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    Dyspnea Prof Menaldi Compressed

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    Ruki Hartawan
    Dyspnea, also known as shortness of breath, is a subjective feeling of discomfort with breathing that can have many causes. It results from an interaction between physiological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Dyspnea can be caused by issues with the lungs, heart, nerves, blood, muscles or psychology. It is defined by the American Thoracic Society as a term for breathing discomfort that may vary in intensity and originates from interactions between multiple factors. Dyspnea can be measured through scales that evaluate its severity and nature.

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    Dyspnea Prof Menaldi Compressed

    Uploaded by

    Ruki Hartawan
    94 views48 pages
    Dyspnea, also known as shortness of breath, is a subjective feeling of discomfort with breathing that can have many causes. It results from an interaction between physiological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Dyspnea can be caused by issues with the lungs, heart, nerves, blood, muscles or psychology. It is defined by the American Thoracic Society as a term for breathing discomfort that may vary in intensity and originates from interactions between multiple factors. Dyspnea can be measured through scales that evaluate its severity and nature.

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    Dyspnea, also known as shortness of breath, is a subjective feeling of discomfort with breathing that can have many causes. It results from an interaction between physiological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Dyspnea can be caused by issues with the lungs, heart, nerves, blood, muscles or psychology. It is defined by the American Thoracic Society as a term for breathing discomfort that may vary in intensity and originates from interactions between multiple factors. Dyspnea can be measured through scales that evaluate its severity and nature.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    94 views48 pages

    Dyspnea Prof Menaldi Compressed

    Uploaded by

    Ruki Hartawan
    Dyspnea, also known as shortness of breath, is a subjective feeling of discomfort with breathing that can have many causes. It results from an interaction between physiological, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Dyspnea can be caused by issues with the lungs, heart, nerves, blood, muscles or psychology. It is defined by the American Thoracic Society as a term for breathing discomfort that may vary in intensity and originates from interactions between multiple factors. Dyspnea can be measured through scales that evaluate its severity and nature.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 48

    DYSPNEA

    Menaldi Rasmin
    Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine,
    Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia
    Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta
    Diagnosis
    Dyspnea:
    Discomfort feeling in breathing
    Subjective and difficult to measure
    Etiology : lung, heart, endocrine, kidney,
    neurology, hematology, rheumatology and
    psichology
    Prevalence of dyspnea no accurate data
    INTRODUCTION
    1
    Diagnosis
    VENTILATORY REGULATION
    located in the medulla of the brainstem
    composed of several subcenters, that interact to
    produce rhytmical breathing
    output is transmitted to phrenic nerves to diaphragm
    and respiratory muscles
    affected by
    Higher cortical centers
    Mechanical
    Chemical stimuli
    Ventilatory Central Centre
    Diagnosis
    Cortical Centers
    input to the ventilatory center
    result; breathing partially under voluntary control
    Mechanical reflexes
    emanate from skeletal muscle spindle
    pulmonary vessels and tissue
    Diagnosis
    Dyspnea
    breathlessness
    shortness of breath
    uncomfortable or unpleasant
    respiratory-related sensation

    not tachypnea, not hyperpnea and not hyperventilation
    but; difficult, labored, uncomfortable breathing; it is
    unpleasant type of breathing though not painful in the
    usual sense of the word.
    It is subjective and, like pain, it involves both perception
    of the sensation by the patient and his reaction to the
    sensation
    Comroe (1966)
    Diagnosis
    an uncomfortable awareness of breathing
    or an increased respiratory effort that is
    unpleasant and regarded as in appropriate
    (Mahler et al 1984)
    DEFINITION OF DYSPNEA
    The American Thoracic Society (ATS):


    the term of discomfort perception subjective in
    breathing that consist of sensation with different
    intensity as a results of interaction of various
    physiologic, social and environtmental factors.
    3
    Diagnosis
    MECHANISM OF DYSPNEA
    Interaction between signal and
    receptor in otonomic nerve
    system, motoric cortex,airway
    receptor, lung and thoracic cage
    dyspnea

    4
    Diagnosis
    MECHANISM OF DYSPNEA











    Dispnea
    Komplek pernapasan
    Paru & dinding dada
    kognitif
    perilaku
    Emosi
    Stimulasi
    kemoreseptor
    latihan
    Kortek motorik primer
    Kortek sensorik primer
    Dyspnea
    Complex of breathing
    Lung and thoracic cage
    Cognitive
    Behavior
    Emotion
    Chemoreceptor
    stimulation
    Exercise
    Primary motoric cortex
    Primary sensoric corte
    Diagnosis
    MECHANISM OF DYSPNEA

    Diagnosis
    Diagnosis
    Diagnosis
    Diagnosis
    MEASUREMENT OF DYSPNEA
    Aim : to differentiate the severity and to
    evaluate the nature of dyspnea
    Technique of measurement :
    visual analogue scale
    Borg scale
    Medical Research Council (MRC) Dyspnea
    Scale
    American Thoracic Sosiety (ATS) Dyspnea
    Scale
    Baseline Dyspnea Index (BDI)
    Transitional Dyspnea Index (TDI)
    Diagnosis
    ATS dyspnea index
    Grade 1 : No dyspnea except severe
    exercise activity
    Grade 2 : Dyspnea when climb the step
    in hurry or climb a small hill

    Grade 3 : Walk slower compared to
    common people
    Grade 4 : Must stop for breathing after
    100 yard walk
    Grade 5 : Dyspnea while put on / off
    the clothes
    Dyspnea

    pulmonary non-pulmonary
    (cardiac)
    *pulm edema *arrhythmias
    *asthma/COPD *acute MI
    *PE *myocardial ischemia
    *pneumonia
    *pneumothorax
    DYSPNEA IN PULMONARY
    DISEASE
    Abnormality of breathing mechanism,
    lung become more stiff, weakness of
    ventilation muscles.
    Restrictive lung diseases.
    Obstructive lung diseases.
    Disturbance of lung diffusion.
    Disturbance of lung perfusion.

    RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE
    Lung : - atelectasis
    - fibrosis
    - lung tumour
    - bullae
    - lung abscess

    Mediastinum : - mediastinal tumour
    - cardiomegali
    - pericardial effusion

    Diagnosis
    ATELECTASIS
    Diagnosis
    PANCOAST TUMOR
    Diagnosis
    LUNG ABSCESS
    Diagnosis
    Diagnosis
    DESTROYED LUNG
    Diagnosis
    BULLAE
    Diagnosis
    BULLAE
    RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE

    Pleura : - pleural effusion
    - pleural tumour
    - pneumothorax
    Diaphragm : - hernia of diaphragm
    - paralize of diaphragm
    Bone : - rib fracture
    - pectus excavatum
    - scoliosis, kyphosis
    Muscle : - myasthenia gravis
    Diagnosis
    PLEURAL EFUSSION
    Diagnosis
    PNEUMOTHORAX
    Diagnosis
    HYDROPNEUMOTHORAX
    OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE
    Asthma
    COPD : - Chronic bronchitis
    - Emphysema
    Bronchiectasis
    Lung tumour
    Foreign body
    Diagnosis
    BRONCHIECTASIS
    Diagnosis
    LUNG TUMOR
    DISTURBANCE OF DIFFUSION
    Alveolar wall
    Interstitial space
    Arterial wall
    Plasma
    Red blood cell wall
    Diagnosis
    PNEUMONIA
    Diagnosis
    ARDS
    DISTURBANCE OF
    PERFUSSION
    Pulmonary emboli
    Congestive heart failure
    Diagnosis
    LUNG NODULES
    Diagnosis
    MILLIARY TB
    Diagnosis
    Diagnosis
    Diagnosis
    Diagnosis
    CONCLUSION
    Dyspnea is a subjective symptom
    Various abnormalities may cause
    dyspnea
    Severity of dyspnea can be measured
    Diagnosis
    Diagnosis

    Diagnosis
    Diagnosis

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