Local Area Networks - Internetworking

Local Area Networks Internetworking
Internetworking devices
Increasing power and complexity Hubs Bridges Switches Routers
Why Interconnect?
To separate / connect one corporate division with another. To connect two LANs with different protocols. To connect a LAN to the Internet. To break a LAN into segments to relieve traffic congestion. To provide a security wall between two different types of users. To connect WLAN to LAN
Introduction
Many times it is necessary to connect a LAN to another LAN or to a WAN.
Computers within a LAN are often connected using a hub
LAN to LAN connections are often performed with a bridge.

Segments of a LAN are usually connected using a switch. LAN to WAN connections are usually performed with a router.
Hubs
A hub interconnects two or more workstations into a local area network. When a workstation transmits to a hub, the hub immediately resends the data frame to all connecting links. Hubs expand one Ethernet connection into many. For example, a four-port hub connects up to four machines
Hubs
Bridge
A bridge connects networks and forwards
frames from one network to another.

PORTS A B BRIDGE E F
Selective Forwarding
A B
BRIDGE C D G H
If A sends a frame to E - the frame must be
forwarded by the bridge. If A sends a frame to B - there is no reason to forward the frame.
Bridge Database
The bridge needs a database that
contains information about which hosts are on which network. The realistic options are:
The system administrator can create and
maintain the database. The bridge can acquire the database on the fly. Some loss of efficiency
Bridge interconnecting two identical LANs
10
A bridge interconnecting two dissimilar LANs
11
Learning the host mapping

The bridge forwards packets for which it does not
know network destination. Every time the bridge forwards a packet it records the network on which the sender is located.
12
Transparent Bridges
A transparent bridge does not need programming but observes all traffic and builds routing tables from this observation. This observation is called backward learning. Each bridge has two connections (ports) and there is a routing table associated with each port. A bridge observes each frame that arrives at a port, extracts the source address from the frame, and places that address in the ports routing table.
A transparent bridge is found with CSMA/CD LANs.
13
Source-routing Bridges
A source-routing bridge is found with token ring networks. Source-routing bridges do not learn from watching tables. When a workstation wants to send a frame, it must know the exact path of network / bridge If a workstation does not know the exact path, it sends out a discovery frame. The discovery frame makes its way to the final destination, then as it returns, it records the path.
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Remote Bridges
A remote bridge is capable of passing a data frame from one local area network to another when the two LANs are separated by a long distance and there is a wide area network connecting the two LANs. A remote bridge takes the frame before it leaves the first LAN and encapsulates the WAN headers and trailers. When the packet arrives at the destination remote bridge, that bridge removes the WAN headers and trailers leaving the original frame.
15
Bridges vs Routers
Bridge: A bridge is a device that connects two segments of the same network. The two networks being connected can be alike or dissimilar. Bridges are protocolindependent. They simply forward packets without analyzing and rerouting messages.
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Router: A router is a device that connects two distinct networks. Routers are similar to bridges, but provide additional functionality, such as the ability to filter messages and forward them to different places based on various criteria. The Internet uses routers extensively to forward packets from one host to another.
Switches
A switch is a combination of a hub and a bridge. It can interconnect two or more workstations, but like a bridge, it observes traffic flow and learns. When a frame arrives at a switch, the switch examines the destination address and forwards the frame out the one necessary connection.
17
Switches
Major role: isolating traffic patterns and providing multiple access. This design is usually done by the network manager.
Switches are easy to install and have components that are hotswappable.
18
Switches
The backplane of a switch is fast enough to support multiple data transfers at one time. Multiple workstations connected to a switch use dedicated segments. This is a very efficient way to isolate heavy users from the network.
19
Switches vs routers
Switches are considered layer-two devices, using MAC addresses to
forward frames to their proper destination. Routers, layer-three devices, are much more complex, using microprocessor-based circuitry to route packets between networks based on their IP address. Routers provide the following services: route discovery; selection of the best route to a destination; adaptation to changes in the network; translation from one technology to another, such as Ethernet to token ring; packet filtering based on IP address, protocol, or UDP/TCP port number; and connection to a WAN.
Because of the additional processing required for each packet, a router
20
has a higher latency than a switch. In addition, a router requires an initial set-up sequence, in which the ports are programmed and certain protocols and characteristics are enabled or disabled. A switch may be simply plugged into the network, automatically learning how to forward frames as the network is used. Note that some protocols (e.g., NetBEUI) cant be routed; instead, they will pass through a switch. Finally, switches are used within networks to forward local traffic intelligently. Routers are used between networks to route packets between networks in the most efficient manner.
Workstations connected to a shared segment of a LAN
21
Workstations connected to a dedicated segment of a LAN
22
A Switch with Two Servers Allowing Simultaneous Access to Each Server
23
A server with two NICs and two connections to a switch
24
A pair of remote bridges and switch combination designed to isolate network traffic
25
Switch providing multiple access to an e-mail server
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Full Duplex Switches
A full duplex switch allows for simultaneous transmission and reception of data to and from a workstation. This full duplex connection helps to eliminate collisions.
To support a full duplex connection to a switch, two sets of wires are necessary - one for the receive operation and one for the transmit operation.
27
Full duplex connection of workstations to a LAN switch
28
Network Servers
Network servers provide the storage necessary for LAN software.

They are usually the focal point for the network operating system. Increasingly, network servers are functioning as bridges, switches, and routers. By adding the appropriate card, a server can assume multiple functions.
29
Routers (really specialized computers)
The device that connects a LAN to a WAN or a WAN to a WAN (the INTERNET! uses IP addresses). A router accepts an outgoing packet, removes any LAN headers and trailers, and encapsulates the necessary WAN headers and trailers. Because a router has to make wide area network routing decisions, the router has to dig down into the network layer of the packet to retrieve the network destination address.
30
Routers
Thus, routers are often called layer 3 devices. They operate at the third layer, or OSI network layer, of the packet. Routers often incorporate firewall functions. An example of a routers operation is shown on the next slide.
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Wireless connections: Access Point as a Bridge
32
Connections (in general)
Bridges for LANs and hubs.

Switches for LANs and workstations. Routers for LANs and WANs (the Internet).
33
Linksys Router for Home Network
34
The OSI Reference Model

Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer

Physical Layer
35
Data Link Layer

Physical Layer
The Physical Layer Connection

Transport Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Network Specifies Layer electrical Data Link connection Layer Physical Layer
Data Link Layer

Physical Layer
36
The Physical Layer Connection

Transport Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Regeneration Amplification
Data Link Layer

Physical Layer
37
Data Link Layer

Hub Physical Layer
The Data Link Connection

Transport Layer
Network Layer
Transport Delineation Address Error Layer of Formatting DetectionNetwork Data Layer Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer

Physical Layer
38
The Data Link Connection

Transport Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer

Physical Layer
39
Bridge & Switch
Data Link Layer

Physical Layer
The Network Layer Connection

Transport Layer
Network Layer
Transport End to end Layer routing

Network Layer
Data Link Layer

Physical Layer
40
Data Link Layer

Physical Layer
The Network Layer Connection

Transport Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Router
Network Layer
Data Link Layer

Physical Layer
41
Data Link Layer

Physical Layer

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Local Area Networks Internetworking

LAN to LAN connections are often performed with a bridge.

frames from one network to another.

If A sends a frame to E - the frame must be

Bridge interconnecting two identical LANs

A bridge interconnecting two dissimilar LANs

Learning the host mapping

A transparent bridge is found with CSMA/CD LANs.

Workstations connected to a shared segment of a LAN

Workstations connected to a dedicated segment of a LAN

A Switch with Two Servers Allowing Simultaneous Access to Each Server

A server with two NICs and two connections to a switch

Switch providing multiple access to an e-mail server

Full Duplex Switches

Full duplex connection of workstations to a LAN switch

Network servers provide the storage necessary for LAN software.

Routers (really specialized computers)

Wireless connections: Access Point as a Bridge

Connections (in general)

Bridges for LANs and hubs.

Linksys Router for Home Network

The OSI Reference Model

Data Link Layer

Data Link Layer

The Physical Layer Connection

Data Link Layer

The Physical Layer Connection

Data Link Layer

Data Link Layer

The Data Link Connection

Data Link Layer

The Data Link Connection

Data Link Layer

Bridge & Switch

Data Link Layer

The Network Layer Connection

Transport End to end Layer routing

Data Link Layer

Data Link Layer

The Network Layer Connection

Data Link Layer

Data Link Layer

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