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1.1 Introduction
In this course you will learn
C and C++ Structured programming and object oriented programming

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1.2
Computer

What is a Computer?

A device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions

Computer programs
Sets of instructions that control a computers processing of data

Hardware
Various devices comprising a computer
Examples: keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CDROM, and processing units

Software
Programs that run a computer
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1.3 Computer Organization

Six logical units in every computer:
Input unit
Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse)

Output unit
Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other devices)

Memory unit
Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information

Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)

Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions

Central processing unit (CPU)

Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer

Secondary storage unit

Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage, stores inactive programs
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1.13 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

Phases of C++ Programs: 1. Edit 2. Preprocess 3. Compile
Editor Disk
Program is created in the editor and stored on disk. Preprocessor program processes the code. Compiler creates object code and stores it on disk. Linker links the object code with the libraries, creates a.out and stores it on disk

Preprocessor

Disk

Compiler

Disk

Linker

Disk
Primary Memory

4. Link
5. Load

Loader
Loader puts program in memory.

Disk

. . . . . .

6. Execute
CPU

Primary Memory CPU takes each instruction and executes it, possibly storing new data values as the program executes.

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. . . . . .

1.14 Hardware Trends

Every year or two computers approximately double
The amount of memory they contain
Memory used to execute programs

The amount of secondary storage they contain

Secondary storage (such as disk storage) is used to to hold programs and data over time

Their processor speeds

The speed at which computers execute their programs

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1.15 History of the Internet

The Internet enables
Quick and easy communication via e-mail International networking of computers

Packet switching
Transfers digital data via small packets Allows multiple users to send and receive data simultaneously

No centralized control
If one part of the Internet fails, other parts can still operate

Bandwidth
Carrying capacity of communications lines

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1.16 History of the World Wide Web

World Wide Web
Allows users to locate and view multimedia-based documents on almost any subject Makes information instantly and conveniently accessible worldwide Makes it possible for individuals and small businesses to get worldwide exposure Is changing the way business is done

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1.17 General Notes About C++ and This Book Book is geared toward novice programmers Programming clarity is stressed C and C++ are portable languages
Programs written in C and C++ can run on many different computers

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1.18 Introduction to C++ Programming

C++ language
Facilitates a structured and disciplined approach to computer program design

Following are several examples

The examples illustrate many important features of C++ Each example is analyzed one statement at a time.

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// Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp // A first program in C++

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Outline
Comments 1. Comments Written between /* and */ or following a //. Improve program readability and do not cause the computer to perform any action. 2. Load <iostream> preprocessor directive 3. main

3 #include <iostream> 4 5 int main() 6 {

7 8 9 10 } return 0; std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n";

Message to the C++ preprocessor. 3.1 Print "Welcome to C++\n" Lines beginning with # are preprocessor directives. #include <iostream> tells theexit preprocessor to 0) 3.2 (return include the contents ofone theor file <iostream> , which C++ programs contain more functions, one of includes input/output which must be main operations (such as printing to Program Output the screen). Parenthesis are used to indicate a function

// indicate that program ended successfully

Welcome to C++!

Prints the string of characters contained between the an integer value. int means that main "returns" quotation marks. More in Chapter 3. return is a way to exit a function from a function. A left brace { begins The entire line, including std::cout , the the << body of every function and a right to brace } ends it. and operator , the C++!\n" return 0, in this case, means thatstring "Welcome the semicolon (;), is called a statement. the program terminated normally. All statements must end with a semicolon.
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1.19 A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text std::cout

Standard output stream object Connected to the screen std:: specifies the "namespace" which cout belongs to
std:: can be removed through the use of using statements

<<
Stream insertion operator Value to the right of the operator (right operand) inserted into output stream (which is connected to the screen) std::cout << Welcome to C++!\n;

\
Escape character Indicates that a special character is to be output
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1.19 A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text

Escape Sequence \n \t \r Description Newline. Position the screen cursor to the beginning of the next line. Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next tab stop. Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the beginning of the current line; do not advance to the next line. Alert. Sound the system bell. Backslash. Used to print a backslash character. Double quote. Used to print a double quote character.

\a \\ \"

There are multiple ways to print text

Following are more examples

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// Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp // Printing a line with multiple statements #include <iostream>

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Outline
1. Load <iostream> 2. main 2.1 Print "Welcome" 2.2 Print "to C++!" 2.3 newline 2.4 exit (return 0) Program Output

4
5 6 7 8 9 10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully int main() { std::cout << "Welcome "; std::cout << "to C++!\n";

11 }

Welcome to C++!

Unless new line '\n' is specified, the text continues on the same line.

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// Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp // Printing multiple lines with a single statement #include <iostream>

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Outline
1. Load <iostream> 2. main

int main() { std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n";

2.1 Print "Welcome"

2.2 newline
2.3 Print "to"

return 0;

// indicate that program ended successfully

2.4 newline 2.5 newline 2.6 Print "C++!" 2.7 newline 2.8 exit (return 0)

10 }

Welcome to C++!

Multiple lines can be printed with one statement.

Program Output

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1.20 Another Simple Program: Adding Two Integers Variables

Location in memory where a value can be stored for use by a program Must be declared with a name and a data type before they can be used Some common data types are:
int - integer numbers char - characters double - floating point numbers

Example: int myvariable;

Declares a variable named myvariable of type int

Example: int variable1, variable2;

Declares two variables, each of type int
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1.20 Another Simple Program: Adding Two Integers >> (stream extraction operator)
When used with std::cin, waits for the user to input a value and stores the value in the variable to the right of the operator The user types a value, then presses the Enter (Return) key to send the data to the computer Example:
int myVariable; std::cin >> myVariable; Waits for user input, then stores input in myVariable

= (assignment operator)
Assigns value to a variable Binary operator (has two operands) Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;
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// Fig. 1.6: fig01_06.cpp

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2 // Addition program
#include <iostream>

Outline
1. Load <iostream>

int main() { int integer1, integer2, sum; std::cout << "Enter first integer\n"; std::cin >> integer1; std::cin >> integer2; sum = integer1 + integer2; // declaration //

2. main 2.1 Initialize variables integer1, prompt integer2 , and sum Notice how std::cin is used to get user input. 2.2 Print "Enter first integer" 2.2.1 Get input

// read an integer // read an integer

std::cout << "Enter second integer\n"; // prompt

// assignment of sum

std::cout << "Sum is " << sum << std::endl; // print sum return 0; //

17 }

Enter first integer 45 Enter second integer 72 Sum is 117

2.3 Print "Enter second integer" indicate that program ended successfully std::endl flushes the buffer and 2.3.1 Get input prints a newline. 2.4 Add variables and put result into sum Variables can be output using std::cout << variableName. 2.5 Print "Sum is" 2.5.1 Output sum 2.6 exit (return 0) Program Output

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1.21 Memory Concepts

Variable names
Correspond to locations in the computer's memory Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value Whenever a new value is placed into a variable, it replaces the previous value - it is destroyed Reading variables from memory does not change them

A visual representation
integer1 45

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