Elementary Mechanics of Fluids

K.2 MATERI MEKFLU II

>

<
=
2
low f Turbulent 4000
flow Transition 4000 2000
flow Laminar 2000
Re
V h
V h
VD
f
f

Laminar Turbulent
Shear Stress in Pipes
Steady, uniform flow in a pipe: momentum
flux is zero and pressure distribution across
pipe is hydrostatic, equilibrium exists between
pressure, gravity and shear forces
D
L
h h h
ds
dh D
z
p
ds
d D
s D
ds
dz
s A sA
ds
dp
s D W A s
ds
dp
p pA F
f
s

t
t t
t t o
0
2 1
0
0
0
0
4
4
)] ( [
4
) ( 0
) ( sin ) ( 0
= =
=
+ =
A A A =
A A A + = =
Since h is constant across the cross-section
of the pipe (hydrostatic), and dh/ds>0,
then the shear stress will be zero at the
center (r = 0) and increase linearly to a
maximum at the wall.
Head loss is due to the shear stress.
Applicable to either laminar or turbulent flow
Now we need a relationship for the shear
stress in terms of the Re and pipe roughness
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
) (Re,
) (Re,
; Re;
, , : variables Repeating
) , (
) , , , , (
2
0
2
0
2
0
3 2 1
2 1 4
0
D
e
F V
D
e
F
V
V
D
e
D V
F
e D V F
t

t

t
t t t

t t t
t
=
=
= = =
=
=
t
0
V D e
ML
-1
T
-2
ML
-3
LT
-1
ML
-1
T
-1
L

L
) (Re, 8
2
) (Re, 8
2
) (Re,
4
4
2
2
2
0
D
e
F f
g
V
D
L
f h
D
e
F
g
V
D
L
D
e
F V
D
L
D
L
h
f
f
= =
(

=
=
=

Darcy-Weisbach Eq.
Friction factor
Laminar Flow in Pipes
Laminar flow -- Newtons law of viscosity is valid:
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= + =
=
=
=
= =
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
4
4 4
2
2
2
r
r
ds
dh r
V
ds
dh r
C C
ds
dh r
V
dr
ds
dh r
dV
ds
dh r
dr
dV
dr
dV
dy
dV
ds
dh r
dy
dV

t
Velocity distribution in a pipe (laminar flow)
is parabolic with maximum at center.
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
0
max
1
r
r
V V
Discharge in Laminar Flow
ds
dh D
ds
dh r
Q
r r
ds
dh
rdr r r
ds
dh
VdA Q
r r
ds
dh
V
r
r

t
t

128
8
2
) (
4
) 2 ( ) (
4
) (
4
4
4
0
0
2 2
0
2
0
2 2
0
2 2
0
0
0
=
=

=
}
=
}
=
=
ds
dh D
V
A
Q
V

32
2
=
=
Head Loss in Laminar Flow
2
2 1
1 2
2
1 2
2
2
2
32
) (
32
32
32
32
D
V L
h
h h h
s s
D
V h h
ds
D
V dh
D
V
ds
dh
ds
dh D
V
f
f

=
+ =
=
=
=
=
Re
64
2
2 / ) (
Re
64
2 / ) )( ( 64
2 /
2 / 32
32
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= =
=
=
=
=
f
V
D
L
f h
V
D
L
V
D
L
D V
V
V
D
V L
D
V L
h
f
f

Nikuradses Experiments
In general, friction factor


Function of Reand roughness
Laminar region


Independent of roughness
Turbulent region
Smooth pipe curve
All curves coincide @ ~Re=2300
Rough pipe zone
All rough pipe curves flatten out
and become independent of Re
Re
64
= f
( )
Blausius
Re
4 / 1
k
f =
Rough
Smooth
Laminar Transition Turbulent
Blausius OK for smooth pipe
) (Re,
D
e
F f =
Re
64
= f
2
9 . 0
10
Re
74 . 5
7 . 3
log
25 . 0
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
D
e
f
Moody Diagram
Pipe Entrance
Developing flow
Includes boundary layer and
core,
viscous effects grow inward
from the wall
Fully developed flow
Shape of velocity profile is
same at all points along pipe

~
flow Turbulent 4.4Re
flow Laminar Re 06 . 0
1/6
D
L
e
e
L
Entrance length L
e
Fully developed
flow region

Region of linear
pressure drop

Entrance
pressure drop

Pressure
x
Entrance Loss in a Pipe
In addition to frictional losses, there are minor
losses due to
Entrances or exits
Expansions or contractions
Bends, elbows, tees, and other fittings
Valves
Losses generally determined by experiment
and then corellated with pipe flow
characteristics
Loss coefficients are generally given as the
ratio of head loss to velocity head




K loss coefficent
K ~ 0.1 for well-rounded inlet (high Re)
K ~ 1.0 abrupt pipe outlet
K ~ 0.5 abrupt pipe inlet
Abrupt inlet, K ~ 0.5
g
V
K h
g
V
h
K
L
L
2
or
2
2
2
= =
Elbow Loss in a Pipe
A piping system may have many minor losses
which are all correlated to V
2
/2g
Sum them up to a total system loss for pipes of
the same diameter



Where,
(

+ =

+ =
m
m
m
m f L
K
D
L
f
g
V
h h h
2
2
loss head Total =
L
h
loss head Frictional =
f
h
m h
m
fitting for loss head Minor =
m K
m
fitting for t coefficien loss head Minor =
EGL & HGL for Losses in a Pipe
Entrances, bends, and other flow
transitions cause the EGL to drop an
amount equal to the head loss
produced by the transition.
EGL is steeper at entrance than it is
downstream of there where the slope
is equal the frictional head loss in the
pipe.
The HGL also drops sharply
downstream of an entrance
Ex(10.2)
Given: Liquid in pipe has = 8 kN/m
3
. Acceleration = 0.
D = 1 cm, = 3x10
-3
N-m/s
2
.
Find: Is fluid stationary, moving up, or moving down?
What is the mean velocity?
Solution: Energy eq. from z = 0 to z = 10 m

s m V
* x *
) . *(
. V
L
D
h V
D
LV
h
m h
h
h
z
p
g
V
h z
p
g
V
-
L
L
L
L
L
L
/ 04 . 1
10 10 3 32
01 0 8000
25 1
32
32
upward) (moving 25 . 1
10
8
90
10
8000
000 , 110
8000
000 , 200
2 2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
=
=
=
=
=
=
+ =
+ + = + +

o
1
2
Ex (10.4)
Given: Oil (S = 0.97, m = 10
-2
lbf-s/ft
2
) in 2 in pipe, Q = 0.25 cfs.
Find: Pressure drop per 100 ft of horizontal pipe.
Solution:
ft psi/100 7 91
12 2
46 11 100 2 10 32 32
(laminar) 360
10
) 12 / 2 ( * 46 . 11 * 94 / 1 * 97 . 0
Re
/ 46 . 11
4 / ) 12 / 2 (
25 . 0
2 2
2
2
.
) / (
. * * - *
D
LV
p
VD
s f t
A
Q
V
= = =
= = =
= = =

t
Ex. (10.8)
Given: Kerosene (S=0.94, =0.048 N-s/m
2
).
Horizontal 5-cm pipe. Q=2x10
-3
m
3
/s.
Find: Pressure drop per 10 m of pipe.
Solution:
cf s
s f t V
V V
V V
g
V
D
L
V
g

g
V

D
LV
D
LV
h
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

L
L
3 2
5
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
10 * 23 . 1 4 / (0.25/12) * * 1.6 A * V Q
(laminar) 1293
10 * 4
) 12 / 25 . 0 ( * 6 . 1 * 94 . 1 * 8 . 0
Re
/ 60 . 1
0 1 . 16 45 . 8
0 5 . 0
) 32 / 1 ( * 4 . 62 * 8 . 0
10 * 10 * 4 * 32
2
2
0 5 . 0
32
2
0 0
2
32
5 . 0 0 0
32
2 2

= = =
= =
=
= +
= +
= +
+ + = + +
=
+ + = + +
t
Ex. (10.34)
2
/ 62 . 0 , / 300 , 12 m Ns m N = =
Given: Glycerin@ 20
o
C flows commercial steel pipe.
Find: Ah
Solution:
m
D
LV
h h
VD VD
h z

p
z

p
h
z

p
h z

p
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

L
L
L
L
42 . 2
) 02 . 0 ( * 300 , 12
) 6 . 0 )( 1 )( 62 . 0 ( 32 32
(laminar) 5 . 23
10 * 1 . 5
02 . 0 * 6 . 0
Re
) (
2 2
2 2
4
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
= = = = A
= = = =
= + + = A
+ = +
+ + = + +

Ex. (10.43)
Given: Figure
Find: Estimate the elevation required in
the upper reservoir to produce a
water discharge of 10 cfs in the
system. What is the minimum
pressure in the pipeline and what is
the pressure there?
Solution:
( ) f t z
s f t
A
Q
V
D
L
f K K K
g
V
D
L
f K K K h
z h z
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

E b e
E b e L
L
L
133
2 . 32 * 2
73 . 12
75 . 10 0 . 1 4 . 0 * 2 5 . 0 100
/ 73 . 12
1 * 4 /
10
75 . 10
1
430
* 025 . 0 ; 0 . 1 ; (assumed) 4 . 0 ; 5 . 0
2
2
0 0 0 0
2 2
2
1
2
2
2 1
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
= + + + + =
= = =
= = = = =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
+ + = + +
+ + = + +
t
5
5
2
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
10 * 9
10 * 14 . 1
1 * 73 . 12
Re
59 . 0 ) 53 . 1 ( * 4 . 62
35 . 1
2 . 32 * 2
73 . 12
1
300
025 . 0 4 . 0 5 . 0 0 . 1 7 . 110 133
2 2
2
* 1 0 0
2 2
= = =
= =
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
+ + = + +
+ + = + +

v
VD
psig p
f t
g
V
D
L
f K K
g
V
z z

p
z

p
g
V
h z
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

b
b e
b
b
b
b
b b
L
b
b b
b L
Ex. (10.68)
ft x k s ft x
s
4 2 5
10 5 . 1 ; / 10 22 . 1

= = v
f t D
D
g
D Q
D
g
V
D
L
f h
f
06 . 8
984 , 33
1
2
) ) 4 / /( ( 1000
* 015 . 0 1
2
5
2 2
2
=
=
=
=
t
Given: Commercial steel pipe to carry 300 cfs of
water at 60oF with a head loss of 1 ft per 1000
ft of pipe. Assume pipe sizes are available in
even sizes when the diameters are expressed
in inches (i.e., 10 in, 12 in, etc.).
Find: Diameter.
Solution:

Assume f = 0.015
Relative roughness:
00002 . 0
06 . 8
10 5 . 1
4
= =

x
D
k
s
Get better estimate of f
6
5
2
10 9 . 3
10 22 . 1 ) 06 . 8 )( 4 / (
300
Re
) 4 / (
) 4 / (
Re
x
x
D
Q
D
D
Q
VD
= =
= =
=

t
v t v
t
v
f=0.010
. 89 43 . 7
656 , 22
1
5
in f t D
D
= =
=
Use a 90 in pipe
Ex. (10.81)
m h
h
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

g
Q
h
f L
D
g
D Q
D
L
f
g
V
D
L
f h
f
f
L
f
f
45 . 14
10
9810
000 , 60
9810
000 , 300
2 2
8
2
) ) 4 / /( (
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
5 / 1
2
2
2 2 2
=
+ =
+ + = + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
t
t
Given: The pressure at a water main is 300
kPa gage. What size pipe is needed to
carry water from the main at a rate of
0.025 m3/s to a factory that is 140 m from
the main? Assume galvanized-steel pipe is
to be used and that the pressure required
at the factory is 60 kPa gage at a point 10
m above the main connection.
Find: Size of pipe.
Solution:
Assume f = 0.020
m
g
Q
h
f L
D
f
100 . 0
81 . 9
) 025 . 0 ( 140
45 . 14
02 . 0
8
8
5 / 1
2
2
5 / 1
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
t
Relative roughness:
022 . 0
0015 . 0
100
15 . 0
=
= =
f
D
k
s
Friction factor:
m D 102 . 0
020 . 0
022 . 0
100 . 0
5 / 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
Use 12 cm pipe
Ex. (10.83)
Given: The 10-cm galvanized-steel pipe is 1000 m long
and discharges water into the atmosphere. The
pipeline has an open globe valve and 4 threaded
elbows; h
1
=3 m and h
2
= 15 m.
Find: What is the discharge, and what is the pressure at
A, the midpoint of the line?
Solution:
0 0
2
) 4 1 ( 12 0 0
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
+ + + + + + = + +
+ + = + +
g
V
D
L
f K K K
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

b v e
L
D = 10-cm and assume f = 0.025
4
6
3 2
2
2
10 7
10 31 . 1
1 . 0 * 942 . 0
Re
/ 0074 . 0 ) 10 . 0 )( 4 / ( 942 . 0
/ 942 . 0
1 . 265
24
)
1 . 0
1000
025 . 0 9 . 0 * 4 10 5 . 0 1 ( 24
x
x
VD
s m VA Q
s m V
g
V
V g
= = =
= = =
=
=
+ + + + =

v
t
So f = 0.025
kPa p
m
g
p
g
V
D
L
f K

p
z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

A
A
b
A
L A
A A
A
8 . 90 ) 26 . 9 ( * 9810
6 . 9 15
2
) 942 . 0 (
)
1 . 0
500
025 . 0 9 . 0 * 2 (
2
) 2 ( 15
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= =
= + =
+ = +
+ + =

+ +
Near cavitation pressure, not good!
Ex. (10.95)
Given: If the deluge through the system shown is
2 cfs, what horsepower is the pump supplying
to the water? The 4 bends have a radius of
12 in and the 6-in pipe is smooth.
Find: Horsepower
Solution:
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
1
10 17 . 4
10 22 . 1
) 2 / 1 ( * 18 . 10
Re
611 . 1
2
/ 18 . 10
) 2 / 1 )( 4 / (
2
) 4 5 . 0 1 (
2
60 0 30 0 0
2 2
x
x
VD
f t
g
V
s f t
A
Q
V
D
L
f K
g
V
h
h z

p
g
V
h z

p
g
V

b p
L p
= = =
=
= = =
+ + + + + = + + +
+ + + = + + +

v
t
hp
h Q
p
f t
h
p
p
4 . 24
550
6 . 107
)
) 2 / 1 (
1700
0135 . 0 19 . 0 * 4 5 . 0 1 ( 611 . 1 30 60
= =
=
+ + + + =

So f = 0.0135
TUGAS I MEKFLU II