GIS for Resource Assessment Management

Dr.R.Jaganathan Deartment of Geography University of Madras Chennai-600005

We Live in Two Worlds

Natural World Constructed World

Self-Regulating

Managed

. . . These Are Increasingly In Conflict

Context and Content

Seeing the Whole
Managing Places

Patterns Linkages Trends

Watersheds Communities Neighborhoods Districts

Cartography and Maps

Cartography is the art, science, and technology of making maps, together with their study as scientific documents and works of art Maps A graphic depiction of all or part of a geographic realm in which the real-world features have been replaced by symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale.

power line

CARTOGRAPHIC BASICS

Where am I? How far to my destination? In what direction do I go?

How large? What shape?

Map function in GIS

Storage Temporary communication Intermediate check of data Final report To be effective, must be correctly designed and constructed. For what tasks do we use maps? What is the role of maps in these tasks? What is necessary to answer a question?

The Market for Maps

About 80% of all decisions are linked to space and time:
How do I get from here to the train station? How much paint do I need to buy? Where should a new airport be built? Where does Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)originate? Which city has the lowest crime rate? ...
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Map use is communication

We communicate (and lie!) with maps
how do I say what to whom?

Maps provide information for some tasks or questions of some users

April 22, 2003

Digital Cartography - Class 1

Communication with Maps

primary model reality

secondary model

April 22, 2003

Digital Cartography - Class 1

Communication in Maps
Reality. The geographic environment
Compile

Cartographer GIS/CAD specialist

Recognize Select Classify Simplify Symbolize

Map User Mental image of reality

Map

Image

Read Analyze Interpret

Map

Cartography and GIS

Future of cartography
Virtual maps:
A truly digitized world. Official base maps and datasets available for everyone to use.

3-D maps. Animated maps.

What is Spatial Data?

the data or information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth Spatial Reference System Maps Imagery Geography Scale Time

GIS/LIS Geographic/Land Information Systems

is a facility for preparing, presenting, and interpreting facts that pertain to the surface of the earth

Parcel Linked to RPT+RGD Parcel Linked to RGD Parcel Linked to RPT Parcels Not Linked

Web Mapping Google Earth/Open Street Maps INSPIRE/SDI Crowd Sourcing

What is Geographical Information?

Spatial information
Between 70 and 80% of the digital information is spatially related. Can be placed on a map. Tools to deal with this information are consequently very useful. Reveal information that was previously hidden.
Destination Customer addresses Store / factory / warehouse location Census information Environmental information Resource location

What is Geographical Information?

Spatially related
Can be assigned coordinates or any spatial reference. On the surface of the earth. Involves location and organization.

Coordinate system

Scale
Can be from general to specific. Simple to complex. A satellite can generate images
Scale

Dynamics
Spatial dynamics (variations in space). Temporal dynamics (variations in time).

Time 1

Time 2

What is a GIS?
Geographic Information System

Records

Fields

What is a GIS?
Geographic Information System

Information Systems
Information system specializing in the input, storage, manipulation, analysis and reporting of geographical (spatially related) information.

Encoding

Digitizing maps Encoding spatial data (census, vegetation, topography, etc)

Management

Analysis

Geographic database in a spatial data format Spatial analysis

Reporting

Thematic maps

Spatial Data Objects

Point

Line

Polygon

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Representation of Geographical Information in a GIS

Rivers

Capitals

Roads

States

Lakes

Components of a GIS
Buildings Streets People Air Photos

GIS
Software

Procedures Hardware

Data Representation in GIS

A data model is the method used to represent real world objects in a computer Two common methods are used:
Vector data model Raster data model

Data Representation
Raster

Vector

Real World

Vector Data Model

Abstract spatial features
Point Line Area (polygon)

Record coordinates Good for representing clearly defined objects Spatial relationships can be defined

Raster Data Model

Regular grid of cells Value assigned to cell represents attribute
Reflectance Land cover Elevation Each cell represents an area on the ground Spatial resolution

Satellite images DEMs Good for representing continuously changing attributes

Geographic Coordinate Systems

Reference system for curved surface of earth
Network of intersecting lines
graticule
longitude latitude

Projected Coordinate System

Reference system for features on a flat (projected) surface Cartesian coordinate system with designated origin Many different projected coordinate systems
UTM
State Plane Coordinates

Abstracting the Real World

GIS Functions
Four broad categories
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Retrieval/classification/measurement Overlay analysis Buffering techniques Network analysis Geocoding Surface analysis

Retrieval: Selective Search

Addresses selected because they fall within circle

Reclassification (Vector)

Dissolving to aggregate polygons

Reclassify by Area Size

Work with areas > 80 acres

Reclassify by Contiguity

Work with individual forest stands, rather than the class forest as a whole.

Reclassify values

Work with elevations between 20 and 40 feet

Change feet to meters

Vector Distance Operation: Buffers & Setbacks

Diagram of simple buffers and a setback. NOTE: buffers go outward from lines or areas; setbacks run inside of areas (not lines).

Buffer Creation: Illustrated

Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002). 2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 60. fig. 6-3

Overlay Functions
Arithmetic
addition, subtraction, division, multiplication

Logical
find where specified conditions occur (and, or, >, <,
etc.)

Raster & Vector methods differ

Vector good for sparse data sets Raster grid calculations easier

Overlay: Combining Attributes

Select attributes of interest for a given location

(Raster & vector methods do this differently, but the results are similar)

Vector based overlay

point-in-polygon example

Vector based overlay

line-in-polygon example

Vector based overlay

polygon-in-polygon example

Raster Based Overlay: Simple Addition

Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002). 2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 144. fig. 5-12

Neighborhood Functions (cont)

Thiessen Polygons Operation

defines the individual area of influence around a point used to predict values at surrounding points from a single point observation can produce polygons with shapes unrelated to phenomenon being mapped

Example: Neighborhood Function

Thiessen Polygons

Connectivity Functions
Proximity Operation
measure of the distance between features not restricted to distance; can be noise, time, pollution, etc.

Parameters to define:
target location unit of measure function to calculate proximity (distance/time/noise) area to be analyzed

Example: Connectivity (Vector)

Points

Lines

Polygons

Proximity Operation: Buffer Types

Contiguity Functions

Combines adjacent units together when they share a common attribute

Connectivity Functions (cont).

Network Operations
set of interconnected lines that represent a set of features through which resources flow

Common network functions

shortest path problem (route optimization) location-allocation modeling (resource allocation) traveling salesperson problem (route optimization) route tracing (prediction of network loading)

Spread Functions:
Travel Time Creating Friction Surface

Visibility/ Viewshed Analysis

Visibility Analysis Operations
identification of areas of terrain that can be seen from a particular point on the surface

Viewshed Operation
uses digital elevation model data (DEMs) or..... digital terrain model data (DTMs) or...... triangulated irregular network data (TINs)?

Connectivity Function Example: Viewshed Analysis

Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002). 2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 198. fig. 8-14

Viewshed Intervisibility

Surface Analysis
Surface functions
density, contour, interpolation functions aspect, slope, hillshade, etc. watershed analysis and modeling (flow direction, flow accumulation, flow length, watershed delineation, stream ordering) visibility modeling/mapping
determine the area that can be "seen" from the target location

3D-surface

3D-feature

3D feature is used to display discrete geographic features (like buildings, rivers, and wells) on or beneath surfaces. 3D features can be stored in shapefiles or geodatabase feature classes In ArcScene, you can also render 2D features in 3D by manipulating their layer properties

3D feature classes can be identified by the Z values in the Shape field of their attribute tables.

Flood Risk

3D height data changing water levels-danger areas

Derived Mapping: Data from images

Aerial Imagery

Digitized Buildings

Derived Mapping: Data from images

Satellite Imagery

Derived Area Map

Retail: Site Selection

Existing stores, 15 min. drive time, demograhics

Airport Noise Pollution

noise complaints mapped by address location

GIS as part of your decision making process

Problem Statement ?????

*
Observe, acquire data

Geospatial data GroundSocioBased Economic data Other data Ancillary data

Formulate the question

* Added

Analyze
Mitigate and change Seek solutions

Diagram courtesy of Michael Goodchild, UCSB

Citizens
Inventory

Geographic Knowledge

The World

Decision Support

Application Areas
Natural Resources Management

Wildlife habitat. Recreational resources. Floodplains and Wetlands. Agricultural lands. Aquifers. Forests and woodcutting.
Transportation systems. Locating underground pipes and cables. Loads in electrical networks and tracking energy use. Planning facility maintenance.

Facilities Management

Application Areas
Land Management

Zoning and subdivision planning. Land acquisition. Environmental impact policy. Water quality management. Maintenance of ownership.
Commercial and industrial location. Spatial marketing (stores, warehouses and competitors). Location analysis or site selection for services. Development of evacuation plans.

Location Analysis

Application Areas
Public services
Emergencies:
Vehicle routing (police, fire, ambulance). Location of medical facilities.

Spatial crime statistics. Location of water sources (hydrants). Location of chemical and hazard materials.

Education
Research. Teaching Tool. Administration.

Cadastre/LIS
A parcel-based and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land. Cadastre usually includes a geometric description of parcels linked to other records describing the nature of interests, ownership or control over these, and often the value of the parcel and its improvements. (International Federation of Surveyors, FIG 2005)

Components of LIS
Computerization of Land Records

Capacity Building and Training NLRMP

Core GIS
(Integration of Cadastral Mapping with SOI Maps)

Survey and Settlement Records

Computerization of Registration

Web GIS Based Land Information and Management System

The concept of web based Land Information and management is to create a single window system for a GIS based multi-purpose cadastre framework which supports continuous, readily available, comprehensive land related information at the land parcel level.

Components of the LI&MS are:

Reference framework consisting of geodetic network Series of current, accurate large scale maps Raster data showing the latest scenario: Color Images ( Digital Aerial Photographs/ High Resolution Satellite Imagery)

Cadastral overlay delineating all cadastral parcels

A unique identifying survey number assigned to each parcel used for indexing of all land records in information system Geodatabase of all cadastre integrated with the cadastral maps for information retrieval and updating on mutation.

Concept for a Multipurpose LIS

4/26/2014

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Concept for a Multipurpose Land Information System

Approach & Preparedness

Data Information Collection Updation Integration Solution

Data Development Computerization (Scanning & Image Rectification) Cadastral Mapping ( Digitization of existing n maps) Creation of layers

Survey/ Re-survey Establishment of Ground Control Network Demarcation of Land Parcels Attribute Data Collection

Software Development Self Service Land Information Portal Core Modules: Map Viewer Title Management Survey Management Land Records Management Integration with DMS Services (Reporting, Auditing, Application Monitoring) Payment Gateway

Up to date Cadastral Map

creation Integration

Experience : City Planning and Construction Management

GIS team are keeping pictures hyperlinked to the structures so that users can monitor project progress easily.

Cadastral map with Attributes

PIC Cadastral map

4/26/2014

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Thank You