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    Module 2 (Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding)

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    Ralph Andrew Silverio
    The document discusses atomic structure and interatomic bonding. It describes how atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, with the neutrons and protons clustered in the nucleus and electrons in an outside cloud. It also discusses atomic number, mass number, isotopes, quantum numbers, electron configuration, and different types of bonds including ionic bonds formed between metals and nonmetals, covalent bonds from electron sharing, and metallic bonds from delocalized electron sharing in metals.

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    Module 2 (Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding)

    Uploaded by

    Ralph Andrew Silverio
    583 views26 pages
    The document discusses atomic structure and interatomic bonding. It describes how atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, with the neutrons and protons clustered in the nucleus and electrons in an outside cloud. It also discusses atomic number, mass number, isotopes, quantum numbers, electron configuration, and different types of bonds including ionic bonds formed between metals and nonmetals, covalent bonds from electron sharing, and metallic bonds from delocalized electron sharing in metals.

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    The document discusses atomic structure and interatomic bonding. It describes how atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, with the neutrons and protons clustered in the nucleus and electrons in an outside cloud. It also discusses atomic number, mass number, isotopes, quantum numbers, electron configuration, and different types of bonds including ionic bonds formed between metals and nonmetals, covalent bonds from electron sharing, and metallic bonds from delocalized electron sharing in metals.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    583 views26 pages

    Module 2 (Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding)

    Uploaded by

    Ralph Andrew Silverio
    The document discusses atomic structure and interatomic bonding. It describes how atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, with the neutrons and protons clustered in the nucleus and electrons in an outside cloud. It also discusses atomic number, mass number, isotopes, quantum numbers, electron configuration, and different types of bonds including ionic bonds formed between metals and nonmetals, covalent bonds from electron sharing, and metallic bonds from delocalized electron sharing in metals.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

    Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

    Atoms are made of three kinds of particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons.
    The neutrons and protons are grouped together in the nucleus, which is at the center of the atom. Most of an atoms mass is concentrated in the nucleus. Atomic mass is the mass in grams of 6.023 X 10 23 atoms ( Avogadros Number).

    Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

    Electrons are outside the nucleus in the electron cloud. Because electrons are so fast and light, physicists tend to speak of the "electron cloud" rather than talk about the exact location of each electron.

    Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

    Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

    The mass of a carbon nucleus is 12 amu. (6p+, 6no) The mass of the electrons is only 0.003 amu. So 99.97 % of the carbon atoms mass is in the nucleus and only 0.03% is in the electron cloud.

    Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

    Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding


    atomic number is the number of protons in an atom of an element atoms have no overall electrical charge. Atoms must have equal numbers of protons and electrons atomic weight is basically a measurement of the total number of particles in an atom's nucleus. mass number - round the atomic weight to the nearest whole number Mass Number = (Number of Protons) + (Number of Neutrons)

    Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

    Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. The element hydrogen, for example, has three commonly known isotopes: protium, deuterium and tritium.

    Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

    QUANTUM NUMBERS

    According to Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle, it is not possible to give the exact position of an electron and its energy at the same time. But the probability of finding an electron in an orbital of given energy can be determined.

    QUANTUM NUMBERS

    Principal Quantum Number, n Second / Azimuthal Quantum Number, l Magnetic Quantum Number, ml Electron Spin quantum number, ms

    QUANTUM NUMBERS
    1.

    2.

    The first quantum number (n) can be any integer bigger than zero. The second quantum number (l) must be a positive integer from zero to n-1.

    For example, if n = 1, the only possibility is l = 0. If n = 2, then l can be 0 or 1.

    QUANTUM NUMBERS
    3.

    The third quantum number (m) is an integer that can go from - l to + l.

    For example, if l = 3, m can have any of seven values between -3 and +3 (m = 3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3).

    4.

    The fourth quantum number (s) can only be either +1/2 or -1/2.

    PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBERS

    main energy level of an orbital. Indicates the relative size of the orbital an increase in n also means increase in the energy of the electron in the orbital. n= 1, 2, 3.7

    AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBERS

    also called Angular Momentum Number defines the shape of the orbital. values range from 0 to n-1. l=n-1

    AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBERS


    l 0 1 2 3 Sublevel sharp - s principal - p diffused - d fundamental - f Orbital Shape spherical

    dumbbellshaped
    cloverleaf too complex

    MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBERS

    describes the orientation of the orbital in space.


    values are l to +l

    values per sublevel = 2l +1.

    MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBERS


    Sublevel s p d f l 0 1 2 3 ml 0 -1,0,+1 -2,-1,0,1,+2 -3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3

    ELECTRON SPIN QUANTUM NUMBERS

    Specifies two allowed spin directions for an electron spinning on its own axis The directions are clockwise and counter clock wise rotation, and their allowed values are +1/2 and 1/2

    ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

    Rules for Filling Orbitals Bottom-up (Aufbaus principle) Fill orbitals singly before doubling up (Hunds Rule) Paired electrons have opposite spin (Pauli exclusion principle)

    Basic Principle: electrons occupy lowest energy levels available

    ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

    ATOMIC BONDING

    IONIC BONDS

    Can form between metallic elements and nonmetallic elements. Example NaCl

    Na+, Cl-

    ATOMIC BONDING

    COVALENT BONDS

    A primary bond resulting from the sharing of electrons

    ATOMIC BONDING

    METALLIC BOND a primary bond resulting from the sharing of delocalized outer electrons in the form of an electron charge cloud by an aggregate of metal atoms.

    Example : sodium

    ATOMIC BONDING

    END

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