Mycin: cs538 Spring 2004 Jason Walonoski
Mycin: cs538 Spring 2004 Jason Walonoski
Mycin: cs538 Spring 2004 Jason Walonoski
Presentation Outline
History
History
Thesis
Spans a Decade
Research started in 1972 Original implementation completed 1976 Research continues into the 80s
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DIAGNOSIS and Therapy SELECTION Advice for non-expert physicians with time considerations and incomplete evidence on:
Bacterial infections of the blood Expanded to meningitis and other ailments
System Goals
Utility
Be useful, to attract assistance of experts Demonstrate competence Fulfill domain need (i.e. penicillin)
Flexibility
Domain is complex, variety of knowledge types Medical knowledge rapidly evolves, must be easy to maintain K.B.
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Dialogue
Provide coherent explanations (symbolic reasoning paradigm) Allow for real-time K.B. updates by experts
Fast
and Easy
MYCIN Architecture
Physician
Consultation System
Static DB Rules Parameter Properties Context Type Properties Tables, Lists
Explanation System
Q-A System
Consultation System
Performs
Physician
Consultation System
Dynamic DB
Explanation System
Q-A System
Static DB
Diagnosis and Therapy Selection Control Structure reads Static DB (rules) and read/writes to Dynamic DB (patient, context) Linked to Explanations Terminal interface to Physician
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Consultation System
User-Friendly
Features:
Users can request rephrasing of questions Synonym dictionary allows latitude of user responses User typos are automatically fixed
Questions
needed
Static Database
Rules
Physician
Consultation System
Meta-Rules
Templates Rule
Static DB
Dynamic DB
Explanation System
Q-A System
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Production Rules
Represent
rule is completely modular, all relevant context is contained in the rule with explicitly stated premises
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every domain can be represented, requires formalization (EMYCIN) Only small number of simultaneous factors (more than 6 was thought to be unwieldy) IF-THEN formalism is suitable for Expert Knowledge Acquisition and Explanation subsystems
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Judgmental Knowledge
Inexact
(CF) CF are not Probability! Truth of a Hypothesis is measured by a sum of the CFs
Premises and Rules added together Positive sum is confirming evidence Negative sum is disconfirming evidence
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Sub-goals
At
any given time MYCIN is establishing the value of some parameter by sub-goaling Unity Paths: a method to bypass sub-goals by following a path whose certainty is known (CF==1) to make a definite conclusion Wont search a sub-goal if it can be obtained from a user first (i.e. lab data)
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Preview Mechanism
Interpreter
reads rules before invoking them Avoids unnecessary deductive work if the sub-goal has already been tested/determined Ensures self-referencing sub-goals do not enter recursive infinite loops
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Meta-Rules
Alternative
Meta-Rules (continued)
High-order
Impact
(+) Encode Knowledge formerly in the Control Structure (-) Sometimes create murky explanations
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Templates
The
Production Rules are all based on Template structures This aids Knowledge-base expansion, because the system can understand its own representations Templates are updated by the system when a new rule is entered
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Dynamic Database
Patient
Physician
Consultation System
Dynamic DB
Explanation System
Q-A System
Static DB
Data Laboratory Data Context Tree Built by Consultation System Used by Explanation System
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Context Tree
Patient-1 (person)
Culture-1 (curculs)
Culture-2 (curculs)
Operation-1 (opers)
Organism-1 (curorgs)
Organism-2 (curorgs)
Organism-3 (curorgs)
Drug-4 (opdrgs)
Therapy-1 (possther)
Drug-1 (curdrgs)
Drug-2 (curdrgs)
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Therapy Selection
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Therapy Selection
Assigning
Item Numbers
Only hypothesis with organisms deemed significantly likely (CF) are considered Then the most likely (CF) identity of the organisms themselves are determined and assigned an Item Number Each item is assigned a probability of likelihood and probability of sensitivity to drug
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Therapy Selection
Final
Sensitivity Contraindication Screening Using the minimal number of drugs and maximizing the coverage of organisms
Experts
Therapy selection is repeated with previously recommended drugs removed from the list
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Explanation System
Provides
Physician
Consultation System
Dynamic DB
Explanation System
Q-A System
Static DB
reasoning why a conclusion has been made, or why a question is being asked Q-A Module Reasoning Status Checker
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Explanation System
Uses
a trace of the Production Rules for a basis, and the Context Tree, to provide context
Ignores Definitional Rules (CF == 1)
Two
Modules
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Q-A Module
Symbolic
Production Rules are readable Each <predicate function> has an associated translation pattern:
GRID (THE (2) ASSOCIATED WITH (1) IS KNOWN) VAL (((2 1))) PORTAL (THE PORTAL OF ENTRY OF *) PATH-FLORA (LIST OF LIKELY PATHOGENS) i.e. (GRID (VAL CNTXT PORTAL) PATH-FLORA) becomes: The list of likely pathogens associated with the portal of entry of the organism is known.
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rules:
WHY moves up the tree HOW moves down (possibly to untried areas)
Question
is rephrased, and the rule being applied is explained with the translation patterns
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[3.0] This will aid in determining whether ORGANISM-1 is a contaminant. It has already been established that [3.1] the site of CULTURE-1 is blood, and [3.2] the gram stain of ORGANISM-1 is grampos Therefore, if [3.3] penicillinase was added to this blood culture then there is weakly suggestive evidence...
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Consultation System
Dynamic DB
Explanation System
Q-A System
Static DB
Static DB via Dialogue with Experts Dialogue Driven by System Requires minimal training for Experts Allows for Incremental Competence, NOT an All-or-Nothing model
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Knowledge Acquisition
IF-THEN Symbolic logic was found to be easy for experts to learn, and required little training by the MYCIN team When faced with a rule, the expert must either except it or be forced to update it using the education process
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Education Process
1. 2. 3.
Bug is uncovered, usually by Explanation process Add/Modify rules using subset of English by experts Integrating new knowledge into KB
Found to be difficult in practice, requires detection of contradictions, and complex concepts become difficult to express
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Results
Never
implemented for routine clinical use Shown to be competent by panels of experts, even in cases where experts themselves disagreed on conclusions Key Contributions:
Reuse of Production Rules (explanation, knowledge acquisition models) Meta-Level Knowledge Use
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References
Davis, Buchanan, Shortliffe. Production Rules as a Representation for a Knowledge-Based Consultation System. Artificial Intelligence, 1979. William van Melle. The Structure of the MYCIN System. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 1978. Shortliffe. Details of the Consultation System. ComputerBased Medical Consultations: MYCIN, 1976. Jadzia Cendrowska, Max Bramer. Chapter 15?
Major Lessons From this Work William J. Clancey. Details of the Revised Therapy Algorithm. 1977
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