The document provides an overview of measurement units and concepts in chemistry. It introduces the irrational Imperial system of units and the rational metric/SI system. Key concepts covered include dimensional analysis, precision vs. accuracy, rules for significant figures, and applying significant figures to calculations. The document aims to establish best practices for measurement and calculation using the correct units in chemistry.
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The document provides an overview of measurement units and concepts in chemistry. It introduces the irrational Imperial system of units and the rational metric/SI system. Key concepts covered include dimensional analysis, precision vs. accuracy, rules for significant figures, and applying significant figures to calculations. The document aims to establish best practices for measurement and calculation using the correct units in chemistry.
The document provides an overview of measurement units and concepts in chemistry. It introduces the irrational Imperial system of units and the rational metric/SI system. Key concepts covered include dimensional analysis, precision vs. accuracy, rules for significant figures, and applying significant figures to calculations. The document aims to establish best practices for measurement and calculation using the correct units in chemistry.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
The document provides an overview of measurement units and concepts in chemistry. It introduces the irrational Imperial system of units and the rational metric/SI system. Key concepts covered include dimensional analysis, precision vs. accuracy, rules for significant figures, and applying significant figures to calculations. The document aims to establish best practices for measurement and calculation using the correct units in chemistry.
Copyright:
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CHY 102
Introduction to Chemistry Lecture 1: Measurement
Systme Internationale Units Dimensional Analysis Uncertainty in Measurements
Self Study (Review)
1.1 Atoms and Molecules 1.2 The Scientific Method Know the terms in bold print
1.3 Description of Matter
States of matter (solids, liquids, gases) Pure substances and mixtures elements, compounds, and mixtures separation of mixtures
Irrational System of Units
Inch: 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, etc; Milesium = 1/1000 in. Foot: 12 inches; 3 ft = 1 yard Stat. Mile: 5280 feet; naut. mile = 1.151 stat. miles Pound (avoirdupois): 16 adp. oz., 256 drams, 7000 grains Pound (troy): 12 troy oz., 5760 grains Acre: 43,560 ft2 (66 ft x 660 ft) Ton: short ton 2000 lbs.; long ton 2200 lbs. Pint: Brit. pint 20 Brit. fl. oz; Amer. 16 U.S. fl. oz. Horsepower: 550 ft-lb/s
Metric System and SI
The metric system was invented by scientists who wanted a rational system of units for use in scientific measurements. Originally based on measurements of the earth and the properties of gases and liquid water. Systme International (SI, aka mks): a consistent set of metric units for which base units include the metre, kg and second. (In the cgs system--also metric, used in Britain-units are derived from cm, gram, and second.)
The Metre: SI Unit of Length
The metre was originally (late 1700s) based on measurements of the earth: 1 metre = 1 ten-millionth of the distance along the prime meridian from the north pole to the equator. (New definition: the distance light travels in a vacuum in 3.335 640 95 ns.)
Volume and Mass
The SI unit of volume is the cubic metre (m3). 0.1 m It is not a convenient measure of milk from the grocers. The litre (L) is a derived 1.00 L volume unit, equivalent to a cube that is 0.1m x 0.1m x 0.1m = 10-3 m3. {It is not SI.} The kilogram (kg) was originally defined as the mass of 1 L of pure water at 4C. 0.1 m
The Kelvin Temperature Scale
Based on measurements of gas volumes with temperature at constant pressure. Isobars all intersected Charles's Law Behaviour of Gases the temperature axis 1.00 bar at -273C (absolute 80 70 zero). 60 50 K and C scales are 40 2.00 bar 30 identical except for 4.00 bar 20 10 a 273.15 offset. 0 -300 -200 -100 0
Derived SI Units e.g. What is the SI unit of momentum? We know that r = mv. v = speed = change in distance per unit time Base unit of distance is m, time is s; SI unit of v = ms-1 m = mass; base unit is kg Hence, the SI unit of momentum is kgms-1 Show that a kgms-1 is the same as a Ns
Derived SI Units What is the SI unit of density? Density = (mass)/(volume) SI unit of mass is kg SI unit of volume is m3 SI unit of density is kg/m3 Show that kgm-3 is numerically equivalent to gL-1, mgcm-3, or mgmL-1
Why Is This Important?
Solving Problems with SI Units
(0) Read the question carefully. (1) Decide on an approach (choose equation). (2) Convert all given quantities to SI units. (3) Substitute all converted values WITH UNITS into equation. Make sure that dimensional analysis gives reasonable final units. (4) Enter numbers into calculator and crunch. (5) Convert answer to units required by question (if necessary).
Example What is the pressure in bar of 1.30 mol of ideal gas at 25C in a 1.62 L vessel? (1) Decide on approach: Ideal gas law PV = nRT R = gas constant = 8.31441 J K-1mol-1 (SI)
(2) Convert Units to SI n = 1.30 mol (already SI) T = t(K/C) + 273.15 K = 298.15 K V = (1.62 L)x(10-3 m3/L) = 1.62 x 10-3 m3 (3) Enter Values WITH UNITS P = nRT/V = (1.30 mol)(8.31441 J K-1mol-1) (298.15 K) (1.62x10-3 m3) = 1.99 x106 J m-3 = 1.99 x 106 Nmm-3 = 1.99 x106 Nm-2 = 1.99 x 106 Pa
The answer should be in Pa because Pa is the SI unit of pressure, and we used SI units throughout calculation.
Carrying the units through is a good check of the method. (4) Convert to desired units (bar) 1 bar = 105 Pa
P = (1.99 x 106 Pa)x(1 bar)/(105 Pa)
= 19.9 bar (Final answer)
Dimensional Analysis The conversion of units in steps 2, 3, and 4 is referred to as dimensional analysis. I recommend two levels of dimensional analysis: Conversion of quantities given to SI units BEFORE beginning the calculation Dimen. analysis during calculation as a check The two levels builds redundancy into your calculation. This will help you to avoid silly errors. Remember: the tests in this course are multiple choice--accuracy counts!
Example The work of expansion, w, when a gas expands by an amount, V, against a constant external pressure, Pext, is w = - Pext V where negative values indicate work done on the surroundings. cylinder Pext piston release constraint
gas
What is the work of expansion (in joules) when a volume of gas increases from 2.00 L to 5.00 L under a constant pressure of 3.55 atm?
No units for given quantities or for answer No consideration of significant figures No thought about dimensional analysis at all
INCORRECT!
The Right Way
Convert units to SI Pext = (3.55 atm) (101 325 Pa/atm) = 3.597 x 105 Pa V = Vf - Vi = 5.00 L - 2.00 L = 3.00 L = (3.00 L)x(1 m3/1000 L) = 3.00 x 10-3 m3 Substitute values WITH UNITS w = - Pext V = -(3.597 x 105 Pa)(3.00 x 10-3 m3) = - 1.08 x 103 Pam3 = - 1.08 x 103 Nm-2m3 = - 1.08 x 103 Nm = - 1.08 x 103 J
Conversion factors are equivalent to multiplying by 1
e.g. Convert 8.00 inch-lbs into Nm:
2.54 cm 1m 4.44822 N 8.00 in lb 1 in 100 cm 1 lb
= 0.904 Nm Notes: (1) Converting units does not change the quantity, only its appearance. (2) The precision in the 1st and 2nd conversion factors is infinite. (3) The precision in the answer is 3 figures because of 8.00.
Precision and Accuracy
Precision: is a measure of reproducibility of a measurement. Accuracy: is a measure of the deviation from the true value of a measurement. A measurement can be precise without being accurate, but not the other way around.
Example: measurement of a 5.000 ppm solution of Zn by 3 methods
Significant Figures ALL MEASUREMENTS ARE APPROXIMATE The number of digits in a measurement indicates the precision of the measurement. e.g. The value 2.5 g implies 2.5 0.1 g; 2.50 g implies 2.50 0.01 g; etc.
Knowing which digits in a reported value are significant is essential to doing calculations: A calculated value cannot have higher precision than the measurements used to produce it. Scientists and engineers who report more figures than are significant look foolish to their colleagues.
Exact Numbers NOT ALL NUMBERS USED IN CALCULATIONS ARE MEASUREMENTS Counting numbers e.g. If you have 2 shoes, the 2 has no error
Defined scalar quantities
The value of a dime is exactly 10 cents
Defined conversion factors
There are exactly 2.54 cm per inch There are exactly 101 325 Pa per atm
Rules for Significant Figures
(1) All non-zero digits in a value are significant. (2) Zeros between 2 sig. figs are significant. (3) Zeros at the end of a value after the decimal place are significant; e.g. 0.200 has 3 sig. figs. (4) Leading zeros are not significant; e.g. 0.00200 has 3 significant figures. (5) Zeros at the end of a value with no decimal place are ambiguous. Best to write these numbers in scientific notation; e.g. 13,700 has either 3, 4, or 5 sig. figs, but 1.370 x 104 has 4 sig. figs.
Examples Value Significant Figures 1.010 x 103 m2 4: rules 2 & 3 1 010 m2 1 010.0 m2 1.000 x 103 m2 103 m2 0.0001 m2
3, maybe 4: rules 2 and 5
5: rules 2 & 3 4: rule 3 0: exponents are not significant 1: rule 4
Sig. Figs and Calculations
Multiplication and Division: The result is reported with the same number of significant digits as appear in the measurement with the fewest significant digits. e.g. (0.234 m)x(10.01 m) = 2.3423 m2 = 2.34 m2
Addition and Subtraction:
The result is reported with the precision of the least precise measurement. e.g. 10.01 m + 0.234 m = 10.244 m = 10.24 m
Examples 1. V = (1.15 m)(6.01 m)(22.0 m) + (32.0 m3) = 152.053 m3 + 32.0 m3 = (a) 184 m3 (b) 184.1 m3 (c) 1.8 x 102 m3? ANS: (a) 184 m3 Three significant figures: 1st term = 152 m3. Significant figures follow rules of order of operations.
Examples 2. (1.339 m)x(6.80 m)x(0.016 m) + 38 L = 0.145 683 2 m3 + (38 L)x(10-3 m3/L) = 0.145 683 2 m3 + 0.038 m3 = (a) 0.1837 m3 (b) 0.184 m3 (c) 0.18 m3? ANS: (c) 0.18 m3 Two sig. figs because 0.016 m has two figures. Terms are additive only if they have the same units.
Rules for Rounding Off
ONLY ROUND OFF AT THE END OF A CALCULATION If the numeral to the right of the last significant figure is < 5, then rounding is not required; the value is simply truncated: e.g. 6.02249 N = 6.022 N
If the numeral to the right of the last sig. fig. is 5, then round up: e.g. 6.02157 N = 6.022 N
Summary Review 1.1-1.8 Metric System and SI base units and derived units prefixes dimensional analysis
Precision and Accuracy
rules for significant figures rules for sig. figs in calculations rounding off
