AAE 251 Reconnaissance UAV Design Proposal

R YA N S T E V E N S , J A M E S M I L L A N E PAT R I C K N O R M A N , A N D R E W C U L L EKIN ORER, BRIAN ONEILL NOLAN LAHR

Reason for Need

Increasing amount of space debris causes a need for non-orbital

surveillance DARPA has requested a design for a surveillance UAV in conjunction with a rocket based launch system

Rocket Requirements
The rocket-based launch system priority is to reach its destination as

quickly as possible, while being cost efficient. Parachutes will be used to decelerate payload to desired speed Launch system propels payload into elliptical orbit with a periapsis located beneath Earths surface. No substantial land mass may reside within 30 degrees in either direction of the launch inclination for 500 km. Assume the cost of inert mass to be $500/kg for solid propellant-based stages and $1000/kg for liquid propellant-based stages. Assume the cost of the propellants to be $20/kg for both solid and liquid propellants.

UAV Requirements
The UAV must be:

deployed during the descent of the orbit at an altitude of 40,000 feet. deployed at a flight velocity of 350 mph. capable of loitering over the desired region for a minimum of 24 hours. capable of loitering at an altitude of 50,000 feet. capable of traveling 3,000 nautical miles to land after completing the period of surveillance. capable of carrying a standard payload of surveillance equipment capable of landing on runway or aircraft carrier comparable to fuel mass fraction of existing UAVs able to fit inside the rocket fairing

Assume jet fuel to be $4/kg Assume mass to be $100/kg

UAV Performance Parameters

Airfoil: NACA 2415 at 2: 0.45 at 2: 0.00951 Wingspan: 16 2 Wing Reference Area: 19.4 Aspect Ratio: 13.2 Max (airfoil only): 61.53 Max (fuselage included): 47.33 Endurance: 64.82 Weight (unfueled): 1700 Weight (fueled): 2900 Landing Distance: 3460 Landing Velocity: 124

Powerplant: Rolls-Royce F137-AD100 Thrust: 8290 Cruise Speed: 372 Service Ceiling: 83000

Launch Vehicle Combined Parameters

Total Rocket Mass: 165,040 kg

Payload Mass: 3,500 kg

(includes plane and fairing) Mission delta-V: 7,900 m/s (first stage provides 57%)

Launch Vehicle Parameters

First Stage

Second Stage

Total Mass: 148,813 kg Engine: RD-191 Fuel: LOX/Kerosene ISP (Sea level): 311 s ISP (vacuum): 337 s Engine Mass: 3,230 kg Engine Thrust: 2,079 kN Inert Mass: 7,813 kg Structure Mass: 4,583 kg Propellant Mass: 141,000 kg Inert Mass Fraction: 0.0525

Total Mass: 12,724 kg Engine: RD-58M x2 Fuel: LOX/Kerosene ISP (vacuum): 353 s Engine Mass: 230 kg x2 Engine Thrust: 83.40 kN x2 Inert Mass: 1,141 kg Structure Mass: 681 kg Propellant Mass: 11,583 kg Inert Mass Fraction: 0.0879

Rocket Fairing
Max weight of 5000 kg Max length of 10 meters for UAV Max radius of 2 meters for fairing Designed after Titan II and Atlas G Designed to be a cross between satellite fairing and re-entry vehicle

YRQ-0X Launch Vehicle Fairing

Atlas G

Titan II

Wings
NAME CL NACA 2415 NACA 4415 NACA 1412 NACA 23012 WORTMANN FX-72MS-150B NACA 1408 HQ 0/7 0.41 1.643 1.098 1.095 2.116 0.852 0.475 CD CL/CD STALL 0.006663 61.53 8 0.029657 55.4 14 0.023512 46.7 7 0.025644 42.7 8.5 0.054341 38.939 11 0.023342 36.5 3.5 0.016102 29.5 3

To maximize endurance, maximize Cl/Cd To maximize range, minimize Cd

*Note: Adjusted Cl/Cd by dividing by 4/3. The final lift to drag is 47.33. 1 0 ln 1

2 1 = 2 ( 0 1 )

Fuselage
The main concerns for the design of the fuselage were

size and weight. The total length of the aircraft could be no longer than 10 meters

We decided to go with a length of 9 meters to leave room for parachutes

The fuselage could be no wider than 3.8 meters to fit

inside rocket fairing.

We ended up setting the maximum width of the fuselage to 1.8 meters to give ample room for the folding wings.

Fuselage(cont.)
We decide to make the fuselage out of lightweight

composites to minimize weight. Because the engine greatly affects to the center of gravity, the sensor package was placed at the front of the plane to move the CG as far forward as possible

The engine was placed inside of the plane to reduce drag.

Horizontal Stabilizers
Surface area of the Horizontal Stabilizer is

approximated by: = .15 =2.91 2 AR= 4.5 Span:2.8m.

Vertical Stabilizer
Surface area of the Vertical Stabilizer is

approximated by: = 0.09 = 1.746 2 = 0.873 2 (each) AR = 0.9 Span = 0.886

Powerplant
Low TSFC for optimal

endurance Allison F137-AD-100

8290 lbf .39 TSFC

= /

Range and Endurance

We needed 40 hours of endurance to ensure ability to meet 24 hour requirement and flight time to base.
Weight of the: Structure: 800 kg Equipment: 200 kg Turbofan: 700 kg Fuel: 1200kg

Lift to Drag Ratio 47.33 TSFC 0.39 Empty Weight 3746.8 Fueled Weight 6391.6 Reference Area 200 Density 50000 ft 0.000364 0.45 0.009508

24229.9621

64.815703

552.5629

Range and Endurance

65 of Endurance
Range of 24,230 miles

(21,055 )
Fuel mass fraction: 0.41 Globalhawk fuel mass fraction: 0.55

Cruise Speed
Velocity at any Altitude given by Equation Eq:

Know Density @ 50,000 ft = 3.6391 104 Filling in other known values

Cruise speed = 372 mph

Cruise speed affects total endurance required Higher cruise speed = less total endurance Low cruise speed = more total endurance required

Service Ceiling
Engine must be capable of producing enough thrust to fly

at 50,000 ft Equation for maximum rate of climb

Eq:

Service ceiling occurs where max R/C = 100 Want service ceiling to be higher than 50,000
Reduces time to climb from deployment altitude Ensures aircraft can fly at desired altitude of 50,000 ft

Service ceiling: 83,000 ft

Landing Performance
We assumed touchdown velocity is 1.3 Calculated ground roll is 3460 ft UAV can land on runways Aircraft needs to be able to land on an aircraft carrier Aircraft carrier runway is typically 1000 ft UAV can land on aircraft carrier with the use of a tail hook

UAV Conclusion

Criteria/Constraints Globalhawk Predator Shadow 200 YRQ-0X

Endurance [hrs] 24 Service Ceiling [feet] 50,000 Range [nm] 24 hours + 3000 Landing Distance [ft] 1000 for aircraft carrier 10,000 for runway Cruise Speed [mph] 350 28 60,000 8,700 24 25,000 675 7.5 15,000 68 65 83,000 24,230 3460 3460 372

357

92

81

Launch Vehicle Trajectory

Rocket will follow a

elliptical, suborbital trajectory between the launch site and the target Infinitely many elliptical trajectories, use trajectory optimized for minimum V, known as minimum energy trajectory (MET)

Launch Vehicle Trajectory

Spherical angle between

launch site and target location is the range angle As range angle increases, the increases exponentially We chose to design a rocket with range angle of 180

Two Stage Analysis

IMF Values found from 4 existing launch vehicles

similar in payload and trajectory to our design. Decided on IMF values of 0.0525 for the first stage, and 0.0829 for the second stage.
Launch Vehicle Titan II GLV Atlas F Centaur Soyuz 11A510 Delta 5920-8 First Stage IMF 0.0525 0.0298 0.0880 0.0516 Second Stage IMF 0.0597 0.161 0.0992 0.138

 Split
Swept across thousands
Mass of Launch Vehicle (kg)

of potential V options to find the design with the lowest launch mass. Decided on a split of 57.63% provided by the first stage

Percent provided by first stage

Propellant
Kerosene and LOX propellant We chose to use kerosene for

its reliability and relative ease of storage when to compared to fuels such as Hydrogen. LOX has a relatively high vaporization point Since LOX is cryogenic we designed our fuel tanks to have an evacuated area around the storage tank to act like a thermos allowing for easier storage.

Propulsion System
The main criteria for the engines were a high ISP and

reasonable thrust using kerosene fuel. For the first stage we decided to use the RD-191 engine for the rocket.

These engines had a specific impulse of 311 seconds and thrust of 2,079 kN at sea level. This stage would require a propellant volume of 49.1 3 for Kerosene and 89 3 for oxygen

Propulsion System
Second stage has two RD-58M engines. Chosen for high thrust and low mass Use LOX and kerosene for fuel. Each engine has a mass of 230 kg and thrust of 83.4 kN Specific impulse is 353 seconds. The fuel tanks for these engines would be a balloon

design that would support the tank structure by providing outward pressure on the inside of the tank by some inert gas such as helium.

Parachute Data
ROCKET UAV V IN M/S CHUTE DIAMETER [METERS] CHUTE DIAMETER [METERS] 1500 26.995 10.455 1450 27.457 10.634 1400 27.943 10.822 1350 28.455 11.021 1300 28.997 11.231 1250 29.572 11.453 1200 30.181 11.689 1150 30.831 11.941 1100 31.523 12.209 1050 32.265 12.496 1000 33.062 12.805 950 33.921 13.138 900 34.850 13.498 850 35.861 13.889 800 36.965 14.316 750 38.177 14.786 700 39.517 15.305 650 41.008 15.883 600 42.683 16.531 550 44.581 17.266 500 46.757 18.109 450 49.286 19.088 400 52.276 20.246 350 55.885 21.644 300 60.363 23.378 250 66.124 25.610 200 73.929 28.633 175 79.033 30.610 150 85.366 33.062 100 104.551 40.493 50 147.858 57.265

Cost Analysis
Total Cost against Number of Systems Purchased
$20,000,000 $18,000,000 $16,000,000 Total Cost of All Systems $14,000,000 $12,000,000 $10,000,000 $8,000,000 $6,000,000 $4,000,000 $2,000,000

$0
0 5 10 15 Number of Systems Purchased 20 25

Cost of One System: $12,179,460

1 = 1 +

Cost Analysis
Cost per Hour of Surveillance against Total Number of Systems Purchased
$250,000

Cost per Hour of Surveillance

$200,000

$150,000

$100,000

$50,000

$0 0 5 10 15 Number of Systems Purchased 20 25

Launch Locations
Hickam AFB,

Hawaii Andersen AFB, Guam Eglin AFB, Florida Vandenberg AFB, California Cape Canaveral, Florida

Conclusion
Done

Image Sources
En.wikipedie.org/wiki/File:Fengyun-1C_debris.jpg

En.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Debris-GEO1280.jpg
www.thespacereview.com/article/1323/1 www.geology.com/world/world-map.shtml