This document discusses storage area networks (SANs). It defines SANs as specialized, dedicated high-speed networks connecting servers and storage devices like disks and tapes. Fibre Channel is commonly used as the networking architecture in a SAN due to its high performance, scalability, and ability to transport various protocols like SCSI and TCP/IP. The document compares SANs to direct attached storage and network attached storage, and outlines some of the benefits SANs provide like storage consolidation, high availability, and cost effectiveness.
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This document discusses storage area networks (SANs). It defines SANs as specialized, dedicated high-speed networks connecting servers and storage devices like disks and tapes. Fibre Channel is commonly used as the networking architecture in a SAN due to its high performance, scalability, and ability to transport various protocols like SCSI and TCP/IP. The document compares SANs to direct attached storage and network attached storage, and outlines some of the benefits SANs provide like storage consolidation, high availability, and cost effectiveness.
This document discusses storage area networks (SANs). It defines SANs as specialized, dedicated high-speed networks connecting servers and storage devices like disks and tapes. Fibre Channel is commonly used as the networking architecture in a SAN due to its high performance, scalability, and ability to transport various protocols like SCSI and TCP/IP. The document compares SANs to direct attached storage and network attached storage, and outlines some of the benefits SANs provide like storage consolidation, high availability, and cost effectiveness.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
This document discusses storage area networks (SANs). It defines SANs as specialized, dedicated high-speed networks connecting servers and storage devices like disks and tapes. Fibre Channel is commonly used as the networking architecture in a SAN due to its high performance, scalability, and ability to transport various protocols like SCSI and TCP/IP. The document compares SANs to direct attached storage and network attached storage, and outlines some of the benefits SANs provide like storage consolidation, high availability, and cost effectiveness.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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Storage Area Network (SAN)
Outline Shared Storage Architecture Direct Access Storage (DAS) SCSI RAID Network Attached Storage (NAS) Storage Area Network (SAN) Fiber Channel and Fiber Channel Switch 2
The SNIA Model
SNIA Storage Networking Industry Association SNIA is a framework that captures the functional layers and properties of a storage system Trying to become an industry standard
The SNIA shared storage model
Application File/record layer
Storage domain
Database (dbms)
File system (FS)
Host Network
Block aggregation
Device
Storage devices (disks, )
Block layer 4
The SNIA storage model
A layered view
Storage Trend and Demand
2010+
40G/100G SAN and LAN
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Three Basic Forms of Network Storage
Direct access storage (DAS) Network attached storage (NAS) Storage area network (SAN) And a number of variations on each (especially the last two)
From Shugarts 1979 SASI implementation An I/O bus for peripheral device, such as hard drives, tape drives, CD-ROM, scanners, etc. an improvement over IDE A single SCSI bus connects multiple elements (max 7 or 15). High speed data transfer: 5, 10, 20, 100, 320MB/sec, Overlapping I/O capability: Multiple read & write commands can be outstanding simultaneously Different SCSI drives to be processing commands concurrently rather than serially. The data can then be buffered and transferred over the SCSI bus at very high speeds 11
SCSI Distribution Architecture
SCSI is a client/server architecture. The client is called the initiator and issues request to the server. The client is I/O subsystem under the typical OS control. The server is called the target, which is the SCSI controller inside the storage device. It receives, process, and responds to the requests from the initiator. SCSI commands support block I/O, transferring large amount of data in blocks. request
A group of hard disks is called a disk array RAID combines a disk array into a single virtual device called RAID drive
Provide fault tolerance for shared data and applications Different implementations: Level 0-5 Characteristics: Storage Capacity Speed: Fast Read and/or Fast Write Resilience in the face of device failure 17
Mirroring Write the same block on two or more physical disks
Parity Calculation Given N disks, N-1 consecutive blocks are data blocks, Nth block is for parity When any of the N-1 data blocks is altered, N-2 XOR calculations are performed on these N-1 blocks The Data Block(s) and Parity Block are written Destroy one of these N blocks, and that block can be reconstructed using N-2 XOR calculations on the remaining N-1 blocks Destroy two or more blocks reconstruction is not possible
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Disk Striping (example)
Example 1: 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 disk 1: odd bits
001 disk 2: even bits
110 parity bits (even parity)
Example 2: 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 3k+1 bits
01 3k+2 bits
11 3k bits
11 parity bits (odd parity)
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RAID Types RAID 0 Stripe with no parity (see next slide for figure)
RAID 5 Like RAID 4, but parity striped across multiple drives
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RAID 0
RAID 1
Disk Striping (no redundancy)
Disk Mirror
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RAID 0+1 (or 1+0)
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RAID 3
RAID 5
Disk striping with Dedicated Parity Drive
Disk striping with Distributed Parity Data
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Striping (parity) data is duplicate.
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Network Attached Storage (NAS)
NAS is adedicated storage device, and it operates in a client/server mode. NAS is connected to the file server via LAN. Protocol: NFS (or CIFS) over an IP Network Network File System (NFS) UNIX/Linux Common Internet File System (CIFS) Windows Remote file system (drives) mounted on the local system (drives) evolved from Microsoft NetBIOS, NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NBT), and Server Message Block (SMB)
SAMBA: SMB on Linux (Making Linux a Windows File Server)
Advantage: no distance limitation Disadvantage: Speed and Latency Weakness: Security
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SMB NetBIOS
TCP IP 802.3 26
NFS TCP IP 802.3
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Network Attached Storage (NAS)
Specialized storage device or group of storage devices providing centralized fault-tolerant data storage for a network
Clients
Servers
Storage Devices 28
Case Study Product: MicroNet ProtinumNAS Storage: 1TB and more Price: < $1,000 Protocol: CIFS/SMB, RAID
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Discussion Need: a lot more storage (hundreds of GB) and a scalable solution (~2 TB) for home users USB (USB 2.0) to a server, up to 480M bps Firewire (IEEE 1394) to a server, up to 3.2G bps SCSI to a server: up to 320MB (3208 bps) NAS: no need for a server
Q: What is your choice?
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Storage Area Network (SAN)
A Storage Area Network (SAN) is a specialized, dedicated high speed network joining servers and storage, including disks, disk arrays, tapes, etc. Storage (data store) is separated from the processors (and separated processing). High capacity, high availability, high scalability, ease of configuration, ease of reconfiguration. Fiber Channel is the de facto SAN networking architecture, although other network standards could be used. 31
SAN Benefits Storage consolidation Data sharing Non-disruptive scalability for growth Improved backup and recovery Tape pooling LAN-free and server-free data movement High performance High availability server clustering Data integrity Disaster tolerance Ease of data migration Cost-effectives (total cost of ownership) 32
NAS vs. SAN ?
Traditionally: NAS is used for low-volume access to a large amount of storage by many users SAN is the solution for terabytes (1012) of storage and multiple, simultaneous access to files, such as streaming audio/video.
The lines are becoming blurred between the two technologies now, and while the SANversus-NAS debate continues, the fact is that both technologies complement each another. 33
Fibre Channel Fiber Channel is well established in the open systems environment as the underlining architecture of the SAN. Fibre Channel is structured with independent layers, as are other networking protocols. There are five layers, where 0 is the lowest layer. The physical layers are 0 to 2. These layers carry the physical attributes of the network and transport the data created by the higher level protocols, such as SCSI, TCP/IP, or FICON.
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FC Standard ANSI T11
T11 (technical committee) has been producing interface standards for high-performance and mass storage applications since the 1970s. http://www.t11.org/index.htm
Designed to transport multiple protocols, such as HIPPI, IPI, SCSI, IP, Ethernet, etc. Full duplex medium Channels are established between the originator and the responder. Transfer rate from 100MB/s to Gigabits/s Distance >10 km (single mode fiber) Multi-layer stack functions (not mapped to the OSI model) 35
FC Protocol Layers
Gbaud
Gbaud
IPI: Intelligent Peripheral Interface HIPPI: High Performance Parallel Interface SCSI SBCCS: Single Byte Command Code Set 36
FC Layers: 0 & 1
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FC Layer 2
Port_ID
Port_ID
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FC Address FC node a node has many ports FC port the end point of a link (either transmission or reception). Port ID: a unique 24-bit address for a port In Frame Header (see Slide-49), there are two fields: Source address (transmission port) and Destination address (reception port)
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FC Naming and Addressing
Each node normally has one physical interface , known as N_Port. Each node has an 8-byte node name. Assigned by manufacturer If registered with IEEE, it is known as World Wide Name.
N_Port ID: 24-bit port address An N_Port has a point-to-point connection with another N_Port. An N-Port may be attached to a fabric port, F_port. Connection between fabric switches is via expansion ports, E_ports. A switch port, if configured for either one, is a generic port, G_Port. 40
FC Port Naming Fiber Channel Host Fiber Channel Switch Fiber Channel Switch Fiber Channel Stores
N-Port
F-Port
E-Port
E-Port
F-Port
N-Port
Node port, fabric port, expansion port, generic port
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FC Layers 3 & 4
(one)
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SAN Topologies Fibre Channel based networks support three types of topologies: Point-to-point Loop (arbitrated) shared media Switched
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FC - Point-to-Point
The point-to-point topology is the easiest Fibre Channel configuration to implement, and it is also the easiest to administer. The distance between nodes can be up to 10 km 44
Data Access over FC
Data SCSI FC
Data SCSI FC
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Arbitrated Loop Shared Media Transport Similar in concept to shared Ethernet
Not common for FC-based SAN Commonly used for JBOD (Just a Bunch of Disks) An arbitration protocol determines who can access the media. ARB primitive 46
Switched FC SAN Fibre Channel-switches function in a manner similar to traditional network switches to provide increased bandwidth, scalable performance, an increased number of devices, and, in some cases, increased redundancy. Fibre Channel-switches vary in the number of ports and media types they support. Multiple switches can be connected to form a switch fabric capable of supporting a large number of host servers and storage subsystems
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FC Switched SAN Servers
Fiber Channel Switch
Clients
Fiber Channel Stores
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Data Access over Switched SAN
Servers Fiber Channel Switch Storage Device
Data SCSI FC SCSI FC
Data SCSI FC
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FC - Storage Area Network (redundant architecture)
Course Outline IP over FC (RFC 2625) IP-SAN iSCCI (RFC 3720)
IP and FC-SAN Interworking
FC Encapsulation (RFC 3643) FCIP (RFC 3821) FC over IP iFCP (RFC 4172)
Storage Virtualization 56
RFC 2625 IP and ARP over Fiber Channel (FC)
FC supports multiple higher layer protocols, and SCSI is the most widely used one. What about IP over FC? Access data in SAN from IP-based servers interworking between NAS and SAN
RFC 2625 addresses two issues.
A scheme to encapsulate IP and ARP packets inside the FC frame (as the FC payload) A procedure to resolve the address mapping 57
IP over FC (RFC 2625)
App-1: accessing SAN from IP-based servers
SAN FC/IP Gateway Data IP L2 IP L2 IP RFC 2625 FC-based Storage Device Data IP RFC 2625
PHY
PHY
FC
FC SAN
FC
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IP over FC (RFC 2625)
(App-2: interworking between SAN and NAS)
SAN FC/IP Gateway Data IP L2 PHY IP L2 PHY IP RFC 2625 FC FC IP RFC 2625 FC IP L2 PHY FC/IP Gateway NAS-based Storage Device Data IP L2 PHY
SAN 59
IP-SAN
60
Advantages of IP for SAN
61
IP Network Capabilities
62
IP-SAN Protocols
63
IP - SAN IP
IP FC -SAN
Storage Devices
64
IP - Storage Area Network (SAN)
IP storage networking carrying storage traffic over IP Uses TCP, a reliable transport for delivery Can be used for local data center and long haul applications Two primary IETF protocols/standards:
iSCSI Internet SCSI allows block storage to be accessed over a TCP/IP network as though it were locally attached IP TCP iSCSI SCSI Data
FCIP Fibre-Channel-over-IP used to tunnel Fibre Channel frames over TCP/IP connections
IP TCP FCIP FC SCSI Data 65
Internet SCSI (iSCSI)
iSCSI is a proposed industry standard that allows SCSI block I/O protocols (commands, sequences, and attributes) to be sent over a network using the popular TCP/IP protocol. A way to access storage across an IP network as though it was locally attached. Transports SCSI protocol commands and data across an IP network Cisco and IBM co-authored original iSCSI protocol draft iSCSI Protocol is a standard maintained by the IETF IP Storage (IPS) Working Group RFC 3720
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iSCSI Benefit
67
Is IP-SAN similar to NAS?
What are the advantages, if any, of IP-SAN vs. NAS?
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SAN, NAS, and IP-SAN
IP
iSCSI IP FC -SAN IP
iSCSI
iSCSI
69
Performance Analysis: iSCSI vs. NAS (software based no HBA)
iSCSI
NFS 70
Sequential Read/Write Tests
Conclusion: 1. Comparable performance in character read/write and block write 2. Significant advantage of iSCSI in block read (20-25%) 71
Small Files Read/Write
72
IOGen Test (Emulation of Database)
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FC-SAN vs. iSCSI
Since the iSCSI appliance attaches to the existing Ethernet network, NAS and iSCSI are very similar in network architecture However, the performance would be significantly different.
Both iSCSI and SAN use Block I/O to transport data, whereas NAS uses File I/O. SAN offers better performance (c.f. NAS), but is more expensive and requires a higher skill set to implement. iSCSI and NAS offer better pricing and skills may already be in place to implement them. Both SAN and iSCSI offer the performance benefit of Block I/O. 74
FC over IP SAN IP SAN
Data
an IP tunnel for FC-based SAN Application: interconnect SAN over IP-WAN. FCIP FC 0-2 TCP IP IP TCP IP FCIP FC 0-2
Storage Virtualization Definition: storage virtualization hides the physical storage from applications on host systems, and presents a simplified (logical) view of storage resources to the applications. Virtualization allows the application to reference the storage resource by its common name where the actual storage could be on a complex, multilayered, multipath storage networks. RAID is an early example of storage virtualization.
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Virtualization Intelligence Host-Based: storage virtualization could be implemented on the host through Logical Volume Management (LVM) which provides the logical view of the storage to the host operating system. Switch-based: intelligence of storage virtualization could be implemented on the SAN switches. Each server is assigned a Logical Unit Number (LUN) to access the storage resources. Switch-based virtualization could be in dual configuration for high availability. Pros: ease of configuration and management ; redundancy/high availability Cons: potential bottleneck on the switch; higher cost
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Storage Virtualization LVM LVM SAN Switch
LUN
LUN
SAN Switch w/ Virtualization Intelligence
RAID
RAID
JBOD
RAID
RAID
JBOD
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SAN Challenges Standards ANSI T10 (SCSI) ANSI T11 (FC), IETF (IP-SAN), Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), SNIA, etc.
Interoperability High availability and data synchronization between remote locations Convergence DAS, NAS, FC-SAN => IP-SAN
Management Security
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Summary Needs for large storage continual growth
From dedicated solution to network-based solution
Convergence of SAN and IP-LAN/WAN SCSI is the protocol for block data transmission FC and IP interworking protocols IP over FC FC over IP (FCIP) and iFCP SCSI over FC - legacy SCSI over IP (iSCSI) It is an IP world! DAS => NAS => SAN => IP-SAN
