Deadlocks

Understanding Operating Systems Fifth Edition
Chapter 5 Process Management
Learning Objectives
Several causes of system deadlock The difference between preventing and avoiding deadlocks How to detect and recover from deadlocks The concept of process starvation and how to detect and recover from it The concept of a race and how to prevent it The difference between deadlock, starvation, and race
Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition
Deadlock
Resource sharing
Memory management and processor sharing
Many programs competing for limited resources Lack of process synchronization consequences
Deadlock: deadly embrace
Two or more jobs placed in HOLD state Jobs waiting for unavailable vital resource System comes to standstill Resolved via external intervention
Starvation
Infinite postponement of job
Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition 3
Deadlock (continued)
More serious than starvation Affects entire system
Affects more than one job
Not just a few programs
All system resources become unavailable
Example: traffic jam (Figure 5.1) More prevalent in interactive systems Real-time systems
Deadlocks quickly become critical situations
No simple and immediate solution

Deadlock (continued)
Seven Cases of Deadlock

Nonsharable/nonpreemptable resources
Allocated to jobs requiring same type of resources
Resource types locked by competing jobs

File requests Databases Dedicated device allocation Multiple device allocation Spooling Disk sharing Network
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Case 1: Deadlocks on File Requests

Jobs request and hold files for execution duration Example (Figure 5.2)
Two programs (P1, P2) and two files (F1, F2) Deadlock sequence
P1 has access to F1 and also requires F2 P2 has access to F2 and also requires F1
Deadlock remains
Until one program withdrawn or Until one program forcibly removed and file released
Other programs requiring F1 or F2

Put on hold for duration of situation
Case 1: Deadlocks on File Requests (continued)
Case 2: Deadlocks in Databases

Two processes access and lock database records Locking
Technique
One user locks out all other users Users working with database
Three locking levels

Entire database for duration of request Subsection of database Individual record until request completed
Case 2: Deadlocks in Databases (continued)

Example: two processes (P1 and P2)
Each needs to update two records (R1 and R2) Deadlock sequence
P1 accesses R1 and locks it P2 accesses R2 and locks it P1 requests R2 but locked by P2 P2 requests R1 but locked by P1
Race between processes

Results when locking not used Causes incorrect final version of data Depends on process execution order
Case 2: Deadlocks in Databases (continued)
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Case 3: Deadlocks in Dedicated Device Allocation

Limited number of dedicated devices Example
Two programs (P1, P2)
Need two tape drives each Only two tape drives in system
Deadlock sequence
P1 requests tape drive 1 and gets it P2 requests tape drive 2 and gets it P1 requests tape drive 2 but blocked P2 requests tape drive 1 but blocked
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Case 4: Deadlocks in Multiple Device Allocation

Several processes request and hold dedicated devices Example (Figure 5.4)
Three programs (P1, P2, P3) Three dedicated devices (tape drive, printer, plotter) Deadlock sequence
P1 requests and gets tape drive P2 requests and gets printer P3 requests and gets the plotter P1 requests printer but blocked P2 requests plotter but blocked P3 requests tape drive but blocked
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Case 4: Deadlocks in Multiple Device Allocation (continued)
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Case 5: Deadlocks in Spooling

Virtual device
Dedicated device made sharable Example
Printer: high-speed disk device between printer and CPU
Spooling
Process
Disk accepts output from several users Acts as temporary storage for output Output resides in disk area until printer accepts job data
Case 5: Deadlocks in Spooling (continued)

Deadlock sequence
Printer needs all job output before printing begins
Spooling system fills disk space area No one job has entire print output in spool area Results in partially completed output for all jobs Results in deadlock
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Case 6: Deadlocks in a Network

No network protocols controlling network message flow Example (Figure 5.5)
Seven computers on network
Each on different nodes
Direction of arrows
Indicates message flow
Deadlock sequence
All available buffer space fills
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Case 6: Deadlocks in a Network (continued)
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Case 7: Deadlocks in Disk Sharing

Competing processes send conflicting commands
Scenario: disk access
Example (Figure 5.6)

Two processes Each process waiting for I/O request
One at cylinder 20 and one at cylinder 310
Deadlock sequence
Neither I/O request satisfied Device puts request on hold while attempting to fulfill other request for each request
Livelock results
Case 7: Deadlocks in Disk Sharing (continued)
20
Conditions for Deadlock

Four conditions simultaneously occurring prior to deadlock or livelock
Mutual exclusion Resource holding No preemption Circular wait
All needed by operating system

Must recognize simultaneous occurrence of four conditions
Resolving deadlock
Removal of one condition
Conditions for Deadlock (continued)

Mutual exclusion
Allowing only one process access to dedicated resource
Resource holding
Holding resource and not releasing it Waiting for other job to retreat
No preemption
Lack of temporary reallocation of resources
22
Conditions for Deadlock (continued)

Circular wait
Each process involved in impasse
Waiting voluntarily resource release by another so at least one can continue
All four required for deadlock occurrence Deadlock remains until one condition removed
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Modeling Deadlocks
Directed graphs
Circles represent processes Squares represent resources Solid arrow from resource to process
Process holding resource
Solid arrow from a process to resource

Process waiting for resource
Arrow direction indicates flow Cycle in graph

Deadlock involving processes and resources
Modeling Deadlocks (continued)
25

Three graph scenarios to help detect deadlocks
System has three processes (P1, P2, P3) System has three resources (R1, R2, R3)
Scenario one: no deadlock

Resources released before next process request
Scenario two: deadlock

Processes waiting for resource held by another
Scenario three: no deadlock

Resources released before deadlock
26

No deadlock
Resources released before next process request
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28

Deadlock
Processes waiting for resource held by another
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30

No deadlock
Resources released before deadlock
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32

Another example
Resources of same type Allocated individually or grouped in same process
Graph clusters devices into one entity
Allocated individually or grouped in different process

Graph clusters devices into one entity
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Strategies for Handling Deadlocks

Prevention
Prevent occurrence of one condition
Mutual exclusion, resource holding, no preemption, circular wait
Avoidance
Avoid deadlock if it becomes probable
Detection
Detect deadlock when it occurs Recover gracefully
Recovery
Resume system normalcy quickly and gracefully
Strategies for Handling Deadlocks (continued)

Prevention eliminates one of four conditions
Complication: every resource cannot be eliminated from every condition Mutual exclusion
Some resources must allocate exclusively Bypassed if I/O device uses spooling
Resource holding
Bypassed if jobs request every necessary resource at creation time Multiprogramming degree significantly decreased Idle peripheral devices

Prevention (continued)
No preemption
Bypassed if operating system allowed to deallocate resources from jobs Okay if job state easily saved and restored Not accepted to preempt dedicated I/O device or files during modification
Circular wait
Bypassed if operating system prevents circle formation Use hierarchical ordering scheme Requires jobs to anticipate resource request order Difficult to satisfy all users
37

Avoidance: use if condition cannot be removed
System knows ahead of time
Sequence of requests associated with each active process
Dijkstras Bankers Algorithm

Regulates resources allocation to avoid deadlock
No customer granted loan exceeding banks total capital All customers given maximum credit limit No customer allowed to borrow over limit Sum of all loans will not exceed banks total capital
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Operating systems deadlock avoidance assurances
Never satisfy request if job state moves from safe to unsafe
Identify job with smallest number of remaining resources Number of available resources => number needed for selected job to complete Block request jeopardizing safe state
43

Problems with the Bankers Algorithm
Jobs must state maximum number needed resources Requires constant number of total resources for each class Number of jobs must remain fixed Possible high overhead cost incurred Resources not well utilized
Algorithm assumes worst case
Scheduling suffers
Result of poor utilization Jobs kept waiting for resource allocation

Detection: build directed resource graphs
Look for cycles
Algorithm detecting circularity

Executed whenever appropriate
Detection algorithm
Remove process using current resource and not waiting for one Remove process waiting for one resource class
Not fully allocated
Go back to step 1
Repeat steps 1 and 2 until all connecting lines removed
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Recovery
Deadlock untangled once detected System returns to normal quickly
All recovery methods have at least one victim Recovery methods

Terminate every job active in system
Restart jobs from beginning
Terminate only jobs involved in deadlock

Ask users to resubmit jobs
Identify jobs involved in deadlock

Terminate jobs one at a time

Recovery methods (continued)
Interrupt jobs with record (snapshot) of progress Select nondeadlocked job
Preempt its resources Allocate resources to deadlocked process
Stop new jobs from entering system

Allow nondeadlocked jobs to complete Releases resources when complete No victim
49

Factors to consider
Select victim with least-negative effect on the system Most common
Job priority under consideration: high-priority jobs usually untouched CPU time used by job: jobs close to completion usually left alone Number of other jobs affected if job selected as victim Jobs modifying data: usually not selected for termination (a database issue)
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Starvation
Job execution prevented
Waiting for resources that never become available Results from conservative resource allocation
Example
The dining philosophers by Dijkstra
Starvation avoidance
Implement algorithm tracking how long each job waiting for resources (aging) Block new jobs until starving jobs satisfied
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Starvation (continued)
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Starvation (continued)
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Summary
Operating system
Dynamically allocates resources Avoids deadlock and starvation
Four methods for dealing with deadlocks

Prevention, avoidance, detection, recovery
Prevention
Remove simultaneous occurrence of one or more conditions System will become deadlock-free Prevention algorithms
Complex algorithms and high execution overhead
Summary (continued)
Avoid deadlocks
Clearly identify safe and unsafe states Keep reserve resources to guarantee job completion Disadvantage
System not fully utilized
No prevention support
System must detect and recover from deadlocks
Detection relies on selection of victim
55

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Understanding Operating Systems Fifth Edition

Chapter 5 Process Management

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

All system resources become unavailable

No simple and immediate solution

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Seven Cases of Deadlock

Resource types locked by competing jobs

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Case 1: Deadlocks on File Requests

Other programs requiring F1 or F2

Case 1: Deadlocks on File Requests (continued)

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Case 2: Deadlocks in Databases

Three locking levels

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Case 2: Deadlocks in Databases (continued)

Race between processes

Case 2: Deadlocks in Databases (continued)

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Case 3: Deadlocks in Dedicated Device Allocation

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Case 4: Deadlocks in Multiple Device Allocation

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Case 4: Deadlocks in Multiple Device Allocation (continued)

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Case 5: Deadlocks in Spooling

Case 5: Deadlocks in Spooling (continued)

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Case 6: Deadlocks in a Network

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Case 6: Deadlocks in a Network (continued)

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Case 7: Deadlocks in Disk Sharing

Example (Figure 5.6)

Case 7: Deadlocks in Disk Sharing (continued)

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Conditions for Deadlock

All needed by operating system

Conditions for Deadlock (continued)

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Conditions for Deadlock (continued)

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Solid arrow from a process to resource

Arrow direction indicates flow Cycle in graph

Modeling Deadlocks (continued)

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Modeling Deadlocks (continued)

Scenario one: no deadlock

Scenario two: deadlock

Scenario three: no deadlock

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Modeling Deadlocks (continued)

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Modeling Deadlocks (continued)

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition

Modeling Deadlocks (continued)

Understanding Operating Systems, Fifth Edition