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Encipherment Using Modern Symmetric-Key Ciphers

Symmetric-key encryption can be done using block ciphers like DES and AES with various modes of operation. The simplest mode is electronic codebook (ECB) which encrypts each block independently, but it reveals patterns for similar plaintext blocks. Cipher block chaining (CBC) links blocks through XORing with the previous ciphertext to prevent this. Stream ciphers like cipher feedback (CFB) and output feedback (OFB) allow encrypting smaller units by using the block cipher as a pseudorandom number generator. Counter mode (CTR) also acts as a stream cipher but encrypts a counter value rather than feedback. All the modes aim to encrypt arbitrary amounts of data using block ciphers.

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mm8871
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199 views

Encipherment Using Modern Symmetric-Key Ciphers

Symmetric-key encryption can be done using block ciphers like DES and AES with various modes of operation. The simplest mode is electronic codebook (ECB) which encrypts each block independently, but it reveals patterns for similar plaintext blocks. Cipher block chaining (CBC) links blocks through XORing with the previous ciphertext to prevent this. Stream ciphers like cipher feedback (CFB) and output feedback (OFB) allow encrypting smaller units by using the block cipher as a pseudorandom number generator. Counter mode (CTR) also acts as a stream cipher but encrypts a counter value rather than feedback. All the modes aim to encrypt arbitrary amounts of data using block ciphers.

Uploaded by

mm8871
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Encipherment Using Modern Symmetric-Key Ciphers

Modes of Operation
block ciphers encrypt fixed size blocks
eg. DES encrypts 64-bit blocks with 56-bit key

need some way to en/decrypt arbitrary amounts of data in practise NIST SP 800-38A defines 5 modes have block and stream modes to cover a wide variety of applications can be used with any block cipher

USE OF MODERN BLOCK CIPHERS

Symmetric-key encipherment can be done using modern block ciphers. Modes of operation have been devised to encipher text of any size employing either DES or AES.

The simplest mode of operation is called the electronic codebook (ECB) mode.

8.4

Electronic Codebook Book (ECB)


message is broken into independent blocks which are encrypted each block is a value which is substituted, like a codebook, hence name each block is encoded independently of the other blocks
Ci = EK(Pi)

uses: secure transmission of single values

Advantages and Limitations of ECB


message repetitions may show in ciphertext
if aligned with message block particularly with data such graphics or with messages that change very little, which become a code-book analysis problem

weakness is due to the encrypted message blocks being independent main use is sending a few blocks of data

Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)


message is broken into blocks linked together in encryption operation each previous cipher blocks is chained with current plaintext block, hence name use Initial Vector (IV) to start process
Ci = EK(Pi XOR Ci-1) C-1 = IV

uses: bulk data encryption, authentication

Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode


In CBC mode, each plaintext block is exclusive-ored with the previous ciphertext block before being encrypted.

8.8

Message Padding
at end of message must handle a possible last short block
which is not as large as blocksize of cipher pad either with known non-data value (eg nulls) or pad last block along with count of pad size
eg. [ b1 b2 b3 0 0 0 0 5] means have 3 data bytes, then 5 bytes pad+count

this may require an extra entire block over those in message

there are other, more esoteric modes, which avoid the need for an extra block

Advantages and Limitations of CBC


a ciphertext block depends on all blocks before it any change to a block affects all following ciphertext blocks need Initialization Vector (IV)
which must be known to sender & receiver if sent in clear, attacker can change bits of first block, and change IV to compensate hence IV must either be a fixed value (as in EFTPOS) or must be sent encrypted in ECB mode before rest of message

Stream Modes of Operation


block modes encrypt entire block may need to operate on smaller units
real time data

convert block cipher into stream cipher


cipher feedback (CFB) mode output feedback (OFB) mode counter (CTR) mode

use block cipher as some form of pseudorandom number generator

Cipher FeedBack (CFB)


message is treated as a stream of bits added to the output of the block cipher result is feed back for next stage (hence name) standard allows any number of bit (1,8, 64 or 128 etc) to be feed back
denoted CFB-1, CFB-8, CFB-64, CFB-128 etc

most efficient to use all bits in block (64 or 128)


Ci = Pi XOR EK(Ci-1) C-1 = IV

uses: stream data encryption, authentication

Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode In some situations, we need to use DES or AES as secure ciphers, but the plaintext or ciphertext block sizes are to be smaller.

8.13

In CFB mode, encipherment and decipherment use the encryption function of the underlying block cipher.

The relation between plaintext and ciphertext blocks is shown below:

CFB as a Stream Cipher

Advantages and Limitations of CFB


appropriate when data arrives in bits/bytes most common stream mode limitation is need to stall while do block encryption after every n-bits note that the block cipher is used in encryption mode at both ends errors propogate for several blocks after the error

Output FeedBack (OFB)


message is treated as a stream of bits output of cipher is added to message output is then feed back (hence name) feedback is independent of message can be computed in advance
Oi = EK(Oi-1) Ci = Pi XOR Oi O-1 = IV

uses: stream encryption on noisy channels

In this mode each bit in the ciphertext is independent of the previous bit or bits. This avoids error propagation.

8.18

OFB as a Stream Cipher

Advantages and Limitations of OFB


needs an IV which is unique for each use if ever reuse attacker can recover outputs bit errors do not propagate more vulnerable to message stream modification sender & receiver must remain in sync only use with full block feedback
subsequent research has shown that only full block feedback (ie CFB-64 or CFB-128) should ever be used

Counter (CTR)
a new mode, though proposed early on similar to OFB but encrypts counter value rather than any feedback value must have a different key & counter value for every plaintext block (never reused)
Oi = EK(i) Ci = Pi XOR Oi

uses: high-speed network encryptions

In the counter (CTR) mode, there is no feedback. The pseudorandomness in the key stream is achieved using a counter.

8.22

Counter (CTR) mode as a stream cipher

Advantages and Limitations of CTR


efficiency
can do parallel encryptions in h/w or s/w can preprocess in advance of need good for bursty high speed links

random access to encrypted data blocks provable security (good as other modes) but must ensure never reuse key/counter values, otherwise could break (cf OFB)

8.1.5 Continued

Comparison of Different Modes

8.25

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