Dynamic

SQL
Moiz Lokhandwala
Business Learning Center

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 Objectives

 SQL Statement Processing

 Binding
 Problem With Static SQL
 Native Dynamic SQL..The Real Hero
 Cursor Overview
 Oracle Supplied Package:- DBMS_SQL
 The Unknown

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 Static SQL Statement Processing

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 Dynamic SQL Statement
Processing

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 Binding In PL\SQL
• Oracle needs values for any variables listed in the statement
for example:-
select empno,ename from emp where id=emp_id;

Oracle needs a value for emp_id. The process of obtaining these values is called
binding variables.

• Compiler assigns storage addresses to program variables that

will hold Oracle data so that Oracle can look up the addresses at
run time.

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 Binding In PL\SQL

• Static Binding
 Binding at compile time, called static or early binding.
 Increases efficiency

• Dynamic Binding
 Binding at run time, called dynamic or late binding.
 Increases flexibility

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 Some Limitations
For Example.

CREATE PROCEDURE create_table AS

BEGIN
CREATE TABLE dept (deptno NUMBER(2), ...); -- illegal Table is undefined until the procedure is executed at
run time.

END;

CREATE PROCEDURE drop_table (table_name IN VARCHAR2) AS

BEGIN
DROP TABLE table_name; -- illegal Table name is unknown until the procedure is executed.
...
END;

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 Limitation
• Static SQL

Can’t Use in PL\SQL Directly

• Data definition language (DDL) statements, such as CREATE, DROP, GRANT, and REVOKE.

• Session control language (SCL) statements, such as ALTER SESSION and SET ROLE.
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 Overcoming Limitation
• Dynamic SQL

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 Static SQL
• Static SQL statements do not change from execution to execution.
• The full text of static SQL statements are known at compilation.

• Provides Benefits
 SQL statements reference valid database objects.
 Necessary privileges are in place to access the database objects.
 Performance of static SQL is generally better than dynamic SQL.

• Problem With Static SQL

 Full text of the SQL statements may not known.
 Program may accept user input.
 Program may need to complete some processing work to determine the correct course of action

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 One More Example
• Table name is Unknown

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 Techniques

• EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
• DYNAMIC CURSORS
• DBMS_SQL

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 Execute Immediate
The EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement prepares (parses) and immediately
executes a dynamic SQL statement or an anonymous PL/SQL block.
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE dynamic_string
[INTO {define_variable[, define_variable]... | record}]
[USING [IN | OUT | IN OUT] bind_argument
[, [IN | OUT | IN OUT] bind_argument]...]
[{RETURNING | RETURN} INTO bind_argument[, bind_argument]...];

Dynamic_string
String expression that represents a SQL statement or PL/SQL block.
Define_variable
Stores a selected column value. Record is a user-defined or %ROWTYPE record that stores a selected row.
Input bind_argument
An expression whose value is passed to the dynamic SQL statement or PL/SQL block.
Output bind_argument
Variable that stores a value returned by the dynamic SQL statement or PL/SQL block.

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• Into:-
declare
v_emp_sal emp.emp_sal%type;
v_emp_name emp.emp_name%type;
v_emp_id emp.emp_id%type;
begin
Select emp_name,sal into v_emp_name,v_sal from emp where id=v_emp_id;
end;

• Record:-
begin
create record v_emo_rec (id varchar2(10),name varchar2(20));

--catching data into record.

select emp_id_emp_name into v_emp_rec from emp where id=10000;
end;

• Returning …..into :-
declare
v_emp_name emp.emp_name%type;
begin
update emp set sal=sal*0.1 where emp_id=1000 returning emp_name into v_emp_name;
end;

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 Understand through Example.
DECLARE
sql_stmt VARCHAR2(200);
emp_id NUMBER(4) := 7566;
salary NUMBER(7,2);
emp_rec emp%ROWTYPE;
begin
sql_stmt := 'SELECT * FROM emp WHERE empno = :id';

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE sql_stmt INTO emp_rec USING emp_id;

sql_stmt := 'UPDATE emp SET sal = 2000 WHERE empno = :1 RETURNING sal INTO :2';

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE sql_stmt USING emp_id RETURNING INTO salary;

End;

• You can place all bind arguments in the USING clause by default mode is IN.
• The INTO clause specifies the variables or record into which column values are retrieved. For each value
retrieved by the query, there must be a corresponding, type-compatible variable or field in the INTO clause.
• For DML statements that have a RETURNING clause, you can place OUT arguments in the RETURNING
INTO clause without specifying the parameter mode, which, by definition, is OUT.
• At run time, bind arguments replace corresponding placeholders in the dynamic string. So, every
placeholder must be associated with a bind argument in the USING clause and/or RETURNING INTO
clause

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•
The Problem
Function returns column value for a given column name from specified table. ,which passed at
runtime
function F_Get_Emp_Col_Value(table_name,colmn_name,cond_col,cond_value) return varchar2 is
v_out_tx varchar2(4000);
v_sql_tx varchar2(32000);
Begin

v_sql_tx:=' select '||colmn_name|| ' from '||table_name|| ' where '||cond_col||'='||cond_value; -- Use concatenation method
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE v_sql_tx INTO v_out_tx;

return v_out_tx;
end;

• Imagine running the example several times:

f_get_Column_tx('emp','eName','empNo',7896)
f_get_Column_tx('emp','eName','empNo',4564)
f_get_Column_tx('emp','eName','empNo',4546)

• Result:
o SGA is occupied with exactly the same statements.
select eName from emp where empNo=7896
select eName from emp where empNo=4564
select eName from emp where empNo=4546
o CPU time is spent re-parsing exactly the same statement.
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 The Solution
• Use bind variables
o Bind variables CAN only be used to supply values to be passed to SQL code.
o Bind variables are substituted with real values AFTER parsing

function F_Get_Emp_Col_Value(table_name,colmn_name,cond_col,cond_value) return varchar2 is

v_out_tx varchar2(4000);
v_sql_tx varchar2(32000);
Begin

:bind1;
v_sql_tx:=' select '||colmn_name|| ' from '||table_name|| ' where '||cond_col||'='||

--Binding involves the use of placeholders and the USING clause

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE v_sql_tx INTO v_out_tx using cond_value;

return v_out_tx;
end;

• You cannot bind in the names of schema elements (tables, columns, and so on) or chunks
of the SQL statement (such as the WHERE clause). For those parts of your string, you
must use concatenation.

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 Things To Know
• Dynamic SQL does not support any PL/SQL data types.

o Define variables and bind arguments cannot be Booleans or index-by tables.

Exception: You can use RECORD as an output of a dynamic query(in the INTO clause).

• Dynamic SQL does support all Built in and user-defined SQL

data types.
o Define variables and bind arguments can be collections, LOBs, instances of an object
type, and refs.

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 Dynamic SQL: The Real Hero
• Makes it possible to build and process complete SQL and PL/SQL statements as strings at
runtime.

• For example, a reporting application in a data warehouse environment might not know the
exact table name until runtime. These tables might be named according to the starting month
and year of the quarter, for example INV_01_1997, INV_04_1997, INV_07_1997,
INV_10_1997, INV_01_1998, and so on. You can use dynamic SQL in your reporting
application to specify the table name at runtime.

• Within PL/SQL, you can execute any kind of SQL or PL/SQL statement (even data definition
and data control statements) without resorting to cumbersome programmatic approaches.

• Similar to DBMS_SQL, but easier to use.

• Dynamic SQL blends seamlessly into your programs, making them more efficient, readable,
and concise.

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 Traditional Way
• An application that takes an event number and dispatches to a handler for the event. The name of the
handler is in the form EVENT_HANDLER_event_num, where event_num is the number of the event.
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE event_handler_1(param number)
AS
BEGIN
-- process event RETURN;
END;

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE event_handler_2(param number)

AS
BEGIN
-- process event RETURN;
END;

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE event_handler_2(param number)

AS
BEGIN
-- process event RETURN;
END;

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE event_dispatcher (event number, param number)

IS
BEGIN
IF (event = 1) THEN
EVENT_HANDLER_1(param);
ELSIF (event = 2) THEN
EVENT_HANDLER_2(param);
ELSIF (event = 3) THEN
EVENT_HANDLER_3(param);
END IF;
END;
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 Using Execute Immediate
• Using native dynamic SQL, you can write a smaller, more flexible event
dispatcher.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE event_dispatcher (event NUMBER, param NUMBER)

IS
BEGIN

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'BEGIN EVENT_HANDLER_' || to_char(event) || '(:1) ; END; ' USING param;

END;

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 Scenario
The database in this scenario is a company's human resources database (named hr) with the following data model:
• A master table Offices contains the list of all company locations.
Offices
Location
USA
INDIA
KUWAIT

• Multiple emp_location tables contain the employee information, where location is the name of city where the
office is located. For example, a table named emp_houston contains employee information for the company's
Houston office, while a table named emp_boston contains employee information for the company's Boston
office.
EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL DEPTN
1 Sameer Sales- 20000 O
12
2 Kailash Man
Executiv 25000 10
e

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 DDL Operation Using Native
Dynamic SQL
• The EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement can perform DDL operations.
• Truly dynamic SQL occurs when you literally construct the SQL statement from
runtime variable values.
For example, the following procedure adds an office location:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE add_location (loc VARCHAR2)
IS
BEGIN

-- insert new location in master table

INSERT INTO offices VALUES (loc);

-- create an employee information table

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'CREATE TABLE ' || 'emp_' || loc || '( empno NUMBER(4) NOT NULL, ename VARCHAR2(10),
job VARCHAR2(9), sal NUMBER(7,2), deptno
NUMBER(2) )';

END;

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 Single-Row Query Using Native
Dynamic SQL
• The EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement can perform dynamic single-row queries.
You can specify bind variables in the USING clause and fetch the resulting row
into the target specified in the INTO clause of the statement.

• The following function retrieves the number of employees at a particular location performing
a specified job:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_num_of_employees (loc VARCHAR2, job VARCHAR2) RETURN NUMBER
IS
query_str VARCHAR2(1000);
num_of_employees NUMBER;
BEGIN

query_str := 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ' || ' emp_' || loc || ‘ WHERE job = :job_title ';

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE query_str INTO num_of_employees USING job;

RETURN num_of_employees;
END;

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 Dynamic Cursor
Explicit Cursor:-
Table
Cursor C is Select id, name,job from emp
where sal>1000 100 King
AD_PRES
Active Set 101 Kochhar AD_VP
102 De Haan AD_VP
. . .
Cursor 139 Seo ST_CLERK
140 Patel ST_CLERK

No
Yes

DECLARE OPEN FETCH EMPY? CLOSE

• Create a named • Identify the active set
• Return to FETCH if
• Release the active set
• Load the current row rows are found
SQL area into variables
• Test for existing
rows

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 Dynamic Cursor
REF Cursor:-
• A REF CURSOR is basically a data type. A variable created based on such a data type is
generally called a cursor variable. It’s a cursor variable.

• Cursor variables are like C or Pascal pointers, which hold the memory
location (address) of some item instead of the item itself.

• In PL/SQL, a pointer has data type REF, where REF is short for REFERENCE
Therefore, a cursor variable has data type REF CURSOR..

• Cursor always refers to the same query work area, a Cursor variable can
refer to different work areas.

• A cursor is static, A cursor variable is dynamic because it is not tied to a

specific query. You can open a cursor variable for any type-compatible
query.
Define a REF CURSOR type:
TYPE REF_TYPE IS REF CURSOR [return return type]
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 Multiple-Row Query Using Native
Dynamic SQL Dynamic Cursor
• The OPEN-FOR, FETCH, and CLOSE statements can perform dynamic multiple-row queries.

For example, the following procedure lists all of the employees with a particular job at a
specified location.
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE list_employees(loc VARCHAR2, job VARCHAR2)
IS
TYPE cur_typ IS REF CURSOR;
C cur_typ;
query_str VARCHAR2(1000);
emp_name VARCHAR2(20);
emp_num NUMBER;
BEGIN
query_str := 'SELECT ename, empno FROM emp_' || loc || ' WHERE job = :job_title';
-- find employees who perform the specified job
OPEN C FOR query_str USING job;
LOOP
FETCH C INTO emp_name, emp_num;
EXIT WHEN C%NOTFOUND;
-- process row here
END LOOP;
CLOSE C;
END;

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 Things to know

• The code can be passed as a variable/string.

• The variable/string cannot exceed 32K.

• PL/SQL - semicolon at the end; don’t return anything

execute immediate 'begin p_test; end;';

• SQL – no semicolon at the end; must return the result into the variable of
corresponding type (if anything is returned):

execute immediate 'select 1 from dual‘ into a;

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 DBMS_SQL
• Predecessor of native dynamic SQL

• The DBMS_SQL package is a PL/SQL library that offers an API to execute SQL statements
dynamically.

• Programs that use the DBMS_SQL package make calls to this package to perform dynamic
SQL operations.

• The DBMS_SQL package has procedures to open a cursor, parse a cursor, supply binds, and
so on.

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 DBMS_SQL:- Execution Flow
OPEN_CURSOR
PARSE

BIND_VARIABLE
BIND_ARRAY

DEFINE_COLUMN
DEFINE_ARRAY

EXECUTE_AND
_FETCH

COLUMN_VALUE
VARIABLE_VALUE

CLOSE_CURSOR

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 Some Methods Syntax
• OPEN_CURSOR , CLOSE_CURSOR Function:-
Opens a new cursor. When you no longer need this cursor, you must close it explicitly by calling
CLOSE_CURSOR.
Syntax
DBMS_SQL.OPEN_CURSOR RETURN INTEGER;
Returns the cursor ID number of the new cursor

• PARSE Procedure BIND_VARIABLE

Syntax Syntax
DBMS_SQL.PARSE ( c IN INTEGER, statement IN VARCHAR2, DBMS_SQL.BIND_VARIABLE ( c IN
INTEGER, name IN language_flag IN INTEGER) VARCHAR2, value IN <datatype>)
;

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 Some Methods Syntax Cont..
• EXECUTE_AND_FETCH Function
Syntax
DBMS_SQL.EXECUTE_AND_FETCH ( c IN INTEGER, exact IN BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE) RETURN INTEGER;

• The EXECUTE_AND_FETCH function returns the number of rows actually fetched.

• VARIABLE_VALUE Procedure
Syntax
DBMS_SQL.VARIABLE_VALUE ( c IN INTEGER, name IN VARCHAR2, value OUT <datatype>);

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 DBMS_SQL Example

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 DBMS_SQL Example

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 DBMS_SQL Example

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 Native Dynamic SQL Vs DBMS_SQL
Native Dynamic Sql DBMS_SQL
Native dynamic SQL is integrated with SQL The DBMS_SQL package is a PL/SQL library that offers an
API to execute SQL statements dynamically
Native dynamic SQL code is typically more compact and Equivalent code is more lengthy and complex.
readable
Programs that use native dynamic SQL are much faster than The DBMS_SQL package is based on a procedural API and
programs that use the DBMS_SQL package. Typically, native incurs high procedure call and data copy overhead.
dynamic SQL statements perform 1.5 to 3 times better than
equivalent DBMS_SQL calls.

Native Dynamic SQL Supports User-Defined Types The DBMS_SQL package does not support user-defined
objects, collections, and REFs.
Native dynamic SQL is not supported in client-side Programs. DBMS_SQL is Supported in Client-Side Programs

Native Dynamic Sql statements can’t be larger than 32KB. DBMS_SQL Supports SQL Statements Larger than 32KB

Native dynamic SQL prepares a SQL statement each time the DBMS_SQL Lets You Reuse SQL Statements.
statement is used, which typically involves parsing, The PARSE procedure in the DBMS_SQL package parses a
optimization, and plan generation. SQL statement once. After the initial parsing, you can use the
statement multiple times with different sets of bind arguments.

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 The Problem
• It is difficult to build a system that actually
meets the stated requirements.

• It is very difficult to build a system that

doesn’t require massive changes within a
short period of time.

• It is impossible to build a system that will

not be obsolete sooner or later.

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 Unknowns
• What elements are involved?
– Example: The monthly summary table may not exist.
• What should be the search criteria?
– Example: Always one type of Search condition require?

• How you should proceed?

– Example: Is a hash join hint the best option?
• Whether or not you can proceed?
– DDL is still prevented in PL/SQL, isn’t it?

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 Where To Use Dynamic
SQL
• Many types of applications need to use dynamic queries
Example:-

o Applications that allow users to input or choose query search or sorting

criteria at runtime

o Applications that allow users to input or choose optimizer hints at run

time

o Applications that query a database where the data definitions of tables

are constantly changing

o Applications that query a database where new tables are created often

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 Questions & Open
Discussions

Contact Information Please provide your valuable feedback

Moiz Lokhandwala Venkataramana Kolla

Email : moiz Email :

_lokhandwala@satyam.com. Venkataramana_Kolla@satyam.com
Phone:-
Business09393706292.
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