Unit 3

Magnetic Flux in DC machines

u
f
/2
rotor
stator
I
f

S
N
V
f

+




-
.
.
.
.
.
.
x
x
x
x
x
x
Armature
Winding
I
f

u
a

mmf produced by the armature and mmf
produced by the field winding are
orthogonal.
Orthogonality of Magnetic Fields in
DC Machines
B
IL
F ( )
o
ILB L 90 sin = = B I F
Magnetic field due to
field winding
Magnetic field due to
armature winding
90
o

In all other machines (Reluctance,
Induction, Synchronous, Stepper motors,
PM motors, ) torque is produced as
result of one or more magnetic field which
rotate about the air gap
Magnetic Fields in other machines
3D=>2D presentation of AC
machines
stator
rotor
winding
stator
rotor
Two-Pole Single-Phase Stator
winding
Coils are placed in slots over the inner
circumference of the stator
Coils are connected in series with a
sinusoidal distribution
as
2

Rotor
Stator
s
|
as
1

as
2

as
3

as
1

as
3

as axis
+
-
as
1

as
1

as
2

as
2

as
3

as
3

i
as

v
as

Two-Pole Two-Phase Stator Winding
s
|
as
1

as
2

as
3

as
1

as
2

as
3

as axis
bs axis
bs
3

bs
2

bs
1

bs
1

bs
2

bs
3

+
-
+

-

bs
1
bs
2
bs
3

as
1

as
2

as
3

i
bs

i
as

v
as

v
bs

Stator windings are sinusoidally distributed
i
as
and i
bs
are sinusoidal current
waveforms generated by sinusoidal
sources v
as
and v
bs

The resulting mmf of the air gap:
mmf=i
as
N
as
+i
bs
N
bs

is approximated as a sinusoidal function of
|
s
Two-Pole Two-Phase Stator Winding
(cont.)
Approximate distribution of the as-
winding
s
|
|
s
= 0
as-axis
|
s
= t/2
Cross-sectional view of the
sinusoidal winding distribution
s p as s
s p as s
N N
N N
| t | t
| t |
sin 2 For
sin 0 For
= < <
= < <
Let N
s
represent the number of turns of the
equivalent sinusoidally distributed winding
p
s s p s
N
d N N
2
sin
0
=
}
=
t
| |
t/2 t 3t/2 2t
as-axis
|
s

conductors
Review - Magnetic circuits
u
u
u
N
i
V
l
g

l
i

A
Ni l H l H
g g i i
= +
H B =
i i i
A B = |
g g g
A B = |
i
i
i
A
B
|
=
g
g
g
A
B
|
=
g i g i
A A | | = = , Assume

Ni
A
l
A
l
g
i
g g
g
i i
i
= +
9
9
|

( ) mmf = = 9 + 9 Ni
j i
|
By definition mmf
as
is
positive for drop across
the air gap from rotor to
stator
mmf
as
positive at |
s
= 0
mmf
as
negative at |
s
= t

Air gap mmf
|
s
= t
|
s
= 0
as-axis
|
s
= -t/2
( )
( )
as
s
s as
as
s
s as
i
N
i
N
2
mmf
2
0 mmf
= =
= =
t |
|
( )
( ) 0 mmf
0 mmf
2
2
= =
= =
t
t
|
|
s as
s as
s as
s
as
i
N
| cos
2
mmf =
For the above, the net
current enclosed is
zero, and the mmf drop
is zero along the path
Air gap mmf
|
s
= t/2
|
s
= 0
|
s
= -t/2
Therefore:
as-axis
Two-Pole reluctance machines
as axis
u
r

e
r

as
as
as axis
u
r

e
r

as
as'
bs bs'
bs axis
Single phase Two phase
Two-Pole reluctance machines
Stator windings are assumed to be sinusoidally
distributed
For single phase machines excited by an AC
current source, the generated flux wave has two
opposite rotating mmf
s
(These motors are used
in clocks and some other turntables)
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
+
=
s esi e s
s esi e s
s
s
t I
t I
N
| u e
| u e
) 0 ( cos
) 0 ( cos
2
2
mmf
2
1
2
1
( ) ) 0 ( cos 2
mmf
esi e as as
as as as
t i i
i N
u e + =
=
term results in
counterclockwise (positive) travelling wave


term results in clockwise
(negative) travelling wave
Two-Pole reluctance machines
( )
s esi e
t | u e + ) 0 ( cos
dt
d
s
e
|
e =
( )
s esi e
t | u e + + ) 0 ( cos
e
s
dt
d
e
|
=
Two-Pole reluctance machines
For reluctance machine (Fig. 1),
( )
r B A l asas
L L L L u 2 cos + =
( )
r
r as c
e
i W
T
u
u
c
c
=
,
( ) ( )
2
2
1
2 cos
as r B A l c
i L L L W u + =
( )
r as B r as e
i L i T u u 2 sin ,
2
=
Two-Pole reluctance machines
For two-phase reluctance machines (see Fig.1), only one
constant-amplitude rotating air gap mmf is produced
during balanced steady state conditions




Two-phase reluctance machines develop a constant
torque at synchronous speed rather than a torque which
pulsates about an average value as is the case with
single-phase machines
( )
s esi e s
s
s
t I
N
| u e + = ) 0 ( cos 2
2
mmf
2 = = p
dt
d
e
s
e
|
Two-pole induction machines
as axis
ar axis
as
as'
ar
ar'
u
r

|
s

e
r

|
r

as axis
ar axis
as
as'
ar
ar'
u
r

|
s

e
r

|
r

br
br'
bs bs'
bs axis
br axis
Single phase
Two phase
Cutaway Views of Squirrel-cage
Induction Motor
Single and two pole induction machines have
identical equivalent orthogonal windings which are
sinusoidally distributed (see Fig.2)
Rotor windings are short-circuited
Single-phase induction machines are widely used
(washers, dryers, furnace fans, etc.)
Recall:
Two-pole induction machines
s as
s
as
i
N
| cos
2
mmf =
( ) ) 0 ( cos 2
esi e s as
t I i u e + =
( )
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
+
=
s esi e s
s esi e s
s
as
t I
t I
N
| u e
| u e
) 0 ( cos
) 0 ( cos
2
2
mmf
2
1
2
1
Two-pole induction machines
Term #1: positive travelling flux wave

Term #2: negative travelling flux wave
Recall:
Single-phase induction machines do not develop a
starting torque. At the start u
r
=0, T
e
=0, i.e at start the
rotor cannot follow either of the rotating mmfs since it
develops as much torque to go in either direction
Single-phase induction motors have two stator
windings with provision to switch out one of the
windings once the rotor accelerates to between 60 to
80 percent of synchronous speed
e
s
dt
d
e =
|
e
s
dt
d
e =
|
( )
r as B r as e
i L i T u u 2 sin ,
2
=
Two-pole induction machines
To provide two phase power from one phase power
supply, a capacitor is used during the starting.
r r s
r ar
r
ar
i
N
u | |
|
+ =
= cos
2
mmf
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
| + u + e e +
| u + e e
=
r eri r e
r eri r e
r
r
ar
t
t
I
N
) 0 ( cos
) 0 ( cos
2
2
mmf
2
1
2
1
Two-pole induction machines
For two-phase induction machines, stator



mmf
s
is a positive travelling flux wave which rotates
around the air gap at a speed of e
e
(see Fig.2b)
Machine rotor windings are short-circuited
( )
s esi e s
s
s
bs as s
t I
N
| u e + =
+ =
) 0 ( cos 2
2
mmf
mmf mmf mmf
r r s
r br
s
br
r ar
s
ar
i
N
i
N
u | |
|
|
+ =
=
=
cos
2
mmf
cos
2
mmf
Two-pole induction machines
Current flowing in the rotor windings will be due to
induction with a frequency of e
e
- e
r
. The rotor
currents, i
ar
and i
br
will produce an air gap mmf that
travels at a speed of e
e
- e
r
relative to the rotor or e
e

relative to a stationary observer.
Interactions of mmf
r
due to rotor and mmf
s
due to
stator will produce torque on the rotor.
( ) ( ) ( )
r eri r e r
r
r
t I
N
| u e e + = ) 0 ( cos 2
2
mmf
dt
d
J T T
m
ex em
e
=
Three-phase induction machines
as'
as
bs
bs'
as - axis
bs - axis
cs
cs'
cs - axis
ar - axis
br - axis
cr - axis
br
ar'
br'
cr
cr'
ar
T
l

|
s

|
r

u
r

e
r
T
e

Three-phase induction machines
Three-phase induction machines have three identical
sinusoidally distributed stator and rotor windings. The
magnetic axes of the windings are displaced 120
o

from each other and rotor windings are short-circuited
(see Fig.3)
( )
s esi e s
s
s
cs bs as s
t I
N
| u e + =
+ + =
) 0 ( cos
2
3
2
2
mmf
mmf mmf mmf mmf
( ) ( )
r eri r e r
r
r
cr br ar r
t I
N
| u e e + =
+ + =
) 0 ( cos
2
3
2
2
mmf
mmf mmf mmf mmf
Three-phase induction machines
mmf
s
is a positive travelling flux wave which rotates
around the air gap at a speed of e
e
.

mmf
r
is a positive travelling flux wave which rotates
around the air gap at a speed of e
e
-e
r
relative to the
rotor.
Interactions of mmf
r
due to rotor and mmf
s
due to
stator will produce torque on the rotor.
Three-phase induction machines -
dq axis
as - axis
bs - axis
cs - axis
ar - axis
br - axis
cr - axis
|
s

|
r

u
r

q - axis
d - axis
|
u
r r s
r
u | |
u u |
+ =
=