Communities striving to retain and attract businesses are seeking new ways to balance economic, social and environmental

goals.
-Innovative technologies and partnerships - Intensive social and environmental improvement standards into their operations

Businesses and communities have come to realize that pollution treatments that redirect or sequester waste and pollution are neither ecologically nor economically viable.

- Global warming, toxic contamination of residential water and air

and health effects

Eco-industrial development, which is based on the idea that a flourishing economy and environmental health can coexist, offers an invitingly concrete way to integrate and meet environmental, economic, and community development goals.

Eco-industrial development originated from the field of industrial ecology, with additional roots in environmental management.

- Industrial Ecology has been defined as a systems-based, multidisciplinary discourse that seeks to understand emergent behavior of complex integrated human/natural systems.
Impacts of the industrial activities on the environment

Environmental management is said to be an attempt to control human impact and interaction with the environment in order to preserve natural resources.
Solution of the practical problems between human, nature and etc

Eco-industrial development = Industrial ecology in practice

Industrial ecologists have transformed the way we view waste.

Commerce + Ecology =
Production and distribution mimic and enhance natural processes

The concept of an industrial ecosystem first received widespread attention when Scientific American published an article by two General Motors researchers who suggested the days of finding an open space beyond the village gates for disposal of industrial byproducts were quickly passing.

Industrial ecology describes a system where one firms wastes become anothers raw materials.

Industrial Ecology focuses on interactions between commerce and the environment, within two primary domains: engineered systems and social networks.

Third domain expands to include communities.

Technically, industrial ecologists have studied the physical and chemical interactions involved in the recovery, refining, and reuses of materials, in the context of both single firms and a networked system of multiple firms.

The second domain takes a broader look at business systems and networks. It involves communities of businesses cooperating for greater environmental and economic performance than each can realize on its own.

 IE, however, has progressively moved beyond a consideration of materials recovery and exchange between companies, to a third domain: Community-business interactions.

Eco-industrial development in practice encompasses a broader view of industrial ecology: economy, environment and equity.
It seeks to develop a symbiotic networks among and between businesses, community and the public sector. It considers interconnections (businesses or a particular EI park and the regions work force , ecosystem, institutional and community resources.

In this domain, IE is a social construct.

The key element is not technological solutions, but the social relationships and creativity generated by people.

Eco-industrial development offers a number of potential benefits to communities and businesses. This approach seeks to bridge the perceived gap between the interest of businesses and communities by building partnership.

Economical Efficiency and Profitability

The appeal of eco-industrial parks for tenant businesses and industrial development is the increased profitability and cost savings brought through economies of scale and added value to outputs. With eco-industrial development, companies can find opportunity to improve energy and material use efficiency through waste exchange, recycling, and innovative technology and production processes. Increased economic efficiency within and among tenant companies will most likely increase the value of real estate for private and public developers.

Job retention and Growth

Eco-industrial development supports job growth and retention in several ways. Many eco-industrial park projects have incorporated incentives for training and hiring minorities and women, salary improvement programs, and family-friendly policies. These factors results in higher employment for communities, better opportunities and working conditions for employees, and a more skilled and productive work force for employers.

Community Development
The objectives of these approaches is to add value to a municipalitys economic base, strengthening its industrial, social, and supporting institutions in a way that attracts new businesses and retains existing ones. Cases are well documented of economically distressed communities falling victim to the lure of quick income from landfills, hazardous waste dumps, and garbage transfer stations. Eco-industrial development emphasizes the need to involve the range of stakeholders in identifying community assets, problems, and alternatives, and in planning and implementing economical development programs.

Environmental Stewardship
The ultimate environmental goals of ecoindustrial strategies are to reduce the use of virgin materials, decrease pollution, increase energy efficiency, reduce water use, and decrease the volume of waste products requiring disposal in landfills. Eco-industrial development encourages tenants and management to collaborate with the community to identify and support communitywide resource exchanges and recycling, reuse, and remanufacturing opportunities.

Financial Risk
The lack of proven successes on which to asses risk and a potentially longer payback period may cause the financial community to be reluctant to support ecoindustrial development projects.

Risk of Interdependence
The transaction costs of working with the community and other businesses may be high in terms of time, labor, transportation, recovery and exchange infrastructure, communication, and monitoring. Beyond added costs, businesses may be vary of entering into by product exchange relationships where the quantity and quality of supply is not guaranteed.

Regulatory Risk
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), for example, limit handling and use of some hazardous waste materials, which can deter businesses from entering into a materials exchange relationship. The eco-industrial development literature discusses the need to increase the flexibility of federal, state, and local regulations to support more innovative and holistic approaches focusing less on single environmental media and more on the ecological system as a whole.

Environmental Risk
Rejecting the eco-efficiency goal of by product exchange for the notion of and materials substitution, instead of what they label trading toxics. The goal should be to seek continuous environmental improvement by designing products and processes that reduce the need to extract and use raw materials - toxics in particular thus eliminating the need for recycling.

The term industrial ecology may be new (circa 1970s) but its concept has existed much earlier. IE emerged at the time when end-of-pipe treatment, although proven to be effective in reducine residuals, was deemed inadequate in the long run to make efficient use of scarce resources in a backdrop of increasing population and aspiration for cleaner environment.

deals with minimizing the impact of industrial activities on what is outside of it.

Industrial Ecology (IE)

The complete opposite of this approach as it assumes that the industrial system is a component of the ecosystem. Can be described in terms of energy, materials and information flows. Goes beyond pollution and environmental issues. It requires addressing technologies, process economics, business relationships, financing, and overall government politics on the management of commercial enterprises.

Two primary forms in practice of eco industrial development projects:

Eco-industrial Parks
Offer a discrete setting where companies locate for

maximum resource efficiency. Defined as a community of businesses that cooperate with each other and with the local community to efficiently share resource leading to economic, environmental, and human resource gains. Similar to a conventional industrial park in that it is a contagious property containing a no. Of tenants sharing a common management/ownership, infrastructure, services and often a tenants association.

Different visions associated with existing EIPs:

Physically connect businesses into a network, with a goal

of zero emissions, Restrict park to companies that generate no pollution or environmental technology firms, Restrict part to companies with environmental management systems in place and with excellent regulatory histories. Focus on park infrastructure, with energy saving green buildings, buildings designed for re-use, recycled or deconstructed buildings, xeriscaping (landscaping for maximum water conservation), etc.

Eco-industrial networks
Has moved beyond the boundaries of a industrial park of

collocation businesses to regional waste exchange networks. Extend beyond a focus on localized by product exchanges to a broader agenda for improvement of environmental,social, and business performance. Can include community service proprams, employee skills and environmental training programs, and other joint programs. Require an accessible, up-to-date communication mechanism for information exchange on available inputs and by products to be viable. May bring economies of scale required for developing a by product market.

The main innovation posed by eco -industrial development thought has been taking a whole systems approach to industrial and community development. EID integrates a number of tools and strategies focusing on the design of production processes, products, and physical space in a way that increases resource efficiency, lower cost, and mitigates environmental impacts.

Closed production loops emerge from the elimination of wasted energy, water, and materials for cost savings within and among firms. The goal is to minimize environmental impacts by changing the way goods or services are produced or the products themselves. These systems promote recovery of end products and recycling of base materials and reusable industrial wastes back into the production process.

Preventing and mitigating environmental impact requires designing eco-industrial parks in a way that considers ecosystem conditions and resources. Ecosystem planning principles include land use and efficiency, health and safety protection, and environmental protection.

Industry clusters are agglomerations of competing and collaborating industries in a region networked into horizontal and vertical relationships, involving strong common buyer-supplier linkages, and relying on a shared foundation of specialized economic institution. Industrial clustering is based on the notion that networks of manufactures develop cooperative relationships to optimize resources. Industry has been driving force behind this trend.

Most existing eco-industrial projects have incorporated one or more sustainable or green, design features into their landscaping and facilities. The primary objectives of green design are to maximize use of recycled and environmentally benign materials in the construction and operation of facilities.

Establishing an eco-industrial park around one or more primary anchor tenants was suggested as a way to create a more definable set of possible inter-connections. The ecoindustrial anchor tenant concept is loosely based on the real estate development strategy of using an anchor company to attract other films to an industrial park or commercial facility. The type of anchor tenants and its byproducts therefore become a comparative advantage for attracting certain kinds of satellite industries.

It is a tool for assessing the total environmental impacts of a product, building, or process from raw materials extraction to disposal, or from cradle-to-grave. It considers the inputs and outputs of production at all stages of the value chain, from extraction, processing, and manufacturing, to distribution, retail, consumption, and disposal. The ultimate goal is to minimize resource use by streamlining design and including reusable or recyclable materials.

Eco-industrial development can optimize labor resource efficiency by emphasizing the development of joint skills training programs for local residents. Eco-industrial practitioners consider what types of training and education are available and how partnerships between businesses, local education institution, and trade associations can meet local training needs.