
Separating logical data properties from implementation details

Abstract data type (ADT)

Data type separating logical properties from implementation details Includes type name, domain, set of data operations
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Data Abstraction, Classes, and Abstract Data Types (contd.)

ADT
Example: defining the clockType ADT

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Data Abstraction, Classes, and Abstract Data Types (contd.)

Implementing an ADT
Represent the data; write algorithms to perform operations C++ classes specifically designed to handle ADTs

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Additional Notes
This lectures covers the following material from the textbook:
Chapter 1: pp. 17 - 57

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