Tanks - Lecture 2

Lecture 2
January 19, 2006
In this lecture

Seismic force evaluation Procedure in codes Limitations of IS 1893:1984
Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur
E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006
Lecture 2 / Slide 2
Seismic force evaluation
During base excitation
Structure is subjected to acceleration Force = mass x acceleration
From Newtons second law
Hence, seismic force acting on structure = Mass x acceleration
Lecture 2 / Slide 3

For design, we need maximum seismic force Hence, maximum acceleration is required

This refers to maximum acceleration of structure This is different from maximum acceleration of ground Maximum ground acceleration is termed as peak ground acceleration, PGA Maximum acceleration of rigid structure is same as PGA.
Lecture 2 / Slide 4
Seismic force = mass x maximum acceleration
Can be written as:
Force = (maximum acceleration/g) x (mass x g) = (maximum acceleration/g) x W

W is weight of the structure g is acceleration due to gravity
Typically, codes express design seismic force as: V = (Ah) x (W)

V is design seismic force, also called design base shear Ah is base shear coefficient
Lecture 2 / Slide 5
Maximum acceleration of structure depends on

Severity of ground motion Soil conditions Structural characteristics

These include time period and damping More about time period, later
Obviously, base shear coefficient, Ah, will also depend on these parameters
Lecture 2 / Slide 6
Seismic design philosophy is such that, design seismic forces are much lower than actual seismic forces acting on the structure during severe ground shaking
Base shear coefficient has to ensure this reduction in forces
Hence, base shear coefficient would also have a parameter associated with design philosophy
Lecture 2 / Slide 7
Thus, base shear coefficient depends on:

Severity of ground motion Soil condition Structural characteristics Design philosophy
Lecture 2 / Slide 8
Let us examine how following codes have included these parameters in base shear coefficient

IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 IS 1893:1984 International Building code (IBC) 2003 from USA
Study of IBC provisions will help us understand the present international practice
Lecture 2 / Slide 9
IS 1893 (Part 1):2002
Ah = (Z/2). (I/R). (Sa/g)

Z is zone factor I is importance factor R is response reduction factor Sa/g is spectral acceleration coefficient
Lecture 2 / Slide 10
IS 1893 (Part 1):2002
Zone factor, Z

Depends on severity of ground motion India is divided into four seismic zones (II to V) Refer Table 2 of IS 1893(part1):2002 Z = 0.1 for zone II and Z = 0.36 for zone V
IS 1893 (Part 1):2002
Importance factor, I
Ensures higher design seismic force for more important structures Values for buildings are given in Table 6 of IS :1893

Values for other structures will be given in respective parts For tanks, values will be given in Part 2
IS 1893 (Part 1):2002
Response reduction factor, R
Earthquake resistant structures are designed for much smaller seismic forces than actual seismic forces that may act on them. This depends on

Ductility Redundancy Overstrength
See next slide
IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

Total Horizontal Load
Linear Elastic Response Due to Ductility Non linear Response Due to Redundancy Due to Overstrength
Maximum force if structure remains elastic Fel
Total Horizontal Load
Maximum Load Capacity Fy
Load at First Yield
Fs
First Significant Yield
Design force Fdes
Figure: Courtesy Dr. C V R Murty
max Roof Displacement ()
Response Reduction Factor

Maximum Elastic Force (Fel) Design Force (Fdes)

IS 1893 (Part 1):2002
Response reduction factor (contd..)
A structure with good ductility, redundancy and overstrength is designed for smaller seismic force and has higher value of R
For example, building with SMRF has good ductility and has R = 5.0 as against R = 1.5 for unreinforced masonry building which does not have good ductility For tanks, R values will be given in IS:1893 (Part 2)
Table 7 gives R values for buildings
IS 1893 (Part 1):2002
Spectral acceleration coefficient, Sa/g
Depends on structural characteristics and soil condition
Structural characteristics include time period and damping
Refer Fig. 2 and Table 3 of IS:1893 See next slide
IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

For 5% damping
IS 1893 (Part 1):2002
For other damping, Sa/g values are to be multiplied by a factor given in Table 3 of IS:1893
Table 3 is reproduced below

2 1.40 5 7 10 0.80 15 0.70 20 0.60 25 0.55 30 0.50
% 0 damping Factor 3.20
1.00 0.90
For higher damping, multiplying factor is less Hence, for higher damping, Sa/g is less
E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006 Lecture 2 / Slide 18
IS 1893:1984
Let us now look at the provision of IS 1893:1984 IS 1893:1984 suggests two methods for calculating seismic forces
Seismic coefficient method (SCM) Response spectrum method (RSM)
These have different expressions for base shear coefficient
IS 1893:1984
Ah= KCIo Seismic Coefficient Method (SCM) = KIFoSa/g Response Spectrum Method (RSM)

K is performance factor C is a coefficient which depends on time period is soil-foundation system coefficient I is importance factor o is seismic coefficient Fo is zone factor Sa/g is average acceleration coefficient
IS 1893:1984
Seismic coefficient, o

Depends on severity of ground motion Used in seismic coefficient method Depends on severity of ground motion Used in response spectrum method
Zone factor, Fo

IS 1893:1984
IS 1893:1984
is soil foundation coefficient
Depends on type of soil and foundation
In IS 1893:2002, type of foundation does not have any influence on base shear coefficient
IS 1893:1984
Importance factor, I
Ensures higher design seismic force for more important structures
IS 1893 (Part 1):2002, gives values only for buildings
IS 1893:1984
Performance factor, K
Depends on ductility of structure

Similar to response reduction factor of IS1893(Part 1):2002 K is in numerator whereas, R is in denominator
For buildings with good ductility, K = 1.0 For ordinary buildings, K = 1.6 Thus, a building with good ductility will have lower value of base shear coefficient than ordinary building
IS 1893:1984
IS 1893:1984
Coefficient, C

Depends on time period see next slide Depends on time period and damping See next slide
Spectral acceleration, Sa/g

IS 1893:1984
Graphs for C and Sa/g from IS 1893:1984
Natural Period (Sec)
Natural Period (Sec)
IS 1893:1984
IS 1893:1984 has provisions for elevated tanks only
Ground supported tanks are not considered
For elevated tanks, it suggests Ah = IFoSa/g

Performance factor, K is not present Implies, K = 1.0 for all types of elevated tanks
Unlike buildings, different types of tanks do not have different values of K More about it, later
This is one of the major limitation of IS1893:1984
IBC 2003
International Building Code (IBC) 2003

In IITK-GSDMA guidelines IBC 2000 is referred This is now upgraded to IBC 2003
In USA codes are regularly upgraded every three year
There is no change in the base shear coefficient expression from IBC 2000 to IBC 2003
IBC 2003
Base shear coefficient Ah = SD1 I/(R T) SDS I/R Ah shall not be less than 0.044 SDSI for buildings and not less than 0.14 SDSI for tanks
This is a lower limit on Ah It ensures minimum design seismic force This lower limit is higher for tanks than for buildings
Variation with time period is directly given in base shear coefficient
Hence, no need to have response spectrum separately

IBC 2003

T is time period in seconds SDS and SD1 are design spectral accelerations in short period and at 1 sec. respectively
SDS and SD1 depend on seismic zone and soil
I is importance factor and R is response modification factor
IBC suggests I = 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5 for different types of structures Values of R will be discussed later
IBC 2003
More about SDS and SD1

SDS = 2/3 Fa SS and SD1 = 2/3 Fv S1 SS is mapped spectral acceleration for short period S1 is mapped spectral acceleration for 1-second period SS and S1 are obtained from seismic map

This is similar to zone map of our code It is given in contour form
Fa and Fv are site coefficients
Their values for are given for different soil types
IBC 2003
Response modification factor, R
IS 1893(Part 1):2002 calls it response reduction factor Values of R for some selected structures are given in next slide
IBC 2003
Type of structure
R
8.0
5.0 3.0 8.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.0
Building with special reinforced concrete moment resisting concrete frames

Building with intermediate reinforced concrete moment resisting concrete frames Building with ordinary reinforced concrete moment resisting concrete frames Building with special steel concentrically braced frames Elevated tanks supported on braced/unbraced legs Elevated tanks supported on single pedestal Tanks supported on structural towers similar to buildings Flat bottom ground supported anchored steel tanks Flat bottom ground supported unanchored steel tanks Ground supported reinforced or prestressed concrete tanks with reinforced nonsliding base
Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006
Base shear coefficient
In summary,
Base shear coefficient from these three codes are:

IS 1893: 1984 SCM: Ah = KCIo RSM: Ah = KIFoSa/g For tanks: Ah = IFoSa/g IBC2003 Ah = SD1 I/(R T) SDS I/R > 0.044 SDS I for buildings > 0.14 SDS I for tanks
IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Ah = (Z/2).(I/R).(Sa/g)

Important to note that: IS codes specify base shear coefficient at working stress level
For limit state design, these are to be multiplied by load factors to get factored loads
IBC specifies base shear coefficient at ultimate load level
For working stress design, seismic forces are divided by a factor of 1.4
Once, base shear coefficient is known, seismic force on the structure can be obtained

Recall, seismic force, V = Ah. W This is same as force = mass x acceleration
Let us compare base shear coefficient values from these codes
Comparison will be done at working stress level
IBC values are divided by 1.4 to bring them to working stress level
This shall be done for similar seismic zone or seismic hazard level of each code This comparison is first done for buildings
Comparison for buildings
Following parameters are chosen

IS 1893: 1984 o = 0.08; Fo = 0.4; Zone V = 1.0 K = 1.0; I = 1.0 Soft soil, raft foundation 5% damping IBC2003 SDs = 1.0; SD1 = 0.6 I = 1.0; R = 8.0 Soil type D, equivalent to soft soil of IS codes 5% damping
IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Z = 0.36; Zone V I = 1.0; R = 5.0 Soft soil 5% damping
They represent similar seismic hazard level
Building with good ductility is chosen
Say, buildings with SMRF Refer Table shown earlier
In IBC, for buildings with SMRF, R = 8.0

For building with T = 0.3 sec IS 1893(Part 1):2002

Sa/g =2.5 Ah = Z/2.I/R.Sa/g = (0.36/2 )x (1.0/5.0) x 2.5 = 0.09 C = 1.0 and Sa/g = 0.2 SCM: Ah = KCIo = 1.0 x 1.0 x1.0 x1.0x0.08 = 0.08 RSM: Ah = KIFoSa/g = 1.0 x 1.0 x1.0x 0.4x0.2 = 0.08 Ah = SDSI/(1.4xR) = 1.0 x1.0/(1.4 x 8.0) = 0.089
IS 1893:1984

IBC 2003

For building with T = 1 sec IS 1893(Part 1):2002

IS 1893:1984

Sa/g = 1.67 Ah = Z/2.I/R.Sa/g = (0.36/2 )x(1.0/5.0)x1.67 = 0.06
IBC 2003
C = 0.53 and Sa/g = 0.11 SCM: Ah = KCIo = 1.0 x0.53x1.0 x1.0x0.08 = 0.042 RSM: Ah = KIFoSa/g = 1.0x1.0x1.0x0.4x0.11 = 0.044
Ah = SD1I/(1.4xRxT) = 0.6x1.0/(1.4 x 8.0x1.0) = 0.054

For building with T = 1.5 sec IS 1893(Part 1):2002

IS 1893:1984

Sa/g = 1.11 Ah = Z/2.I/R.Sa/g = (0.36/2 )x(1.0/5.0)x1.11 = 0.040
IBC 2003
C = 0.4 and Sa/g = 0.078 SCM: Ah = KCIo = 1.0 x0.4x1.0 x1.0x0.08 = 0.032 RSM: Ah = KIFoSa/g =1.0x1.0x1.0x0.4x0.078 = 0.031
Ah = SD1I/(1.4RT) = 0.6x1.0/(1.4 x 8.0x1.5) = 0.036
Base shear coefficients for four time periods

T (Sec) 0.3 1.0 1.5 2.0 IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 0.09 0.06 0.040 0.03 IS 1893: 1984 SCM 0.08 0.042 0.032 0.024 RSM 0.08 0.044 0.031 0.024 0.089 0.054 0.036 0.0314* IBC2003
* Due to lower bound, this value is higher
Graphical comparison on next slide

Comparison of base shear coefficient (Buildings)

IS 1893(Part 1):2002
IBC 2003 IS 1893:1984; RSM IS 1893:1984; SCM
0.1
0.075
Note the lower bound of IBC
0.05
0.025
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 Time Period (S) 2 2.5 3
We have seen that:
Codes follow similar strategy to obtain design base shear coefficient In similar seismic zones, base shear coefficient for buildings matches reasonably well from these three codes
Similarly, let us compare design base shear coefficients for tanks

From IS1893:1984 and IBC 2003 IS 1893(Part 1):2002 is only for buildings
Hence, cant be used for tanks IS 1893:1984 has provisions for elevated tanks only
Only elevated tanks will be considered
Zone and soil parameters will remain same as those considered for buildings Importance factor for tanks are different than those for buildings
In IBC

I = 1.25 for tanks R = 3.0 for tanks on frame staging (braced legs) R = 2.0 for tanks on shaft or pedestal I = 1.5 for tanks K is not present in the expression for base shear coefficient (implies k=1.0). Hence, base shear coefficient will be same for all types of elevated tanks
In 1893:1984


For tank with T = 0.3 sec IS 1893:1984

I = 1.5, Sa/g = 0.2 Ah = IFoSa/g = 1.0 x 1.5 x 0.4x0.2 = 0.12 This value is common for frame and shaft staging For frame staging, I = 1.25, R = 3.0 Ah = SDSI/(1.4xR) = 1.0 x1.25/(1.4 x 3.0) = 0.298 For shaft staging, I = 1.25, R = 2.0 Ah = SDSI/(1.4xR) = 1.0 x1.25/(1.4 x 2.0) = 0.446
IBC 2003

For tank with T = 1 sec IS 1893:1984

IBC 2003
I = 1.5, Sa/g = 0.11 Ah = IFoSa/g =1.0x1.5x0.4x0.11 = 0.066
For frame staging, I = 1.25, R = 3.0 Ah = SD1I/(1.4xRxT) = 0.6x1.25/(1.4 x 3.0x1.0) = 0.178 For shaft staging, I = 1.25, R = 2.0 Ah = SD1I/(1.4xRxT) = 0.6x1.25/(1.4 x 2.0x1.0) = 0.268
Base shear coefficients for tanks

T (Sec) 0.3 1.0 IS 1893:1984* IBC 2003 Frame staging 0.12 0.066 0.298 0.178 Shaft staging 0.446 0.268
* Base shear coefficient values are common for frame and shaft staging
Graphical comparison on next slide
Comparison of base shear coefficient (Tanks)

0.5
IBC 2003; Tanks on shaft staging

0.4
IBC 2003; Tanks on frame staging

0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5
Time period (S)
IS 1893:1984; All types of elevated tanks
2.5
3
Base shear coefficient for elevated tanks from IS1893:1984 is on much lower side than IBC 2003 IBC value is about 2.5 times for frame staging and 3.5 times for shaft staging than that from IS1893:1984
Recall, for buildings, IS 1893:1984 and IBC have much better comparison
Reason for lower values in IS 1893:1984
IBC uses R = 2.0 and R = 3.0 for tanks as against R = 8.0 for buildings with good ductility IS 1893:1984 uses K = 1.0 for tanks. Same as for buildings with good ductility. Clearly ,elevated tanks do not have same ductility, redundancy and overstrength as buildings.
This is a major limitation of IS 1893:1984
Another limitation of IS 1893:1984
In Lecture 1, we have seen, liquid mass gets divided into impulsive and convective masses IS 1893:1984, does not consider convective mass It assumes entire liquid mass will act as impulsive mass, rigidly attached to wall
In IITK-GSDMA guidelines, these limitations have been removed
Let us now, get back to seismic force evaluation for tanks Design base shear coefficient is to be expressed in terms of parameters of IS 1893(Part 1):2002
Ah = (Z/2). (I/R). Sa/g Z will be governed by seismic zone map of Part 1 I and R for tanks will be different from those for buildings
R depends on ductility, redundancy and overstrength
Sa/g will depend on time period
Impulsive and convective masses will have different time periods

Hence, will have different Sa/g values Procedure for finding time period in next lecture
At the end of Lecture 2

Seismic force = (Ah) X (W) Base shear coefficient, Ah, depends on

Seismic Zone Soil type Structural characteristics Ductility, Redundancy and overstrength
IS 1893:1984 has some serious limitations in design seismic force for tanks

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Lecture 2

January 19, 2006

Seismic force evaluation Procedure in codes Limitations of IS 1893:1984

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006

Seismic force evaluation

During base excitation

Structure is subjected to acceleration Force = mass x acceleration

From Newtons second law

Hence, seismic force acting on structure = Mass x acceleration

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006

Seismic force evaluation

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006

Seismic force evaluation

Seismic force = mass x maximum acceleration

Can be written as:

Force = (maximum acceleration/g) x (mass x g) = (maximum acceleration/g) x W

W is weight of the structure g is acceleration due to gravity

Typically, codes express design seismic force as: V = (Ah) x (W)

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

Seismic force evaluation

Maximum acceleration of structure depends on

Severity of ground motion Soil conditions Structural characteristics

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006

Seismic force evaluation

Base shear coefficient has to ensure this reduction in forces

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006

Seismic force evaluation

Thus, base shear coefficient depends on:

Severity of ground motion Soil condition Structural characteristics Design philosophy

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006

Seismic force evaluation

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006

IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

Ah = (Z/2). (I/R). (Sa/g)

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006

IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006

IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006

IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

Response reduction factor, R

Ductility Redundancy Overstrength

See next slide

Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur

E-Course on Seismic Design of Tanks/ January 2006

IS 1893 (Part 1):2002

Maximum force if structure remains elastic Fel

Total Horizontal Load

Maximum Load Capacity Fy