Preliminary Hazard Identification: Session 3

Preliminary Hazard Identification
Session 3
Overview
Preliminary Hazard Identification purpose of PHI identifying sources of hazards problems with PHI (and some clues for good PHI) structured techniques
Energy Trace and Barrier Analysis
PHI exercise
Preliminary Hazard Identification - 2
What is a Hazard?
physical condition that threatens the safety of personnel or the platform a potentially unsafe condition resulting from failures, malfunctions, external events, errors, or a combination thereof ARP 4761 a situation that could occur during the lifetime of a product, system or plant that has the potential for human injury, damage to property, damage to the environment (or economic loss) BS 4778
Purpose of PHI
PHI is looking for top (platform) level situations which expose people or environment to potential harm, through
what system is what it does where it is how it is used
System Concept Hazard Identification Review Initial Hazard List Preliminary Analysis (Risk Assessments etc)
For (sub-)system suppliers need to confirm earlier analyses consider effects of decisions at this level
e.g. choice of technology
PHI Hazard Sources

Hazards are identified at PHI by a number of means Experience PHI phase is usually a collation / filtering exercise on
data from:
previous projects (review hazard logs) similar systems / technologies (domain knowledge) accidents / incidents (lessons learned) perhaps variations for new technologies (unstable aircraft?)
Checklists
comprehensive or short prompt lists NB usually prompt with causes which must be interpreted
Brainstorming
expert knowledge, creative thinking structured techniques
e.g. Energy Trace & Barrier Analysis
PHI Simple Checklist 1

Hazardous materials Explosives Propellants Corrosives Fuels Asphyxiants
Toxic substances Environment Weather Vibration Noise
Lightning
Temperature

Energy sources
Mechanical energy
Kinetic Potential
Pressure
Heat RF radiation Electrical

Human interactions / processes (Prompts to consider exposure, and ways humans can place system in hazardous state) Assembly Operation Maintenance Disposal Testing Training Life support / Safety equipment
Example Car Hazards

Preliminary Hazard List for car might include hazards derived from Components and materials
Fuel flammable Brake linings asbestos Brake fluid toxic, corrosive, flammable
Energy sources
Movement Hot engine / exhaust / radiator H.T. Electrical system
Human interactions
Driving (control) Servicing
Problems with Hazard Identification 1

Is car brakes overheat a hazard?
real hazards are loss of braking, fire
Dont confuse causes with hazards

beware that checklists prompt with causes as well as hazards
Do ensure you think big situation identified merely a specific instance of a more generic hazard?
but balanced against need for sensible action / tracking e.g. Loss of controllability is hazardous but need to break down into smaller, systems-related hazards for manageability: Braking
loss of all braking uncommanded braking
Steering
loss of steering control over- or under-steer ...
What is a Hazard revisited

There is a causal chain from causes to accidents Hazards may be defined at any level :
Root Causes
Hazards
Accidents
BUT essential to select right level:

Hazards are properties (states) of entire system Too low (common fault) too many hazards not system properties expensive (impossible) to track may lead to over-engineering Too high (rare fault) hard to ensure complete management
What is a Hazard some clues

A hazard is a situation which, unless mitigated can develop into an accident through a sequence of normal events and actions last decision point accident not inevitable
though it may be very probable
no further abnormal events required to cause accident

is the risk associated with a situation something a reasonable man would worry about? is this the boundary of my control over situation?
may need to treat as hazard even if it does not meet other criteria
A hazard is a situation which, if uncontrolled, would present an unacceptable risk of an accident Hazards occur at interfaces
Problems with Hazard Identification 2

Lack of review
Hazards from quarrying operations H001 Incorrect handling of explosives H002 Child trespass H003 Leakage of harmful substances H004 Placing explosives when not authorised H005 Lack of security around quarry H006 Flying debris from explosions H007 ... Adult trespass ...
keep identified hazards at similar level sorting list can help understanding, especially giving confidence in completeness
Energy Trace and Barrier Analysis 1

Definition of accident given previously: unintended event or sequence of events leading to harm death, injury, environmental or material damage
defines accident in terms of its effects
Alternative definition of an accident: the unintended or uncontrolled transfer or release of energy

defines accident in terms of its process e.g. a trip-and-fall accident potential energy (person standing upright) converted into kinetic energy
Family of similar techniques which use identification of energies in system (and intended containment) for HI
Energy Trace and Barrier Analysis 2

All energy sources in a system are considered as potential hazard sources Actual hazards arise when
Energy can directly affect a vulnerable target or Conversion of energy from one form to another can affect a target
or
Barriers fail
A barrier is any mechanism which is meant to contain energy control the transfer or flow of energy protect vulnerable targets
Checklists help to prompt methodical investigation

ETBA Procedure
Define system Checklist Document and repeat Checklist Define planned barriers to control flows Checklist Consider barrier problems Consider energy converter problems Identify effects on targets
Select energy type
Where does it enter system? Where will it do work? How will it exit system?
Identify vulnerable targets
Sample Energy Checklist

(1) Electrical
AC or DC current flows Stored electrical energy / discharges Electromagnetic emissions Induced voltages / currents Control voltages / currents
(2) Mass / gravity / height

Trips and falls Falling / dropped objects Suspended objects
(3)Rotational kinetic
Rotating machinery / gears / wheels / shafts ...
ETBA Example
Energies
Objects at height High-pressure hydraulics Batteries (stored electrical energy) Vehicle movement
Barriers
Safety cage
Armoured hoses
Insulation Audible and visual warnings
ETBA Example 2 - Hazards

From list of energies and barriers in previous slide, hazards we might consider include: Crates or pallets falling on staff Release of contents of crates after fall / breakage High-pressure hydraulic escape Electrocution / electric shock Crushing / trapping by moving parts of forklift Failure of forklift warning devices and there are many more, if analysis is thorough
Note that review (and sorting) of identified hazards is still necessary - the list above is inconsistent in level, and not in meaningful order

Preliminary Hazard Identification: Session 3

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Preliminary Hazard Identification

Preliminary Hazard Identification - 2

Preliminary Hazard Identification - 3

what system is what it does where it is how it is used

PHI Hazard Sources

Preliminary Hazard Identification - 5

PHI Simple Checklist 1

Toxic substances Environment Weather Vibration Noise

Preliminary Hazard Identification - 6

PHI Simple Checklist 2

Heat RF radiation Electrical

Preliminary Hazard Identification - 7

PHI Simple Checklist 3

Preliminary Hazard Identification - 8

Example Car Hazards

Problems with Hazard Identification 1

Dont confuse causes with hazards

Preliminary Hazard Identification - 10

What is a Hazard revisited

BUT essential to select right level:

What is a Hazard some clues

no further abnormal events required to cause accident

Preliminary Hazard Identification - 12

Problems with Hazard Identification 2

Energy Trace and Barrier Analysis 1

Alternative definition of an accident: the unintended or uncontrolled transfer or release of energy

Energy Trace and Barrier Analysis 2

Checklists help to prompt methodical investigation

Select energy type

Identify vulnerable targets

Preliminary Hazard Identification - 16

Sample Energy Checklist

(2) Mass / gravity / height

Preliminary Hazard Identification - 18

ETBA Example 2 - Hazards

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